Quenya Semantic Categories

• 1. Physical World
• 2. Mankind
• 3. Animals
• 4. Body Parts and Functions
• 5. Food and Drink
• 6. Clothing and Adornment
• 7. Dwelling and Furniture
• 8. Agriculture and Vegetation
• 9. Physical Acts and Materials
• 10. Motion and Transportation
• 11. Possession and Trade
• 12. Spatial Relations
• 13. Quantity and Number
• 14. Time
• 15. Sense Perception
• 16. Emotion
• 17. Mind and Thought
• 18. Language and Music
• 19. Social Relations
• 20. Warfare and Hunting
• 21. Law and Judgment
• 22. Religion and Beliefs
• 23. Grammar

1. Physical World

• 1.11 World
• 1.12 Universe
• 1.21 Earth, Land
• 1.214 Mud, Mire
• 1.22 Hill, Mountain
• 1.221 Peak, Summit
• 1.222 Slope, Cliff
• 1.223 Mound, Pile
• 1.24 Dale, Valley
• 1.241 Ravine, Pass
• 1.25 Isle, Island
• 1.27 Shore, Beach
• 1.31 Water
• 1.32 Sea
• 1.33 Lake, Pond
• 1.35 Wave, Surge
• 1.351 Foam, Froth
• 1.36 Brook, Stream, River
• 1.37 Spring, Well
• 1.41 Woods, Forest
• 1.43 Wood, Timber
• 1.44 Rock, Stone
• 1.46 Cave
• 1.51 Sky, Heavens
• 1.52 Sun
• 1.53 Moon
• 1.54 Star
• 1.542 Starlight
• 1.55 Flash, Lightning
• 1.56 Noise, Thunder
• 1.61 Light
• 1.62 Darkness
• 1.622 Dark, Murky
• 1.63 Shade, Shadow
• 1.71 Air, Ether
• 1.72 Wind
• 1.722 Storm
• 1.723 Breeze
• 1.73 Cloud, Mirk
• 1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze
• 1.75 Rain
• 1.76 Snow
• 1.77 Ice, Frost
• 1.772 to Freeze
• 1.81 Fire
• 1.82 Flame
• 1.83 Smoke
• 1.86 to Light, Kindle
• 1.99 Physical World (other)

1.11 World

Ambar n. “The World, Earth, (lit.) Habitation, Settlement”

1.12 Universe

Eä n. “Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, World; it is, let it be”

ilu n. “everything, all, the whole”

ilúvë n. “the whole, the all, allness”

1.21 Earth, Land

cemen n. “the earth; earth”

nór (nor-) n. “land”

1.214 Mud, Mire

hlöa n. “flood, fenland”

maxo n. “mire”

motto n. “fen, marsh”

1.22 Hill, Mountain

ambo n. “hill, rising ground, mount”

ambuna adj. “hilly”

oro n. “mount, mountain, hill”

#oroman (oromand-) n. “mountain dweller”

oron (oront-) n. “mountain”

orto n. “mount, mountain, hill”

quín(ë) n. “crest, ridge”

quinna adj. “crested”

1.221 Peak, Summit

ingor n. “summit of a mountain”

orotinga n. “mountain-top”

1.222 Slope, Cliff

penda adj. “sloping down, (steeply) inclined”

penda- v. “to slope, incline”

pendë n. “steep incline, hill side”

1.223 Mound, Pile

coron (corn-) n. “mound”

hamna n. “pile, (artificial) mound”

luppo (luppu-) n. “clumsy piece or lump”

umbo(n) n. “hill, lump, clump, mass”

1.24 Dale, Valley

imbë² n. “deep valley, wide ravine, (lit.) tween-land”

imbilat n. “*deep valley”

nan(do) n. “(wide) valley, vale”

tumba adj. “deep valley”

tumbo (tumbu-) n. “deep vale, valley”

1.241 Ravine, Pass

(a)nacca n. “narrows, defile, pass, cut”

cirya² n. “cleft, pass”

1.25 Isle, Island

#lónë n. “*isle”

nortil n. “cape (of land)”

tollë¹ n. “island, (steep) isle”

1.27 Shore, Beach

falassë n. “(wave-beaten) shore, seashore, line of surf”

hresta n. “beach, shore”

1.31 Water

nén (nen-) n. “water”

yulunefítë adj. “amphibious, *(lit.) drinking-breathing”

1.32 Sea

†airë² n. “sea”

†airon n. “ocean”

ëar n. “sea, great sea”

ëaren n. “ocean, great sea”

váya n. “ocean, sea”

1.33 Lake, Pond

ailin n. “a large lake”

lóna n. “(deep) pool, mere, river-feeding well”

nendë n. “lake”

1.35 Wave, Surge

falasta- v. “to foam, surge”

falma n. “(crested or foaming) wave, breaker”

vaire adj. “?wavy”

1.351 Foam, Froth

vingë [w] n. “foam, spindrift, spray”

1.36 Brook, Stream, River

celumë n. “flowing, flood (tide), stream”

naina n. “upstream”

-(n)duinë suf. “(large) river”

sír(ë) (síri-) n. “river”

1.37 Spring, Well

celussë n. “freshet, water falling out swiftly from a rocky spring”

ehtelë n. “spring, issue of water”

1.41 Woods, Forest

ornendur n. “tree-keep, forester, woodsman”

taurë n. “forest, (great) wood”

#taurëa adj. “forested”

1.43 Wood, Timber

tauca adj. “stiff, wooden”

töa n. “wood (as material)”

toina adj. “wood”

1.44 Rock, Stone

ondo n. “stone (as a material), (large mass of) rock”

#sar (sarn-) n. “stone (small)”

sarnië n. “shingle, pebble bank”

#sinca n. and adj. “flint”

1.46 Cave

felco n. “cave, mine, underground dwelling”

felya n. “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]”

hróta n. “dwelling underground, artificial cave or rockhewn hall”

rondo¹ n. “vaulted or arched roof, vaulted hall”

rotto n. “small grot, tunnel”

1.51 Sky, Heavens

fanyarë n. “the skies (not heaven or firmament), the upper airs and clouds”

menel n. “the heavens, firmament, sky”

1.52 Sun

Anar (Anár-) n. “Sun”

árë (ári-) n. “sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day”

arma n. “ray of sunlight”

ceuranar (ceuranár-) n. “new sun after solstice”

1.53 Moon

ceuran (*ceurán-) n. “new-moon”

Isil [þ] n. “Moon, (lit.) Sheen”

isilmë [þ] n. “moonlight”

Rána n. “Moon, (lit.) Wayward”

1.54 Star

†él n. “star”

elen n. “star”

elenya adj. “adjective referring to the stars, *of the stars, stellar”

elvëa adj. “starlike”

meneldil n. “astronomer, *(lit.) lover of the heavens”

nillë¹ [ñ-] n. “silver glint; Valinorian imagines [images of real stars]”

tinwë n. “spark, [apparent] star”

1.542 Starlight

silmë n. “starlight”

1.55 Flash, Lightning

alca- v. “to glitter”

íta¹ n. “flash”

1.56 Noise, Thunder

hlón(a) (hlon-) n. “noise, sound”

rávë n. “roaring noise”

rávëa adj. “roaring”

1.61 Light

cala n. “light”

cálë n. “light”

†fá¹ n. “*ray of light, flame”

linquë² n. and adj. “light-substance; liquid light, *photons”

1.62 Darkness

huinë n. “gloom, (unrelieved) darkness, deep shadow, night shade; dark (as a substance)”

lúmë² n. “darkness”

1.622 Dark, Murky

lilómëa adj. “many-shadowed, very dark, full of darkness”

lumba adj. “gloomy”

lúna adj. “*dark”

morë (mori-) adj. and n. “dark, black; darkness, night”

mornië n. “darkness, blackness”

úcalima adj. “dim, murky”

1.63 Shade, Shadow

hala n. “cast shadow”

#lómëa adj. “shadowed, gloomy”

lumbulë n. “dark shadow, heavy shadow; deep in shadow”

1.71 Air, Ether

vilya [w] n. “air, sky”

1.72 Wind

hwarwa n. “violent wind”

sú n. “sound of wind”

súrë (súri-) n. “wind, breeze”

vailë n. “wind”

vailima adj. “windy”

váva n. “*wind”

1.722 Storm

raumo n. “(noise of a) storm”

vangwë n. “storm; blow”

1.723 Breeze

hwesta n. “breeze”

1.73 Cloud, Mirk

fanya n. “(white) cloud, white and shining [thing]”

lumbo n. “cloud; gloom, dark, shade”

1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze

fanwë n. “vapour, steam”

#hísë (hísi-) [þ] n. “mist”

hísië [þ] n. “mist, mistiness”

1.75 Rain

mistë n. “drizzle”

#rossë n. “rain; foam”

#ul- v. “to rain”

ulo (*ulu-) n. “rain”

1.76 Snow

hrissë n. “fall of snow”

hristil n. “snow (?peak)”

hrisya- [þ] v. “to snow (impersonal)”

†#hriz- v. “to snow”

lossë¹ n. and adj. “snow, fallen snow; snow-white, snowy”

lossëa adj. “snowy, (snow) white”

nieninquë n. “snowdrop”

nieninquëa adj. “like a snowdrop”

