Eldamo : Quenya : anta-

Q. anta- v. (ta-causative) “to give, present; †to add to” (Category: to Give)

Q. anta-, v. (ta-causative) “to give, present; †to add to” (Category: to Give)

The verb anta- was the basic Quenya word for “give” for much of Tolkien’s life, usually associated with the root √AN “towards”. ᴱQ. anta- “gives” first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” (QL/31). In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. anta- “give” was derived from the root ᴹ√ANA¹ “to, towards” and its primitive form ᴹ✶anta- was glossed “to present, give” (Ety/ANA¹). In this same document Tolkien considered deriving anta- from ᴹ√YAN² “give” instead (EtyAC/YAN²).

In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 anta- was again derived from √ANA/NĀ, but in that note the root and the verb had the extra (archaic?) sense “add to” in connection with the use of an- as the Quenya intensive prefix (PE17/146). In notes from around 1967 Tolkien said it was a blend of ✶an-tā “*make go towards” and ✶am-tā “enlarge, increase” from √AMA; in this document am- was the intensive prefix (PE17/91). Tolkien seems to have gone back to an-intensives by 1969 (c.f. anírime “most beautiful”, PE23/133) and in Late Notes on Verbs (LVS) from 1969 anta- was again based on ✶antā- “cause a thing/person to go to an object, send”, but develop its sense “give” due the influence of √HAN “enhance, enrich, add to”.

In both the 1967 and 1969 notes, Tolkien indicated the object of the verb anta- could either be the thing given or the recipient. If the object was the thing given, the recipient was in the dative: antanen parma sen “I gave a book to him”. If the object was the recipient, the thing given was in the instrumental: antanenyes parmanen “I presented him with a book”. In other notes from the late 1960s Tolkien said that anta-:

... was also often used with an “ironic tone” to refer to missiles, so that the sentence antanen hatal sena “I cast a spear at him” might also [more literally] mean “I gave him a spear (as a present)” (VT49/14).

Tolkien often used the verb anta- as an example for verb inflections and the use of the direct and/or indirect objects, particularly in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 and the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s, though the exact formations varied as Tolkien’s ideas of his languages evolved. Tolkien usually gave anta- a weak past tense antane “gave” (PE17/91; VT49/14), but also gave it an archaic strong past tense †áne which was the basis for its Sindarin past form S. ôn “gave” (PE17/147).

References ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE16/96; PE17/90-91, 93, 147; PE22/163; VT43/17-18; VT44/13; VT49/14

Glosses

“add to, give” ✧ PE17/147
“give” ✧ PE22/163; VT49/14
“to give” ✧ PE17/90; PE17/91; PE17/91

Variations

anta ✧ PE17/90; PE17/91; PE17/91; PE17/93; PE17/147; PE22/163; VT49/14

Inflections

antanyes	aorist 1st-sg with-sg-object		✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
antale	aorist 2nd-sg-polite	“*give”	✧ VT43/17
le·ana	aorist 2nd-sg-polite		✧ VT44/13
anta	infinitive	“*give”	✧ VT43/18
antane	past		✧ PE17/93: normal regular “weak” past tense of such verbs
antane	past		✧ PE17/147
†āne	past; strong-past		✧ PE17/147
antanen	past 1st-sg	“I gave”	✧ PE17/91; VT49/14
antanenyes	past 1st-sg with-sg-object	“I presented him”	✧ PE17/91
ānie	perfect; augmentless strong-perfect		✧ PE17/147
antar	plural		✧ PE16/96

Elements

√NA/ANA	“to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”
-ta	“causative verb suffix”	✧ PE17/93 (#-ta)

Element In

ᴺQ. !antaitë “generous, (lit.) apt to give”
ᴺQ. !aranta- “to turn over, (lit.) give by”
ᴺQ. !atanta- “to give back”
ᴺQ. !etanta- “to publish, (lit.) out-give”
ᴺQ. !nananta- “to give back, *return [something]”
ᴺQ. !ríanta- “to crown, coronate”
Q. ámen anta síra ilaurëa massamma “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT43/8; VT43/11; VT43/12
Q. anessë “given (or added) name, nickname, surname”
Q. antanë ninna “*he gave (it) to me” ✧ PE17/147
Q. antanen parma sen “I gave a book to him” ✧ PE17/91
Q. antanenyes parmanen “I presented him with a book” ✧ PE17/91
Q. Calantar “Light-giver”
Q. massánië “Lady, breadgiver”
Q. antanen hatal sena “I cast a spear at him” ✧ VT49/14
Q. mélima yondion, lenna antanyes mélio cenwa “*dear [one] of sons I give it to be read with love” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
Q. yan i wilyar antar miquelis “*to whom the air gives kisses” ✧ PE16/96

