Q. calma n. “lamp, (device for shining) light” (Category: Lamp)
A noun for “lamp” appearing in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1121) as the name of tengwa #3 [a] (LotR/1122). In notes from the 1960s, Tolkien clarified that it was “a lamp or other device for shining light” (PE17/180).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kalma was glossed “(day)light” under the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44) but was simply “light” in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/44). It was glossed “light” again in the Early Qenya Grammar and English-Qenya Dictionary from the 1920s (PE14/43, 73; PE15/74). In the Earendel poem written around 1930 it was glossed “light” as in “light of the sun” (MC/216), but in the Oilima Markirya poem it was glossed “candle” (MC/214).
The word ᴹQ. kalma appeared unglossed in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/52), but was glossed “a light, lamp” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL), which is the first time it was used for “lamp”. It was glossed “light” in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet and Qenya Spelling from the 1930s and 40s (PE22/22, 51, 61), but became “lamp” in the discussion of tengwar in The Lord of the Rings itself, as noted above.
Meanwhile, the earliest “lamp” word was ᴱQ. kalumet (kalumett-) from the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s (QL/44; PME/44), and this word was mentioned again in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s as a cognate to ᴱN. glavaith “a blaze, burning, blazing light” (PE13/162). ᴹQ. kalumet “lamp” appeared a final time in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, but there it was deleted (PE21/37 note #134).
In summary, it seems that in the 1910s and 20s kalma was “light” while kalumet was “lamp”, but sometime in the 1930s kalumet was abandoned and kalma became “lamp, a [device for] light”, while in after the 1930s the ordinary word for “light” became cala (RGEO/62; Ety/KAL) which in the 1910s had instead been used for “daytime” as a time period (QL/44).
References ✧ LotR/1121-1122; PE17/123, 144, 180; PMCH/2; TMME/192
Glosses
Variations
Related
Inflections
| calmallo | ablative | ✧ PE17/144 |
| calmo | genitive | ✧ PE17/144 |
Elements
| ✶-mā | “instrumental suffix” | ✧ PE17/180 |
Element In
Derivations
ᴹQ. kalma n. “light, lamp” (Category: Lamp)
References ✧ Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL; PE21/52; PE22/22, 51, 61
Glosses
Variations
Inflections
Element In
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴹ√KAL > kalma | [kalma] | ✧ Ety/KAL |
ᴱQ. kalma n. “(day)light; candle” (Category: Light)
References ✧ LT1A/Galmir; MC/213-214, 216, 220; PE14/43, 73; PE15/74; PE16/57, 60, 62, 72, 74, 77, 100, 104, 111, 113, 144; PME/44; QL/44
Glosses
Variations
Inflections
| kalma | accusative | ✧ PE16/111 | |
| kalmat | accusative | ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73 | |
| kalmalin | accusative plural | ✧ PE14/43 | |
| kalmalin(t) | accusative plural | ✧ PE14/73 | |
| kalmea | adjectival | ✧ PE16/113 | |
| kalmar | dative | ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73; PE16/111 | |
| kalmalir | dative plural | ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73 | |
| kalman | genitive | ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73 | |
| kalmo | genitive | ✧ PE16/111 | |
| kalma̹lion | genitive plural | ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73 | |
| kalmainen | instrumental plural | “in the lights” | ✧ MC/216; PE16/100 |
| kalmainen | instrumental plural | ✧ PE16/104 | |
| kalmaliinen | instrumental plural | ✧ PE16/72; PE16/77 | |
| kalmalínen | instrumental plural | “with ... lights” | ✧ MC/220 |
| kalmalínen | instrumental plural | ✧ PE16/57; PE16/60; PE16/74 | |
| kalmalínen | instrumental plural | “with (or in) ... lights” | ✧ PE16/62 |
| kalman | nominative | ✧ PE16/111 | |
| kalmalin | nominative plural | ✧ PE16/111 | |
| kalmali | plural | ✧ PE14/43; PE14/73 |
Element In
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴱ√KALA > kalma | [galmā] > [galma] > [kalma] | ✧ QL/44 |
ᴹQ. kalumet (kalumett-) n. “lamp” (Category: Lamp)
References ✧ PE21/37
Glosses
Variations
Inflections
| kalumetta | accusative | ✧ PE21/37 |
| †kalumetsin | nominative plural | ✧ PE21/37 |
| kalumettulin | nominative plural | ✧ PE21/37 |
ᴱQ. kalumet (kalumett-) n. “lamp” (Category: Lamp)
References ✧ PE13/162; PME/44; QL/44
Glosses
Variations
Inflections
| kalumett- | stem | ✧ QL/44 |
Elements
| kalume | “an (artificial) light” | ✧ QL/44 |
Cognates
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴱ✶k’lamektā > kalumet | [kalumekta] > [kalumektǝ] > [kalumekt] > [kalumett] > [kalumet] | ✧ PE13/162 |