1.77 Ice, Frost

niquessë n. “frost-patterns; snowflake, ice-flake; (lit.) chill feather”

niquis (niquiss-) n. “snowflake, ice-flake; petal (loose) of a white flower; frost-patterns”

nixë n. “frost; ice-flake or snow-flake”

1.772 to Freeze

niqu- v. “to be chill, cold, freeze (of weather), snow”

1.81 Fire

(apa)ruivë n. “wild fire, fire as conflagration”

nár n. “fire (as an element)”

ruina adj. “blazing, fiery”

ruinë n. “fire, blaze”

1.82 Flame

rúnya n. “red flame”

1.83 Smoke

usquë n. “dusk, dim light”

1.86 to Light, Kindle

#calta- v. “to kindle”

lacalima adj. “not possible to be kindled (made to shine)”

**lacaltaima adj. “not possible to be kindled”

tinta- v. “to kindle, cause to spark”

1.99 Physical World (other)

#caraxë n. “*jagged hedge of spikes”

2. Mankind

• 2.1 Human Being
• 2.21 Man
• 2.22 Woman
• 2.23 Male
• 2.24 Female
• 2.25 Boy
• 2.26 Girl
• 2.27 Child
• 2.28 Infant
• 2.31 Husband
• 2.32 Wife
• 2.321 Bride
• 2.33 to Wed, Marry
• 2.34 Wedding, Marriage
• 2.35 Father
• 2.36 Mother
• 2.37 Parent
• 2.41 Son
• 2.42 Daughter
• 2.44 Brother
• 2.45 Sister
• 2.57 Descendant

2.1 Human Being

Atan n. “Man, (lit.) the Second (People)”

firya adj. “mortal; human”

quén (quen-) n. and pron. “person, individual, man or woman; one, somebody”

-wë suf. “ancient name suffix (usually but not always masculine)”

2.21 Man

nér (ner-) n. “man, male person (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)”

nercë n. “little man”

nerdo n. “large, strong man”

2.22 Woman

#nillë² (nill-) n. “small [woman]”

nís (niss-) n. “woman (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)”

nisto n. “large woman”

2.23 Male

-on¹ suf. “masculine suffix”

2.24 Female

-ien¹ suf. “feminine ending; feminine patronymic, -daughter”

-issë suf. “ending in feminine names”

2.25 Boy

yonyo n. “(big) boy, son”

2.26 Girl

nettë n. “(little) girl, sister (diminutive), daughter, pretty little thing”

riel(lë) n. “garlanded maiden, maiden crowned with a festive garland”

vendë [w] n. “maiden, *virgin”

vendelë [w] n. “maidenhood”

vénë n. “*virgin”

#vénëa adj. “*virginal”

2.27 Child

hína n. “child”

hindë n. “[unglossed]”

hindo n. “[unglossed]”

onna n. “child”

onya n. “my child”

#sén n. “child”

senya² n. “*my child”

winima adj. “childish”

2.28 Infant

hinyë n. “baby”

vinimo [w] n. “baby, little-one”

†winë (wini-) n. “baby, little-one, child not yet full grown”

2.31 Husband

veru n. “husband”

2.32 Wife

veri n. “wife”

2.321 Bride

indis (indiss-) n. “wife”

2.33 to Wed, Marry

verta- v. “to give in marriage (a) to (b), take as husband or wife (to oneself)”

verya- v. “to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to”

2.34 Wedding, Marriage

veryanwë n. “wedding”

2.35 Father

atar¹ n. “father”

atto n. “daddy, father (familiar/family)”

atya¹ n. “daddy, (my) father”

#tata n. “*daddy”

2.36 Mother

amil(lë) n. “mother”

amya n. “mummy, (orig.) my mother”

emmë² n. “mummy, mother (familiar/family)”

mamil n. “*mummy”

2.37 Parent

#nostar n. “parent, begetter”

ontari(l) n. “*mother, (lit.) genetrix”

2.41 Son

anon n. “son”

-ion suf. “-son, masculine patronymic”

yondo n. “son, boy”

2.42 Daughter

anel n. “daughter”

-iel suf. “-daughter; feminine suffix”

seldë n. “daughter”

selyë n. “daughter (diminutive)”

yeldë n. “daughter”

2.44 Brother

hanno n. “brother (diminutive)”

háno n. “brother”

#melotorno n. “love-brother”

2.45 Sister

#meletheldë n. “love-sister”

nésa [þ] n. “sister”

2.57 Descendant

ontalë n. “descent”

3. Animals

• 3.11 Animal
• 3.18 Herdsman
• 3.21 Bull
• 3.25 Sheep
• 3.41 Horse (generic)
• 3.61 Dog
• 3.63 Mouse, Rodent
• 3.64 Bird
• 3.641 Eagle, Hawk
• 3.642 Crow, Raven
• 3.647 Gull, Petrel
• 3.648 Swan
• 3.649 Bird (other)
• 3.65 Fish
• 3.71 Wolf
• 3.72 Lion
• 3.74 Fox
• 3.79 to Hunt
• 3.81 Insect
• 3.811 Spider
• 3.83 Fly (n)
• 3.85 Snake
• 3.99 Animals (other)

3.11 Animal

#celva n. “animal, living thing that moves”

#cuima n. “creature, animal”

#cuiva n. “animal”

hravan n. “wild beast”

laman (lamn-) n. “animal”

vëo n. “living creature”

3.18 Herdsman

#emer- v. “?to herd (sheep)”

emerwen n. “shepherdess”

3.21 Bull

mundo n. “bull, ox”

3.25 Sheep

máma n. “sheep”

3.41 Horse (generic)

rocco n. “horse”

3.61 Dog

hó n. “hound (or ?heart)”

hú n. “hound (or ?heart)”

röa n. “dog”

3.63 Mouse, Rodent

peccuvo n. “squirrel, (lit.) nut-hider”

rasillo [þ] n. “squirrel”

3.64 Bird

aiwë n. “(small) bird”

3.641 Eagle, Hawk

soron (sorn-) [þ] n. “eagle”

3.642 Crow, Raven

quáco n. “crow”

3.647 Gull, Petrel

maiwë n. “gull”

3.648 Swan

alqua n. “swan”

3.649 Bird (other)

aimenal n. “lark”

#cirincë n. “scarlet-plumed species of bird”

filincë n. “finch”

lirulin n. “lark”

lómelindë n. “nightingale, (lit.) dusk-singer”

3.65 Fish

#lingwë (lingwi-) n. “fish”

3.71 Wolf

nauro [ñ-] n. “werewolf, wolf (not wild wolves)”

nwámë [ñ-] n. “wolvish howling”

3.72 Lion

†rá¹ (ráv-) n. “lion”

rauro n. “lion”

3.74 Fox

rusco (ruscu-) n. “fox”

ruscuitë adj. “foxy”

3.79 to Hunt

fara- v. “to hunt”

faralë n. “hunting”

3.81 Insect

pí n. “small insect, fly”

vilvarin (vilvarind-) [w] n. “butterfly”

vilvarindëa [w] adj. “like a butterfly”

3.811 Spider

ungwë n. “spider’s web”

3.83 Fly (n)

pupso n. “large fly”

3.85 Snake

hlócë (hlóki-) n. “reptile, snake, serpent, worm”

leuca n. “snake”

3.99 Animals (other)

ecellë n. “urchin, hedgehog”

?fanto n. “whale”

#lopoldë n. “rabbit”

#nendil n. “beast that lives in the water”

quácë n. “frog”

4. Body Parts and Functions

• 4.11 Body
• 4.13 Flesh
• 4.14 Hair
• 4.142 Beard
• 4.143 Hair (other)
• 4.15 Blood
• 4.16 Bone
• 4.17 Horn (animal)
• 4.20 Head
• 4.204 Face
• 4.206 Eyebrow
• 4.207 Jaw
• 4.21 Eye
• 4.212 Sharpeyed
• 4.22 Ear
• 4.24 Mouth
• 4.25 Lip
• 4.26 Tongue
• 4.27 Tooth
• 4.28 Neck
• 4.33 Hand
• 4.332 Hand (other)
• 4.34 Finger
• 4.342 Thumb
• 4.35 Leg
• 4.37 Foot
• 4.38 Toe
• 4.39 Nail, Claw
• 4.392 Wing
• 4.393 Feather
• 4.41 Breast of Woman
• 4.44 Heart
• 4.47 Womb
• 4.51 to Breathe; Breath
• 4.52 to Gape, Yawn
• 4.59 to Lick
• 4.62 Dream
• 4.63 to Wake
• 4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse
• 4.71 to Beget (of Father)
• 4.72 to Bear (of Mother)
• 4.73 Pregnant
• 4.74 to Live; Living; Life
• 4.75 to Die; Dead; Death
• 4.76 to Kill
• 4.77 Corpse, Body
• 4.79 Grave, Tomb
• 4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful
• 4.82 Weak, Infirm
• 4.83 Well; Health
• 4.84 Sick; Sickness
• 4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded
• 4.86 to Cure, Heal
• 4.87 Physician
• 4.88 Medicine, Drug
• 4.89 Poison
• 4.93 Bald
• 4.96 Dumb
• 4.97 Blind
• 4.99 Naked, Bare

4.11 Body

hröa n. “body, bodily form, flesh; physical matter”

hrondo n. “(physical) body, corporeal form”

#mirröanwë n. “incarnate”

4.13 Flesh

hrávë n. “flesh”