Cognates

S. #anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/93 (anha-); PE17/147 (anta-); PE22/163 (aned)
T. han- “to give” ✧ PE22/163 (hanin)

Derivations

< ✶amtā- “to enlarge, increase” ✧ PE17/91 (am-tā)
- < √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/91
< ✶antā- “to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send” ✧ PE17/91 (an-tā); PE22/163
- < √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/91 (ANA); PE22/163 (ana/na)
< √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146 (ANA/NĀ)

Derivatives

> Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person” ✧ PE22/163
- ⇒ 6 compounds

Phonetic Developments

✶an-tā > anta-	[antā] > [antā]	✧ PE17/91
✶am-tā > anta-	[amtā] > [antā] > [antā]	✧ PE17/91
√ANA/NĀ > anta-	[anta]	✧ PE17/147
✶antā- > anta-	[antā] > [antā]	✧ PE22/163

ᴹQ. anta- v. (ta-causative) “to give” (Category: to Give)

See Q. anta- for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/ANA¹; EtyAC/YAN²; LR/63, 72; PE22/44, 92; PE23/73-74, 76-77, 84, 88, 90, 93, 95, 107

Glosses

“give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹; EtyAC/YAN² (‽anta)

Variations

anta- ✧ Ety/ANA¹; EtyAC/YAN² (‽anta)

Changes

antata >> antate ✧ PE23/73
antas >> antat ✧ PE23/76
antanes >> antanet ✧ PE23/77

Inflections

anta	aorist	“give”	✧ PE23/76
anta	aorist	“gives”	✧ PE23/76; PE23/77
anta	aorist		✧ PE23/95
e·anta	aorist 3rd-sg; pronoun-prefix	“he gives”	✧ PE22/44
antar	aorist plural	“give”	✧ PE23/77
antan	aorist with-1st-sg-object		✧ PE23/76
antan	aorist with-1st-sg-object	“give me”	✧ PE23/84
antanye	aorist with-1st-sg-object		✧ PE23/76
antanye	aorist with-1st-sg-object	“gives me”	✧ PE23/88; PE23/95
antanye	aorist with-1st-sg-object	“gives (to) me”	✧ PE23/93
antal	aorist with-2nd-sg-polite-object		✧ PE23/76
antas	aorist with-sg-object	“gives it”	✧ PE23/73
antas	aorist with-sg-object		✧ PE23/76
antas	aorist with-sg-object		✧ PE23/95
antat	aorist with-sg-object		✧ PE23/76
antata	aorist with-sg-object	“gives it”	✧ PE23/73
antata	aorist with-sg-object		✧ PE23/74
antate	aorist with-sg-object	“gives it”	✧ PE23/73
antate	aorist with-sg-object		✧ PE23/90
antās	aorist with-sg-object	“give it”	✧ PE22/92
antáva	future	“will ... give”	✧ LR/72
antaváro	future 3rd-sg-masc; prosodic-lengthening	“will he give”	✧ LR/63
antane	past		✧ PE23/76
antane	past	“gave”	✧ PE23/84; PE23/88; PE23/93
antane	past	“did ... give”	✧ PE23/107
antanéta	past with-3rd-sg-neuter-object; prosodic-lengthening	“gave it”	✧ PE23/74
antanes	past with-sg-object	“gave it”	✧ PE23/77
antanet	past with-sg-object	“gave it”	✧ PE23/77; PE23/95
antalto	present 3rd-pl	“they gave”	✧ LR/72: [past tense in the gloss conflicts with form]
antaróta	present 3rd-sg-masc with-3rd-sg-neuter-object; prosodic-lengthening	“he gave it”	✧ LR/72: [past tense in the gloss conflicts with form]
antar	present plural	“they gave”	✧ LR/72: [past tense in the gloss conflicts with form]