4.14 Hair

findë n. “hair (especially of the head), tress or plait of hair”

findelë n. “tress, lock [of hair]”

findessë n. “head of hair, person’s hair as a whole”

findilë n. “head of hair”

finë (fini-) n. “(single) hair, filament”

4.142 Beard

#fanga n. “beard”

4.143 Hair (other)

finda¹ adj. “having hair, -haired”

hróva¹ adj. “dark, dark brown (of hair)”

lócë¹ n. “bight, bend, curl of hair”

loxa adj. “brown of hair”

nolya [ñ-] adj. “dark-haired”

vaina [w] adj. “blonde, fair of hair”

4.15 Blood

sercë (serki-) n. “blood”

4.16 Bone

axo¹ n. “bone”

4.17 Horn (animal)

rassë n. “horn”

4.20 Head

cas (car-) n. “head”

4.204 Face

#canwa² n. “face”

cendelë n. “face”

-stir suf. “face”

4.206 Eyebrow

*estirnë n. “brow”

4.207 Jaw

anca n. “jaws”

anta n. “jaw”

4.21 Eye

alahen (alahend-) adj. “eyeless”

#hen (hend-) n. “eye”

4.212 Sharpeyed

hendumaica adj. “sharp-eye[d]”

4.22 Ear

hlas (hlar-) n. “ear”

4.24 Mouth

anto n. “mouth”

carpa n. “(entire) mouth; phonetic system”

náva² [ñ-] n. “*mouth (including tongue, lips and teeth), speech apparatus”

ópa n. “mouth (opening of which the lips are the edges)”

páva n. “mouth”

pé n. “(closed) mouth; lip”

songa n. “mouth (interior cavity behind the teeth containing the tongue)”

4.25 Lip

#pempë n. “lip”

4.26 Tongue

lamba n. “(physical) tongue”

4.27 Tooth

carca n. “fang; [sharp] rock”

4.28 Neck

axë n. “neck (vertebrae), rock ridge”

lango n. “neck”

4.33 Hand

camba n. “(cupped) hand, hollow of the hand”

#cambë n. “hand”

má n. “hand”

nonda n. “hand especially in (?clutching)”

quár(ë) n. “fist, closed hand”

4.332 Hand (other)

ataformaitë adj. “ambidextrous”

atamaitë adj. “two-handed”

maitë (maiti-) adj. “handy, skillful; having a hand, handed; shapely”

málimë (málimi-) n. “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”

maqua n. “hand-full, group of five (similar) things; hand (colloquial); closing or closed [hand] (facing down) for taking”

maxë n. “handiness”

morimaitë adj. “black-handed”

palta n. “flat of the hand”

4.34 Finger

amaltil n. “*mother finger”

antil n. “*middle finger”

cantil n. “fourth finger”

enestil n. “*middle finger”

lepecan (lepecant-) n. “fourth finger”

lependë n. “middle finger”

†lepenel n. “middle finger”

lepente n. “fourth finger”

leper n. “finger”

lepetas (lepetass-) n. “index finger”

lepincë (lepinci-) n. “little finger”

lepsë n. “*finger”

lepta adj. and n. “fingered; thumb”

leuta n. “finger”

nícë n. “little finger”

nihtil n. “little [finger]”

seltil n. “daughter [finger name]”

tassa n. “index finger”

tastil n. “*index finger”

tolyo n. “sticker-up”

yontil n. “boy, son [finger name]”

4.342 Thumb

atartil n. “thumb [nursery rhymes]”

nápo n. “thumb, (lit.) picker”

tollë² n. “thumb”

tolpë n. “thumb”

toltil n. “thumb”

4.35 Leg

#attalya n. and adj. “biped, *(lit.) two-footed”

ciuca n. “*thigh”

telco (?telcu-) n. “leg; stem”

4.37 Foot

tál (tal-) n. “foot”

4.38 Toe

pirë n. “toe”

taltil (taltill-) n. “toe, *(lit.) foot-tip”

taltol n. “big toe”

tolbo n. “big toe; stump, stub; thumb”

4.39 Nail, Claw

nappa n. “claw, talon”

4.392 Wing

ráma n. “wing”

4.393 Feather

quessë n. “feather”

4.41 Breast of Woman

súma n. “hollow cavity, bosom”

4.44 Heart

hón (hom-) n. “heart (physical organ)”

#honda adj. “hearted”

hondo n. “[metaphorical] heart, (seat of the) deepest feelings”

#hondoringa adj. “cold-hearted”

sincahonda adj. “flint-hearted”

4.47 Womb

#carva n. “*womb”

#colba n. “*womb”

#móna n. “*womb”

4.51 to Breathe; Breath

föa n. “breath, puff of breath”

#fúmë n. “breath”

*nef- v. “to breathe (air)”

#nefítë adj. “air-breathing”

súlë [þ] n. “breath; (movement of) spirit, emission of power (of will or desire)”

4.52 to Gape, Yawn

#hac- v. “to yawn”

hácala adj. “yawning”

4.59 to Lick

laptë n. “gluttonous eating”

lav- v. “to lick”

4.62 Dream

indemma n. “mind-picture (of apparition in dream)”

lórë n. “dream”

óla- v. “to dream (impersonal)”

olor n. “dream, vision”

olosta adj. “dreamy”

4.63 to Wake

cuivië¹ n. “awakening”

4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse

yermë n. “sexual desire (for marriage and procreation)”

4.71 to Beget (of Father)

onta- v. “to beget”

4.72 to Bear (of Mother)

#nóna adj. “born”

nosta- v. “to beget, be begotten”

4.73 Pregnant

colbamarië n. “gestation, *(lit.) womb-residence”

colbanavië n. “gestation, *(lit.) womb-being”

4.74 to Live; Living; Life

ceula adj. “?alive (of vegetable)”

coirëa adj. “living”

#coita- v. “*to live, be alive, have life”

coivië n. “life”

cuita- v. “to live”

vehtë n. “[a span of] life; habitat, haunt”

vehtequentalë n. “biography”

4.75 to Die; Dead; Death

fir- v. “to die, fade, †expire, breathe forth”

fírië n. “death (of Men), *natural death”

fírima adj. “mortal, *(lit.) able to die”

qual- v. “to die”

?urtu n. “death”

4.76 to Kill

nahta-¹ v. “to slay; to hurt, injure, wound”

nahtana adj. “*slain”

#nehtar n. “slayer”

4.77 Corpse, Body

loico n. “corpse, dead body”

4.79 Grave, Tomb

#noirë n. “tomb”

4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful

astalda adj. “strong, *valiant”

melehta adj. “mighty”

melehtë n. “might, power (inherent)”

taura adj. “(very) mighty, masterful; vast, of unmeasured might or size”

#turca adj. “strong, powerful (in body)”

turya- v. “*to strengthen”

turyandë n. “fortification”

4.82 Weak, Infirm

limpa adj. “frail, slender and drooping”

úmaitë adj. “clumsy(-handed), unskilled”

4.83 Well; Health

málë n. “good health”

4.84 Sick; Sickness

#engwa adj. “sickly”

nimpa adj. “drooping, ailing”

4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded

nahte n. “wounding, wound”

4.86 to Cure, Heal

#envinyata- v. “to renew, heal”

hasa- [þ] v. “to treat (medically), (help to) cure; to treat kindly, make easy”

4.87 Physician

asar(o) [þ] n. “doctor, leech”

asarta [þ] n. “leech, doctor”

4.88 Medicine, Drug

asëa [þ] n. “healing herb, athelas”

asëa aranion [þ] n. “kingsfoil, asëa of the Kings”

hröangolmë n. “lore of the body and arts of healing”

4.89 Poison

hloima n. “poison, poisonous substance”

hloirë n. “venom, poison, poisonousness”

hloirëa adj. “venomous”

hloita- v. “to poison, envenom, fill with poison”

4.93 Bald

parnë adj. “bald, bare, naked”

4.96 Dumb

úpa adj. “dumb [unable to speak]”

úpahtëa adj. “speechless”

4.97 Blind

lacenítë adj. “unseeing, blind”

lomba adj. “blind”

4.99 Naked, Bare

parca adj. “naked (of persons)”

5. Food and Drink

• 5.11 to Eat
• 5.12 Food
• 5.13 to Drink
• 5.14 Hunger
• 5.151 Thirsty
• 5.17 to Mix, Blend
• 5.33 Bowl
• 5.35 Cup
• 5.51 Bread
• 5.55 Meal, Flour
• 5.614 Fat, Grease
• 5.65 Vegetables
• 5.71 Fruit
• 5.77 Nut
• 5.79 Oil
• 5.84 Honey
• 5.91 Mead
• 5.92 Wine

5.11 to Eat

mammata- v. “to gobble up; to go on eating, gorge oneself”

mastima adj. “edible”

mat- v. “to eat”

mátima adj. “edible”

#-matya suf. “-eating”

5.12 Food

matta n. “food”

5.13 to Drink

yul- v. “to drink”

yulda¹ n. “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

yulda² adj. “drunk”

yúlima adj. “drinkable”

yulmë n. “drinking, carousal”

yuluitë (yuluiti-) adj. “drinking (as a habit), *aquatic”

5.14 Hunger

maita adj. “hungry”

5.151 Thirsty

soica adj. “thirsty”

5.17 to Mix, Blend

#ostimë n. “blend”

5.33 Bowl

nanwa² n. “(large) bowl”

5.35 Cup

cilinyul (*cilinyulm-) n. “drinking-vessel (made of glass)”

yulma n. “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet”

5.51 Bread

coimas (*coimass-) n. “life-bread, lembas”

háva n. “bread (collective)”

havar n. “a loaf or cake of bread”

lerembas n. “bread taken on leaving home (for a long journey)”

#massa n. “bread”

massánië n. “Lady, breadgiver”

masta n. “bread, cake, loaf”

5.55 Meal, Flour

mulë n. “meal”

polë (poli-) n. “meal, grist”

5.614 Fat, Grease

hlúvo (hlúvu-) adj. “greasy, fat”

5.65 Vegetables

quëa n. “vegetable”

5.71 Fruit

yávë n. “fruit”

5.77 Nut

*pecco n. “nut”

5.79 Oil

?elp- v. “to anoint”

5.84 Honey

lís (liss-) n. “honey”

#melu n. “honey”

melumatya adj. “honey-eating”

nehtë² n. “honey”

5.91 Mead

miruvórë n. “mead, nectar, special wine or cordial, drink of the Elves, (lit.) precious juice”

5.92 Wine

hyero n. “wine”

6. Clothing and Adornment

• 6.12 Clothes, Clothing
• 6.13 Tailor, Seamstress
• 6.26 Lace
• 6.33 to Weave
• 6.35 to Sew
• 6.38 Thread
• 6.41 Cloak
• 6.55 Hat, Cap
• 6.57 Belt, Girdle
• 6.63 Pin, Brooch
• 6.71 Adornment (personal)
• 6.72 Gem, Jewel
• 6.73 Finger Ring
• 6.96 Mirror

6.12 Clothes, Clothing

#larma n. “raiment”

6.13 Tailor, Seamstress

serindë [þ] n. “broideress, needlewoman, *seamstress”

6.26 Lace

raiwë n. “lace”

6.33 to Weave

were- v. “to weave”

6.35 to Sew

#ser- [þ] v. “*to sew”

6.38 Thread

ipsin n. “fine thread”

#lanya n. “thread, warp”

6.41 Cloak

collo n. “cloak”

6.55 Hat, Cap

arcas (arcast-) n. “crown”

ría n. “wreath, garland”

rië¹ n. “garland”

ríma n. “fillet, snood”

rína adj. “garlanded, crowned”

6.57 Belt, Girdle

#lesta n. “*girdle”

6.63 Pin, Brooch

tancal(a) n. “brooch, clasp”

6.71 Adornment (personal)

carrëa n. “tressure”

netil n. “trinket, (?small thing) of personal adornment”

netya- v. “to trim, adorn”

6.72 Gem, Jewel

mírë (míri-) n. and adj. “jewel, gem, precious thing, treasure; precious”

mírëa adj. “jewelled”

mírenel n. “jewel-triad”

rámannerte n. “ship-ennead”

6.73 Finger Ring

#corma n. “ring”

#millë n. “?ring”

6.96 Mirror

angal n. “mirror”

cilintilla n. “looking-glass”

7. Dwelling and Furniture

• 7.11 to Live, Dwell
• 7.12 House
• 7.122 Home
• 7.21 Room
• 7.22 Door, Gate
• 7.26 Floor
• 7.27 Wall
• 7.28 Roof
• 7.31 Hearth, Fireplace
• 7.412 Furniture (other)
• 7.43 Chair
• 7.45 Lamp
• 7.46 Candle

7.11 to Live, Dwell

mar- v. “to abide, be settled or fixed, dwell”

7.12 House

cöa n. “house; outhouse, shed, hut, booth; building used for a dwelling or other purposes; †body”

mar(da) (mard-) n. “dwelling, (great) house, residence, mansion, a thing or place dwelt in, home”

martan (martam-) n. “dwelling-house”

oromar (oromard-) n. “lofty hall, high-mansion, high (lofty) dwelling”

7.122 Home

már (mar-) n. “home, dwelling, habitation”

mélamar n. “(emotional) home”

7.21 Room

solma² n. “hall, chamber”

7.22 Door, Gate

ando n. “gate, [great] door; †entrances, approaches”

fendë n. “door”

7.26 Floor

talan (talam-) n. “flat space, platform”

talma² n. “flat space, platform”

7.27 Wall

ramba n. “wall”

7.28 Roof

telluma n. “dome, cupola, vault”

telumë n. “roof, canopy; heaven, sky”

7.31 Hearth, Fireplace

ruimen n. “fireplace, hearth”

7.412 Furniture (other)

rantala n. “ladder”

tolma n. “protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle”

tyellë n. “grade, order, step (in a stairway or ladder)”

7.43 Chair

hanwa n. “seat”

mahalma n. “throne”

tarhanwa n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”

7.45 Lamp

calar n. “lamp”

calma n. “lamp, (device for shining) light”

calmatan n. “lampwright”

7.46 Candle

líco (lícu-) n. “wax”

lícuma n. “taper, candle”

loicolícuma n. “corpse-candle”

8. Agriculture and Vegetation

• 8.12 Field for Cultivation
• 8.22 to Dig, Delve
• 8.29 Blade, Share
• 8.31 to Sow; Seed
• 8.33 Scythe, Sickle
• 8.41 Crop, Harvest
• 8.51 Grass
• 8.53 Plant, Herb
• 8.55 Branch
• 8.56 Leaf
• 8.565 Thorn
• 8.57 Flower
• 8.571 Bloom
• 8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom
• 8.575 Lily
• 8.599 Flower (other)
• 8.60 Tree (generic)
• 8.61 Oak
• 8.63 Birch
• 8.635 Elm
• 8.64 Pine
• 8.655 Tree (other)
• 8.68 Tobacco
• 8.99 Vegetation (other)

8.12 Field for Cultivation

resta n. “sown field, tilled ground, acre; *fair”

8.22 to Dig, Delve

felehta- v. “[unglossed]”

8.29 Blade, Share

maica² n. “blade of a cutting tool or weapon (especially sword-blade)”

8.31 to Sow; Seed

ala-¹ v. “to plant, grow”

8.33 Scythe, Sickle

circa n. “sickle”

8.41 Crop, Harvest

yávië n. “autumn, harvest [time or act]”

8.51 Grass

súriquessë n. “species of grass, (lit.) wind feather”

8.53 Plant, Herb

laima n. “plant”

laiquë n. “herb”

#olva n. “plant, growing things with roots in the earth”

8.55 Branch

olba n. “branch”

8.56 Leaf

lassë n. “leaf”

lillassëa adj. “having many leaves”

olass(i)ë n. “foliage, collection of leaves”

8.565 Thorn

necel n. “thorn”

8.57 Flower

alma n. “flower”

lilótëa adj. “having many flowers”

lossë² n. “inflorescence (of white flowers)”

lótë n. “flower, single blossom”

lotsë n. “small (single) flower”

8.571 Bloom

alalmë n. “inflorescence”

lós [þ] n. “inflorescence, mass of flowers”

olos¹ (olós-) [þ] n. “inflorescence, mass of flowers (on one plant)”

olótë n. “bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant”

8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom

losta- v. “to bloom”

8.575 Lily

indil n. “lily, other large single flower”

linquë¹ n. “(leaf of a) hyacinth”

8.599 Flower (other)

lávar n. “(golden) blossom”

menelluin n. “cornflower (colour), *(lit.) sky-blue”

pirindë n. “flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light”

8.60 Tree (generic)

alda n. “tree”

aldarembina adj. “tree-meshed”

aldinga n. “tree-top”

ornë n. “(tall) tree”

táva n. “great tree”

8.61 Oak

nordo n. “oak”

norno n. “oak”

8.63 Birch

hwindë n. “birch”

8.635 Elm

alalvëa adj. “having many elms”

alvë n. “elm”

8.64 Pine

sánë (sáni-) [þ] n. “pine”

8.655 Tree (other)

culumalda n. “laburnum, *(lit.) orange-tree”

farnë (farni-) n. “ash, rowan”

lairelossë n. “summer-snow-white, species of tree in Númenor”

laurinquë n. “yellow-flowered tree”

lepetta n. “Gondorian hardwood”

malinornë n. “mallorn, (lit.) golden/yellow tree”

nessamelda n. “species of tree in Númenor, (lit.) beloved of Nessa”

oiolairë n. “ever-summer (a species of tree)”

ornemalin n. “[tree] bearing yellow flowers”

taniquelassë n. “*high-white-leaf”

tasar(ë) (tasari-) [þ] n. “willow”

vardarianna n. “fragrant evergreen tree”

yavannamírë n. “Jewel of Yavanna”

8.68 Tobacco

alanessë n. “nicotiana, pipeweed”

8.99 Vegetation (other)

cëa n. “*hedge”

pilinehtar n. “a reed-like plant, (lit.) ?arrow thorn”