Element In

ᴹQ. (a) antate nyen “(one) gives it to me, it is given to me” ✧ PE23/73; PE23/90
ᴹQ. a·anta “one gives” ✧ PE23/77
ᴹQ. a·antanye parma “it gives me [a book]” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. ānta parma·nye “*it gives me a book” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. ante “giver (f.)” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
ᴹQ. anto² “giver (m.)” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
ᴹQ. anyenanta parma “it gives me [a book]” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. anyen antat(e) “one gives it to me” ✧ PE23/73; PE23/90
ᴹQ. ar antaróta mannar Valion: númessier “and he gave it into the hands of the Lords: they are in the West” ✧ LR/72
ᴹQ. ëanta “he gives” ✧ PE23/76
ᴹQ. eantanet nyen “he gave it to me” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. e man antaváro “what will he give indeed” ✧ LR/63
ᴹQ. enyen·antanet “he gave it to me” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. ethen·anta he “*he gives to him (another) it (yet another)” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. ha·anta “it gives” ✧ PE23/77
ᴹQ. ilyain antalto annar lestanen Ilúvatáren “to all they gave in measure the gifts of Ilúvatar” ✧ LR/72; LR/72
ᴹQ. kavinye antās “I can give it” ✧ PE22/92; PE22/92
ᴹQ. keny’antanet “you gave it to me” ✧ PE23/77
ᴹQ. kenyen antanet “you gave it to me” ✧ PE23/77
ᴹQ. man táre antáva nin Ilúvatar, Ilúvatar? “what will the Father, O Father, give me” ✧ LR/72
ᴹQ. matwa e·antane sine nyén atwa tyén “did he give this to mé or to yóu?” ✧ PE23/107
ᴹQ. †ni’anta “I give” ✧ PE23/76
ᴹQ. ni·antata ha’thá “I give it and it another” ✧ PE23/74
ᴹQ. ninyen antanéta ko “I gave it to myself” ✧ PE23/74
ᴹQ. ni·than·antata “I give it to it (another)” ✧ PE23/74
ᴹQ. sa·antar “they give” ✧ PE23/77
ᴹQ. ta·anta “it gives” ✧ PE23/77
ᴹQ. ye ethen·antas “*and he gives to him (another) it” ✧ PE23/95
ᴹQ. y’esen·antahe “*and he gives to him (another) it (yet another)” ✧ PE23/95

Cognates

N. anna- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹ (anno)

Derivations

< ᴹ✶anta- “to give, present” ✧ Ety/ANA¹; PE23/76 (antanē)
- < ᴹ√NĀ¹/ANA¹ “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹ (ANA¹)
< ‽ᴹ√YAN² “give” ✧ EtyAC/YAN² (‽YAN²)

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ✶anta- > anta-	[anta]	✧ Ety/ANA¹
‽ᴹ√YAN² > ‽anta	[janta] ? [anta]	✧ EtyAC/YAN²

ᴱQ. anta- v. “to give” (Category: to Give)

See Q. anta- for discussion.

References ✧ MC/215, 221; PE12/27; PE14/53, 86; PE16/62, 72, 74, 77, 90, 92; QL/31, 72

Glosses

“gives” ✧ QL/31

Variations

anta- ✧ QL/31; QL/72 (#anta-)

Changes

muäntas >> muyantas ✧ PE14/86
muanyet >> muyanyet ✧ PE14/86
anin >> anir “I give” ✧ QL/31

Inflections

muyantas	1st-dual-exclusive dual; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
muäntas	1st-dual-exclusive dual; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
muanyet	1st-dual-exclusive past dual; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
muyanyet	1st-dual-exclusive past dual; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
meäntal	1st-pl-exclusive plural; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
qeäntal	1st-pl-inclusive plural; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
nyanta	1st-sg; pronoun-prefix	“I give”	✧ PE14/86
leäntal	2nd-pl plural; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
ty’anta	2nd-sg; pronoun-prefix	“thou givest”	✧ PE14/86
siäntal	3rd-pl-fem plural; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
tuäntal	3rd-pl-masc plural; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
teäntal	3rd-pl-neut plural; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
hyanta	3rd-sg-fem; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
hwanta	3rd-sg-masc; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
hanta	3rd-sg-neut; pronoun-prefix		✧ PE14/86
antaista	?		✧ PE12/27
antáika	?		✧ PE12/27
àntaḯsta	?		✧ PE12/27
anta	aorist	“gives”	✧ MC/215
anta	aorist	“raised”	✧ MC/221
anta	aorist	“came”	✧ PE16/62
anta	aorist		✧ PE16/74; PE16/77
anta	aorist	“give”	✧ PE16/90; PE16/92
äntä	aorist		✧ PE16/72
anno	imperative	“give (me)”	✧ QL/31
áne	past	“gave”	✧ QL/31
āne	past		✧ QL/31
an	present	“give”	✧ PE14/53
anin	present 1st-sg		✧ QL/31
anir	present 1st-sg	“I give”	✧ QL/31

Element In

ᴱQ. mandulómi anta móri Ambalar “the East raised black shadows out of hell” ✧ MC/221; PE16/62; PE16/72; PE16/74
ᴱQ. an ni “give (it) me” ✧ PE14/53
ᴱQ. an nir “give (it) me” ✧ PE14/53
ᴱQ. hísimandulómi anta móri rauqi n·Ambalár “*the black mist-clouds of hell come rushing from the East” ✧ PE16/77
ᴱQ. peanta- “to give into one’s hands, give instructions to, enjoin” ✧ QL/72
ᴱQ. yar i vilya anta miqilis “to whom the air gives kisses” ✧ MC/215; PE16/90; PE16/92

Cognates

G. antha- “to give”

Derivations

< ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” ✧ QL/31; QL/31

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ√ANA > anta-

[anta-]

✧ QL/31