9. Physical Acts and Materials

• 9.11 to Do, Make
• 9.112 Doer, Agent
• 9.114 Action
• 9.12 Work, Labor
• 9.13 to Work, Toil
• 9.14 to Bend
• 9.17 Bond
• 9.19 Rope, Cord
• 9.22 to Cut
• 9.23 Knife (tool)
• 9.26 to Break
• 9.31 to Rub
• 9.32 to Stretch
• 9.34 to Strew, Spread Out
• 9.35 to Pour
• 9.36 to Wash
• 9.41 Craft, Trade
• 9.412 Art
• 9.413 Horn, Trumpet
• 9.42 Artisan, Craftsman
• 9.422 Tool
• 9.423 to Use
• 9.43 Carpenter
• 9.44 to Build
• 9.45 to Hew
• 9.51 Beam
• 9.60 Smith
• 9.635 Metal
• 9.64 Gold
• 9.65 Silver
• 9.66 Copper, Bronze
• 9.67 Iron
• 9.74 Glass
• 9.82 Sculptor
• 9.87 Painting, Picture
• 9.90 Thing
• 9.91 Be
• 9.93 Need, Necessity
• 9.95 Can, May
• 9.96 Easy
• 9.97 Difficult
• 9.98 to Try
• 9.992 Way, Manner

9.11 to Do, Make

car- v. “to do, make”

carië n. “doing, making”

cárima adj. “feasible, possible (to do), able to be done”

carina adj. “done”

carmë n. “production, making; structure; art”

#-carya suf. “-doing”

finya- v. “to do/make a thing (with fine work)”

lacárima adj. “not feasible, impossible”

lacarina adj. “undone”

9.112 Doer, Agent

-ldë² suf. “feminine agent”

-llë¹ suf. “feminine agent”

-mo suf. “agental suffix”

-ndë suf. “feminine agent”

-ndo suf. “(masculine) agent”

#-r(o) suf. “agental suffix”

9.114 Action

ahtar- v. “to do back, react; to requite, avenge”

caraitë (caraiti-) adj. “active, busy”

caraitië n. “activity, business”

carda n. “deed”

-carë suf. “action, doing, making”

lacaraitë adj. “impossible”

lacarë n. “inaction, (lit.) not-doing”

vecca adj. “active”

9.12 Work, Labor

mólë n. “labour, *work”

9.13 to Work, Toil

moia- v. “to labour, be afflicted”

mol- v. “to labour”

9.14 to Bend

cúna adj. “bent, curved”

cúna- v. “to bend”

locin adj. “bent”

luhta- v. “to bow”

lúva n. “bow (in forming tengwar), bight, bend, curve”

numba adj. “bent, humped”

9.17 Bond

naxa¹ n. “bond, fetter”

9.19 Rope, Cord

hísilanya [þ] n. “mist thread, grey elvish rope”

9.22 to Cut

#aucir- v. “to cut off (and get rid of or lose a portion)”

#cir- v. “to cut”

#hócir- v. “to cut off (so as to have or use a required portion)”

rista- v. “*to cut”

9.23 Knife (tool)

#cirma n. “knife”

cirmacin (cirmacim-) n. “knife-edge”

9.26 to Break

rac- v. “to break”

rácina adj. “broken”

#ruxa- v. “to crumble”

9.31 to Rub

†psar- v. “to rub”

9.32 to Stretch

#tailë n. “lengthening”

#taima n. “extension”

taina¹ adj. “stretched, elongated”

9.34 to Strew, Spread Out

vinta- [w] v. “to scatter, blow about”

9.35 to Pour

púlima adj. “pourable, liquid”

9.36 to Wash

#hwal- v. “to wash”

9.41 Craft, Trade

arimaitë adj. “skilful”

curu n. “skill”

curwë n. “skill of the hand, technical skill and invention”

taman n. “thing made by handicraft”

9.412 Art

mairë n. “art, work of high and beautiful art, process of producing an art work”

mairëa adj. “beautiful (of things made by art), *artistic”

maita- v. “to make with art, design, compose”

maitalë n. “act of doing [artistic] work”

maitar n. “artist; poet”

9.413 Horn, Trumpet

róma n. “horn”

romba n. “horn, trumpet”

9.42 Artisan, Craftsman

ahto n. “wright, maker”

cantaro n. “shaper”

9.422 Tool

carma² n. “tool, implement, means, weapon”

curo (curu-) n. “skillful (?device)”

tamma n. “tool”

9.423 to Use

mahta- v. “to handle, wield, use, make use of; to manage, deal with, treat, control”

9.43 Carpenter

tautamo n. “carpenter, [wood] carver”

9.44 to Build

carasta- v. “to build”

tamna adj. and n. “artificial; artifact”

9.45 to Hew

mac- v. “to hew with a sword”

#nac- v. “to hew, cut”

nanca adj. “*hewn, slain”

9.51 Beam

rondo² n. “staff (of hardwood)”

#talca n. “post, mark”

tarma n. “pillar”

9.60 Smith

sintamo n. “smith”

tamo¹ n. “smith, builder, wright, artificer”

9.635 Metal

tinco n. “metal”

9.64 Gold

laurë n. “gold (light or colour)”

laurëa adj. “golden (of hue)”

laurië n. and adv. “goldenness; like gold”

malta n. “gold (metal), gold as material”

9.65 Silver

telepta adj. “silver”

telpë n. “silver”

telpina adj. “like silver (in hue or worth)”

†tyelpë (tyelep-) n. “silver”

9.66 Copper, Bronze

calarus (calarust-) n. “polished copper”

lairus (lairust-) n. “verdigris”

urus (urust-) n. “copper”

9.67 Iron

anga n. “iron”

tornanga adj. and n. “hard-iron, iron hard”

9.74 Glass

calca n. “glass”

cilin n. “glass”

naltalma [ñ-] n. “heliograph”

silima n. “crystal substance devised by Fëanor”

silma n. and adj. “crystal (white)”

9.82 Sculptor

ondomaitar n. “sculptor in stone”

ontamo n. “mason (sculptor)”

9.87 Painting, Picture

emma n. “*picture”

quantemma n. “facsimile, *(lit.) full-picture”

9.90 Thing

engwë n. “thing [that exists]”

erma n. “(physical) matter”

hrón n. “matter, substance, flesh; body”

#náma² n. “thing”

nat n. “thing”

9.91 Be

ëa- v. “to be, exist”

ná- v. “to be”

nassë n. “nature, true-being; material; person, individual”

návë n. “being”

9.93 Need, Necessity

#sangië n. “necessity, *pressing need or concern”

turindura adj. “done necessarily”

9.95 Can, May

ec- v. “to have a chance of; may, can”

-ima suf. “-able, possibility”

-itë (-iti-) suf. “adjectival ending; [with verbs] capable of doing, generally (and naturally) doing”

pol- v. “can, to be (physically) able to”

9.96 Easy

ancárima adj. “easy, (lit.) very doable”

as(a)- [þ] pref. “easily”

asalastë [þ] adj. “easily heard”

asanótë [þ] adj. “*easily counted”

ascénima [þ] adj. “visible, easily seen”

hrai(a)² adj. “easy”

9.97 Difficult

empollië adv. “*retrying, redoing, another attempt”

hrai- pref. “hard, *difficult”

hrai(a)¹ adj. “awkward, difficult, stiff”

hraicénima adj. “scarcely visible, hard to see”

hrainotë adj. “*hard to count”

hranga adj. “awkward, difficult, stiff, hard”

úcárima adj. “hard to do, difficult”

urda adj. “hard, difficult, arduous”

urnótima adj. “*difficult to count”

ur(u)- pref. “hard, difficult”

urucárima adj. “hard to make / do”

urucarin adj. “made with difficulty”

9.98 to Try

nev- v. “to try”

#ric-¹ v. “to try, put forth effort, strive, endeavour”

9.992 Way, Manner

lé¹ n. “way, method, manner”

lé² prep. “with”

lenga- v. “to behave”

lengë n. “gesture, characteristic look, gesture or trait”

10. Motion and Transportation

• 10.12 to Turn
• 10.13 to Turn Around
• 10.14 to Wind, Wrap
• 10.21 to Rise
• 10.22 to Lift, Raise
• 10.225 to Hang, Dangle
• 10.23 to Fall
• 10.24 to Drop
• 10.32 to Flow
• 10.33 to Sink
• 10.34 to Float
• 10.37 to Fly
• 10.38 to Blow
• 10.44 to Dance
• 10.45 to Walk
• 10.46 to Run
• 10.47 to Go
• 10.48 to Come
• 10.49 to Depart, Go Away
• 10.50 to Fade
• 10.54 to Overtake
• 10.55 to Reach, Arrive
• 10.56 to Approach
• 10.57 to Enter
• 10.61 to Bear, Carry
• 10.62 to Bring
• 10.63 to Send
• 10.64 to Lead
• 10.645 to Wander, Stray
• 10.66 to Ride
• 10.67 to Push, Shove
• 10.72 Path
• 10.74 Bridge
• 10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage
• 10.76 Wheel
• 10.81 Ship
• 10.82 Sailor
• 10.83 Boat
• 10.87 Mast
• 10.90 Port, Harbor

10.12 to Turn

quer- v. “to turn”

#querna adj. “*turned”

10.13 to Turn Around

nanquer- v. “*to turn back”

nuquerna adj. “reversed, inverted, *(lit.) under-turned”

#queren (querend-) n. “pivot, revolving centre”

#ric-² v. “to twist”

10.14 to Wind, Wrap

raima n. “net”

raina¹ adj. “netted, enlaced, caught in a net”

raita-¹ v. “to make network or lace; to catch in a net”

remba- v. “to net, entrap”

rembë n. “mesh; net (for catching), hunter’s or fisher’s net”

rembina adj. “entangled; meshed, netted, woven”

10.21 to Rise

#ormo n. “riser”

orta-² v. “to rise”

orya-¹ v. “to rise”

oryandë n. “arising”

retto n. “*climber”

10.22 to Lift, Raise

#amorta- v. “to heave”

orta-¹ v. “to raise, lift (up), (lit.) cause to rise”

orya-² v. “*to raise”

10.225 to Hang, Dangle

*linga- v. “*to hang, dangle”

10.23 to Fall

atalantë n. “collapse, downfall”

atalantëa adj. “ruinous, downfallen”

lanta n. and adj. “fall; falling”

lanta- v. “to fall”

#lantë n. “fall”

núta- v. “to lower”

nútaite (nútaiti-) adj. “*(naturally) lowering, ?degrading”

nútima adj. “*lowerable”

núya- v. “to descend”

talta adj. “tottering, unsteady”

talta- v. “to slip, slide down, collapse, fall”

10.24 to Drop

10.32 to Flow

celima adj. “fluent”

celundë n. “welling forth”

luimë n. “flood, floodwater, flooded land; flood tide, high tide”

luita- v. “to flood, inundate, drench”

nanwë n. “ebb, lowtide”

oloirë n. “great flood”

oloiya- v. “to inundate, flood”

sirya- v. “to flow”

10.33 to Sink

undulav- v. “to drown, swallow, submerge, (lit.) lick down”

10.34 to Float

#lut- v. “to float”

valut- v. “to flow away”

10.37 to Fly

vilva [w] adj. “fluttering to and fro”

10.38 to Blow

etsurya- [þ] v. “to go out”

hlapu- v. “to blow, fly or stream in the wind”

surya- [þ] v. “to blow (intr.)”

sussë [þ-] n. “puff (of air)”

susta- [þ] v. “to blow (tr.)”

súta- [þ] v. “to blow (tr.)”

váya- v. “to blow”

10.44 to Dance

lilta- v. “to dance”

pirucendëa adj. “on the point of her toes”

ruxotompalë n. “Great Bear-dance”

10.45 to Walk

pata- v. “to walk”

#telconta- v. “to stride, *(lit.) to leg it”

10.46 to Run

nor-¹ v. “to run (or leap, of animals or men)”

norië n. “race, running”

norima adj. “strong/swift at running, swiftly running a course”

normë n. “race, running”

noroitë (noroiti-) adj. “(capable of) running”

norolinda adj. “*tripping lightly”

10.47 to Go

lelya-¹ v. “to go, proceed (in any direction), travel”

lenda n. “journey”

lomentie n. “?away-journey, departure”

men- v. “to go, proceed, move (generally); to come, arrive”

mentië n. “passage, journey, direction of travel”

tinga- v. “to go (for a long while)”

10.48 to Come

hótul- v. “to come away (to leave a place and go to another)”

#lenna- v. “to come”

tul- v. “to come”

tutulla- v. “to keep on coming (and going)”

10.49 to Depart, Go Away

auta-¹ v. “to go (away), depart, leave; to pass away, disappear, be lost”

ava-³ v. “to depart, go away, disappear, be lost”

heca interj. “be gone!, stand aside!”

lenwë n. “leaving, departure”

lenweta- v. “to go away, migrate, leave one’s abode”

vanwa adj. “gone, lost, departed, vanished, past, over, no longer to be had, passed away, dead”

vanya- v. “to pass”

10.50 to Fade

fifíru- v. “to slowly fade away”

#pic- v. “to lessen, dwindle, wane”

#quel- v. “to fade”

#quelië n. “*fading”

10.54 to Overtake

#rem- v. “to snare”

remma n. “snare”

10.55 to Reach, Arrive

anya- v. “to reach, arrive at, go to”

ten- v. “to arrive, come to”

†tenya- v. “to arrive, end (not at speaker’s[?] place)”

tulusta n. “advent, arrival”

10.56 to Approach

úva- v. “to impend, be imminent, draw near [usually negative in sense]”

10.57 to Enter

mitta- v. “to insert”

#mittar(ë) n. “*entering, entrance”

ter prep. “through”

10.61 to Bear, Carry

#col- v. “to bear, *carry, wear”

#colindo n. “bearer”

colla adj. “borne, worn; vestment, cloak”

coloitë (coloiti-) adj. “capable of bearing, tolerant (of), enduring”

coloitië n. “endurance, staunchness, fortitude”

10.62 to Bring

tulya- v. “*to lead; to fetch”

tulyandë n. “fetching”

10.63 to Send

#lelta- v. “to send, *(lit.) cause to go”

#menta n. “sending, message”

menta-¹ v. “to send, cause to go (in a desired direction)”

10.64 to Lead

mittanya- v. “*to lead (into), induce”

10.645 to Wander, Stray

ranya n. “erratic wandering”

10.66 to Ride

norta- v. “to ride, [lit.] make run (specially used of riding horses or other animals)”

roquen n. “horseman, rider; knight”

10.67 to Push, Shove

nir- v. “to press, urge, thrust, force (in a given direction)”

nírë n. “force”

nírítë adj. “forceful, exerting great thrust or pressure, driving”

rum- v. “to shift, move, heave (of large and heavy things)”

10.72 Path

men n. “way”

ratta n. “track”

tië n. “path, road, way, line”

10.74 Bridge

yanta n. “bridge”

10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage

lunca n. “heavy transport wain”

ondolunca n. “stonewain”

raxa n. “wain, *wagon”

10.76 Wheel

querma n. “spinning wheel, turn-table”

10.81 Ship

cirya¹ n. “(sharp-prowed) ship; swift gliding”

ciryatan (*ciryatam-) n. “shipbuilder, shipwright”

ëarráman (ëarrámand-) n. “great ship for sailing on the Great Sea”

ráman (rámand-) n. “great ship for sailing on the Great Sea”

10.82 Sailor

ciryamo n. “mariner”

ciryando n. “sailor”

ciryaquen n. “shipman, sailor”

ëarendur n. “(professional) mariner”

10.83 Boat

luntë n. “boat”

10.87 Mast

tyulma n. “mast”

10.90 Port, Harbor

londë n. “(land-locked) haven”

#londië n. “harbourage”

11. Possession and Trade

• 11.11 to Have
• 11.12 to Own, Possess
• 11.13 to Take
• 11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of
• 11.16 to Get, Obtain
• 11.21 to Give
• 11.22 to Return, Give Back
• 11.23 to Restore
• 11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe
• 11.25 to Save, Rescue
• 11.27 to Destroy
• 11.28 to Harm, Injure, Damage
• 11.29 to Spoil
• 11.31 to Seek
• 11.32 to Find
• 11.34 to Release
• 11.41 Property
• 11.46 Treasure
• 11.48 Heir
• 11.52 Poor
• 11.57 Thief
• 11.64 Debt
• 11.66 Account, Reckoning
• 11.88 Dear, Expensive

11.11 to Have

#harya- v. “to have”

mai-² v. “to have, possess”

#sam- v. “to have”

11.12 to Own, Possess

auvië n. “possession (abstract), *the act of possessing”

öa- v. “to possess, own, keep”

11.13 to Take

nehta- v. “to deprive”

11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

raf- v. “to wave, brandish”

11.16 to Get, Obtain

#cam- v. “to receive”

#cav- v. “to receive”

11.21 to Give

anna n. “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person”

anta- v. “to give, present; †to add to”

11.22 to Return, Give Back

#entul- v. “to come again, return”

entulessë n. “return”

nantul- v. “to return, *come back”

nanwen- v. “to return, go/come back”

ral- v. “*to return”

11.23 to Restore

ceulë n. “*renewal”

ceura adj. “renewed”

ceuta- v. “to renew, refresh”

11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe

cauma n. “protection, shelter; shield”

11.25 to Save, Rescue

etelehta- v. “*to deliver, (lit.) free from”

eterúna- v. “*to deliver, (lit.) free from”

#rehta- v. “to rescue, save”

rehtië n. “rescue, saving”

runando n. “*redeemer”

11.27 to Destroy

#nancar- v. “to undo”

#nwar- [ñ-] v. “to fret, wear away”

11.28 to Harm, Injure, Damage

alahasta adj. “unmarred”

†χarina adj. “marred”

#hasta- v. “to mar”

hastaina adj. “marred”

sahta adj. “marred”

†úχarin adj. “unmarred”

úvana adj. “marred”

11.29 to Spoil

hwirya- v. “to wither”

11.31 to Seek

ces- [þ] v. “to search, examine (in order to find something)”

cesta-¹ v. “to seek, search for”

*sur- [þ] v. “*to seek”

*surië [þ] n. “*(an act of) seeking”

11.32 to Find

ecces- [þ] v. “to find out, bring out by examining or eyeing[?]”

hir- v. “to find”

#tuv- v. “to find, discover”

túvima adj. “discoverable”

11.34 to Release

lerya- v. “to release, set free, let go”

sen- v. “to let loose, free, let go”

11.41 Property

aura n. “possession, thing owned”

satya adj. “private, separate, not common, excluded”

véra adj. “personal, private, own”

11.46 Treasure

harma n. “treasure”

haura² n. “hoard, store; funeral mound”

maina n. “thing of excellence, treasure”

11.48 Heir

atamir n. “heirloom”

#hildë (hildi-) n. “heir, follower”

11.52 Poor

pen- v. “not to have”

penya adj. “lacking, inadequate”

#racina adj. “stripped, deprived”

11.57 Thief

arpo n. “seizer, thief”

11.64 Debt

#lucassë n. “*debt, trespass”

#lucië n. “*debt, trespass”

#lucindo n. “*debtor, one who trespasses”

#luhta n. “*debt, trespass”

#rocindë n. “*debtor, one who trespasses”

#rohta n. “*debt, trespass”

#rohtalië n. “*debtors, trespassers, (lit.) debt/trespass people”

11.66 Account, Reckoning

not- v. “to count”

#onot- v. “*to count up, reckon”

#onótië n. “*reckoning”

onótimo n. “*reckoner”

11.88 Dear, Expensive

mírima adj. “very valuable, very precious, very lovely (of work of art only)”

mirwa adj. “precious, valuable”

12. Spatial Relations

• 12.11 Place
• 12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay
• 12.13 to Sit
• 12.14 to Lie, Recline
• 12.15 to Stand
• 12.18 to Leave, Relinquish
• 12.21 to Gather, Collect
• 12.22 to Join, Unite
• 12.221 Together
• 12.222 And
• 12.223 Also
• 12.23 to Separate
• 12.232 to Divide
• 12.24 to Open
• 12.25 to Shut, Close
• 12.26 to Cover
• 12.27 to Hide, Conceal
• 12.272 Hidden, Concealed
• 12.31 High
• 12.33 Top
• 12.34 Bottom
• 12.35 End
• 12.352 Point
• 12.353 Edge
• 12.37 Middle
• 12.371 Between
• 12.38 Center
• 12.391 In, Inside
• 12.392 Out, Outside
• 12.393 Across, Athwart
• 12.394 Up, Above, Over
• 12.395 Down, Below, Beneath
• 12.3955 In Front
• 12.396 Behind, At the Rear
• 12.397 Beyond
• 12.398 To, Towards
• 12.399 From, Away
• 12.41 Right (vs. Left)
• 12.42 Left (vs. Right)
• 12.43 Near
• 12.44 Far
• 12.45 East
• 12.46 West
• 12.47 North
• 12.48 South
• 12.51 Form, Shape
• 12.53 to Grow
• 12.54 to Measure
• 12.55 Big, Large, Great
• 12.56 Small, Little
• 12.565 Bit, Small Thing
• 12.57 Long
• 12.58 Tall
• 12.59 Short
• 12.61 Wide, Broad
• 12.62 Narrow
• 12.63 Thick (in Dimension)
• 12.64 Thick (in Density)
• 12.65 Thin (in Dimension)
• 12.66 Thin (in Density)
• 12.67 Deep
• 12.72 Hollow, Concave
• 12.74 Crooked
• 12.75 Hook, Crook
• 12.76 Angle, Corner
• 12.81 Round
• 12.82 Circle
• 12.84 Line
• 12.85 Hole
• 12.91 Equal, Alike
• 12.92 Like, Similar
• 12.925 Different, Other
• 12.93 to Change
• 12.94 Sign

12.11 Place

#nómë n. “place”

#nómessë n. “place-name”

12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay

caita-² v. “*to lay (something down)”

#pan- v. “*to arrange, set in order”

12.13 to Sit

har- v. “to sit, stay”

12.14 to Lie, Recline

caita-¹ v. “to lie (down)”

12.15 to Stand

#ras- v. “to stick out”

#tar-² v. “to stand”

12.18 to Leave, Relinquish

hehta- v. “to put aside, leave out, exclude, abandon, forsake”

hequa adv. and prep. “leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except”

12.21 to Gather, Collect

comya- v. “to collect”

conta- v. “[unglossed]”

hosta- v. “to gather (hastily together), collect, assemble, pile up”

ócom- v. “to gather, assemble”

12.22 to Join, Unite

#limë (limi-) n. “link”

#sampanë n. “combination”

yanwë n. “joining”

12.221 Together

#as prep. “with”

o- pref. “together”

#ó prep. “[together] with”

uo adv. “together”

#yo- pref. “together (of three or more things)”

yó(m) prep. “[together] with”

12.222 And

ar conj. “and”

-ye suf. “and (pairs)”

yo conj. “both ... and”

12.223 Also

ep(e)ta adv. “following that, thereupon, thence, whereupon”

epetai conj. “consequently; (lit.) following which (fact)”

etta conj. “*therefore, (lit.) out of that”

potai conj. “*therefore, (lit.) before which”

sië adv. “thus”

ta³ adv. and conj. “so, like that, also; and also, then; etcetera”

12.23 to Separate

sat- v. “to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner”

12.232 to Divide

estat- v. “to distribute in even portions”

12.24 to Open

láta adj. “open (not closed)”

látie n. “openness”

latya n. “opening”

latya- v. “to open anything (so as to allow entry)”

12.25 to Shut, Close

avalatya- v. “*to refuse to open”

holla adj. “?shut”

holya- v. “?to shut, close”

pahta¹ adj. “closed, shut, private”

sac- [þ] v. “to close”

12.26 to Cover

tup- v. “to cover”

#untup- v. “to cover (over or up), (lit.) to cover down”

12.27 to Hide, Conceal

#cuv- v. “to conceal”

fanta- v. “to veil, cloak, mantle”

fanwa n. “veil, screen”

#nurta- v. “*to hide”

vasar [þ] n. “veil”

vasarya- [þ] v. “to veil”

12.272 Hidden, Concealed

cúvima adj. “concealable”

#cuvo n. “hider”

cuvoitë (cuvoiti-) adj. “hiding, secretive; treacherous”

henfanwa n. “eye-screen, veil upon eyes”

nurtalë n. “hiding”

úfantima adj. “not concealable”

úfanwëa adj. “not veiled, unveiled”

12.31 High

orwa adj. “high, lofty”

tar-¹ affix. “high”

tára¹ adj. “lofty, tall, high”

#tárië n. “height”

12.33 Top

cas(ta) adv. “to(wards) the top, upwards”

inga n. “top, highest point”

12.34 Bottom

sundo [þ] n. “base, root, root-word”

tal(da) adv. “to the bottom”

12.35 End

telma n. “conclusion, anything used to finish off a work or affair”

12.352 Point

cendë n. “point”

ortil n. “up-point”

tildë n. “a fine sharp point”

tillë n. “tip, point; [within compounds] finger, toe”

12.353 Edge

címa n. “edge of a cutting weapon/tool”

cimba n. “edge, brink”

lanca n. “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end”

lane (lani-) n. “hem”

pelma n. “border, fringe, edge, limiting device”

12.37 Middle

#endëa adj. “middle”

entya adj. “central, middle”

holmo adv. “sincerely, heartily”

12.371 Between

enel prep. “in the middle, between”

imbë¹ prep. and adv. “between, among”

imíca prep. “among”

mitta prep. and adv. “between”

12.38 Center

enda n. “heart; centre”

endë n. “centre, middle”

12.391 In, Inside

mi prep. “in”

mina prep. and adv. “into, in”

12.392 Out, Outside

#ava¹ adv. and adj. “*outer”

et prep. “out (of)”

#et(e)- pref. “*out”

12.393 Across, Athwart

lahta- v. “to cross, pass over, go over; to surpass, excel”

langa n. “thing that crosses, ferry, ford, crossway, bridge, cross-bar”

lanna adv. and prep. “athwart, (to a point) beyond”

12.394 Up, Above, Over

#am- pref. “up”

amba¹ adv. “up(wards)”

or prep. “above”

oro- pref. “up, aloft”

to prep. “on, above”

12.395 Down, Below, Beneath

ní prep. “beneath, not touching, under”

nu prep. “under, beneath”

núla² prep. “under [beyond]”

nunna adv. “down”

undu prep. and adv. “down, under”

12.3955 In Front

opo prep. “before, in front (of place); after (of time)”

póna adv. “forward”

12.396 Behind, At the Rear

#ca(ta) prep. “behind, at back of place”

nan- pref. “back (again)”

nanda¹ adj. “?back”

12.397 Beyond

ambela adv. “further still beyond, far away beyond”

han prep. “beyond”

lá² prep. “beyond, over, across, athwart”

olla prep. “over [beyond]”

palla prep. and adv. “far beyond”

pella prep. and adv. “beyond (boundary or limit)”

12.398 To, Towards

an(a) prep. “to, towards, to a point near, alongside”

-nna suf. “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix”

#†-r² suf. “motion to or towards a point”

12.399 From, Away

au- pref. “away (from)”

au¹ adv. “away, off, not here (of position)”

avar adv. “away down”

hó- pref. “away, from, from among”

-llo suf. “(movement) from; ablative suffix”

ló prep. “(away) from; by agent [of]”

o prep. “from”

öa adv. “away (of movement)”

öar adv. “away from”

silo adv. “hence”

va prep. “(away) from”

var adv. “*from, away to”

12.41 Right (vs. Left)

for- pref. “right-hand, north”

forma n. “right-hand”

#formaitë adj. “righthanded, dexterous”

12.42 Left (vs. Right)

hyarma n. “left hand”

12.43 Near

am(be)na adv. “nearer to”

ar- pref. “by-, beside, near”

ar(a) prep. “beside, next [to]; out”

hí adv. “here”

12.44 Far

haia adv. “in the distance”

haila adj. “far beyond”

palan adj. and adv. “far, wide, afar, distant”

palantír n. “far-gazer, far-seer, (lit.) that which looks far away”

12.45 East

(h)róna adj. “eastern, east”

orróna adj. “eastern”

ro- pref. “uprising, sunrise, east”

rómen n. “east, uprising, sunrise”

12.46 West

andú- pref. “going down, setting (of sun), west”

andúna adj. “western”

nú- pref. “going down, setting (of sun), west”

númen n. “west, direction or region of the sunset, occident, (lit.) going down”

núna adj. “western”

12.47 North

formen n. “north”

forna adj. “northern”

12.48 South

hyar- pref. “left-hand, south”

hyarmen n. “south, (lit.) left-hand direction”

hyarna¹ adj. “southern”

12.51 Form, Shape

canta² n. “shape, framework”

#cantië n. “pattern”

cat- v. “to shape, fashion”

12.53 to Grow

lauya- v. “to flourish (green), grow”

olmië n. “growth”

12.54 to Measure

lár n. “league; †stop, pause”

ranga n. “yard, full pace”

12.55 Big, Large, Great

haura¹ adj. “huge”

höa adj. “big, large”

molda adj. “big, large”

polda adj. “big”

túra adj. “big, great”

velca adj. “large, great, big”

12.56 Small, Little

cinta adj. “small”

níca adj. “little, small”

nípa adj. “small (usually with connotation of weakness)”

#nitya adj. “little”

pia adj. “little”

picina adj. “little”

pitya adj. “petty, little”

12.565 Bit, Small Thing

#únehta n. “*atom”

12.57 Long

anda adj. “long, far”

andavë adv. “long, at great length”

12.58 Tall

halla adj. “tall”

12.59 Short

nauca adj. “stunted, shortened, dwarf(ed)”

senta [þ] adj. “short”

12.61 Wide, Broad

landa¹ adj. “wide”

naira² [ñ-] adj. “vast, wide, empty”

palda adj. “wide, broad”

yána adj. “wide, vast, huge”

yanda adj. “wide”

yonda² adj. “wide, roomy, extensive”

12.62 Narrow

náha adj. “narrow”

12.63 Thick (in Dimension)

?leluya adj. “thick (of a single thing)”

12.64 Thick (in Density)

hyarna² adj. “compact”

nelya- v. “to thicken, congeal”

12.65 Thin (in Dimension)

#fimbë (fimbi-) adj. “slender”

12.66 Thin (in Density)

finda² adj. “fine and delicately made”

12.67 Deep

orda adj. “profound”

tumbalë n. “depth, deep valley”

12.72 Hollow, Concave

#náva¹ adj. “hollow”

unquë n. “a hollow”

12.74 Crooked

raica adj. “crooked”

12.75 Hook, Crook

ampa n. “hook”

12.76 Angle, Corner

nehtë¹ n. “spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory; angle”

nexa adj. “sharp, angular”

12.81 Round

pel- v. “to go round, encircle”

12.82 Circle

#corto n. “circle”

12.84 Line

téma n. “series”

12.85 Hole

samna n. “delved hole, pit”

12.91 Equal, Alike

im- pref. “same, self”

imma pron. “same, self-same, same thing”

imya adj. “same, identical, self-same”

12.92 Like, Similar

ovéa adj. “(con)similar, alike”

véla adj. “*alike, having a likeness or similarity”

yosanwë n. “(pl.) congruence”

12.925 Different, Other

exa adj. “other”

hyana adj. “other”

12.93 to Change

#ahya- v. “to change”

valwistë [w] n. “change of mind”

virya- v. “to change, alternate”

vista- v. “to change (transitive)”

*vistë [w] n. “change”

wirnë n. “change”

12.94 Sign

tanna¹ n. “sign, token”

13. Quantity and Number

• 13.11 Amount, Quantity
• 13.12 Number
• 13.13 Whole
• 13.14 All, Every
• 13.15 Much, Many
• 13.16 More
• 13.165 to Add, Increase
• 13.172 Any
• 13.18 Enough
• 13.19 Crowd, Multitude
• 13.192 Other Collective Words
• 13.21 Full
• 13.22 Empty
• 13.24 Half
• 13.25 Fraction, Division
• 13.31 Numerals
• 13.32 One
• 13.33 Alone, Only
• 13.34 First
• 13.35 Last
• 13.36 Two
• 13.37 Second (ordinal)
• 13.38 Double, Twice
• 13.41 Three
• 13.42 Third (ordinal)
• 13.43 a Third (fraction)
• 13.54 Cardinal Number
• 13.55 Ordinal Number

13.11 Amount, Quantity

nonwë n. “calculation, sum”

#nótië n. “*counting”

únotë(a) adj. “not counted, uncounted”

únótima adj. “numberless, innumerable, countless, difficult/impossible to count”

13.12 Number

lanotoitë (lanotoiti-) adj. “innumerable”

#notessë n. “numeral”

nótima adj. “countable, limited in number (weight and measure); (colloquial) moderate in amount, some, few, several”

13.13 Whole

aqua adv. “fully, completely, altogether, wholly”

13.14 All, Every

#il- pref. “every, *all”

illi pron. “all”

ilquen pron. “everybody”

ilyama pron. “all [things]”

13.15 Much, Many

#li(n)- pref. “many”

-úmë suf. “[large], of quantity”

13.16 More

amba² adj. and pron. “more”

ambë adv. “more”

arta¹ adv. “etcetera”

enta adj. “another, one more”

entë¹ adv. “moreover, further(more), what is more”

net(ë) n. “one more beyond (the middle)”

13.165 to Add, Increase

napan- v. “to add”

13.172 Any

aiquen pron. “if anybody, whoever”

13.18 Enough

úmëa adj. “abundant, swarming, teeming”

13.19 Crowd, Multitude

hyanda n. “pressed mass, crowd”

liyúmë n. “host”

rimbë n. “host, great number”

sanga [þ] n. “throng, press, pressure”

úma- v. “to teem”

13.192 Other Collective Words

heren n. “order”

massë² n. “handful, portion, share, capacity; the personal measure or capacity of a man, a talent”

(o)combë n. “gathering, assembly, assemblage, collection”

olië n. “company, people together”

ombari n. “company, dwellers together”

-sta¹ suf. “land, *part”

umba n. “swarm”

úmë n. “great collection or crowd of things of the same sort, throng”

13.21 Full

ataquanta- v. “*to refill, fill a second time, double fill”

enquanta- v. “to refill”

-inqua suf. “-ful, complete”

penquanta adj. “full to the brim, with mouth full”

quanta adj. “full, filled”

quanta- v. “to fill”

quat- v. “to fill”

13.22 Empty

undumë n. “abyss”

13.24 Half

#per- pref. “half”

peresta fraction. “one half”

#Perian (Periand-) n. “Halfling”

13.25 Fraction, Division

caista fraction. “one tenth”

ca(na)sta fraction. “one fourth”

enquesta fraction. “one sixth”

lepesta fraction. “one fifth”

minquesta fraction. “*one eleventh”

ne(re)sta fraction. “one ninth”

o(to)sta fraction. “one seventh”

to(lo)sta fraction. “one eighth”

yunquesta fraction. “*one twelfth”

13.31 Numerals

caistanótië n. “decimal system”

maquanotië n. “decimal system”

13.32 One

min num. card. “one”

néya adv. “once, at one time”

13.33 Alone, Only

er adj. and adv. “one, alone”

erdë n. “singularity”

#eressë n. “solitude, separation, isolation”

eressëa adj. “lonely”

erinqua adj. “single, alone”

rëa adj. “single”

rië² adv. “only”

13.34 First

eteminya adj. “prominent”

minya ordinal. and adj. “first; eminent, prominent”

*tolya adj. “prominent”

#turco¹ n. “chief”

13.35 Last

métima adj. “last, ultimate, final”

telda adj. “last, final”

#telu adj. “last”

13.36 Two

atta num. card. “two”

onóna adj. and n. “twin-born; one of a pair of twins”

yu- pref. “both”

yúyo adj. “both”

13.37 Second (ordinal)

attëa num. ord. “second”

†tatya num. ord. “second”

13.38 Double, Twice

atatya adj. “double”

13.41 Three

neldë num. card. “three”

13.42 Third (ordinal)

neldëa num. ord. “third”

†nelya num. ord. “third”

13.43 a Third (fraction)

nel(d)esta fraction. “one third”

13.54 Cardinal Number

canta¹ num. card. “four”

cëa(n) num. card. “ten”

enenquë num. card. “sixteen”

enquë num. card. “six”

lempë num. card. “five”

lepenquë num. card. “*fifteen”

minquë num. card. “eleven”

*nelquë num. card. “*thirteen”

nertë num. card. “nine”

neterquë num. card. “nineteen”

otoquë num. card. “seventeen”

otso num. card. “seven”

quaican num. card. “*fourteen”

quainque num. card. “*sixteen”

quëan num. card. “ten”

toldo num. card. “eight”

yucainen num. card. “twenty”

yunquë num. card. “twelve”

yunquentë num. card. “thirteen”

13.55 Ordinal Number

cantëa num. ord. “fourth”

enquëa num. ord. “sixth”

lempëa num. ord. “fifth”

†lepenya num. ord. “fifth”

nelquëa num. ord. “*thirteenth”

nertëa num. ord. “ninth”

!neterquëa num. ord. “nineteenth”

otsëa num. ord. “seventh”

quainëa num. ord. “tenth”

toldëa num. ord. “eighth”