Neo-Sindarin Semantic Categories

1. Physical World

1.11 World

S., N. amar n. “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”
⚠️ᴱN. barth n. “world, earth”; see instead:
S. amar “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”
⚠️ᴱN. blador n. “world”; see instead:
S. amar “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”

1.12 Universe

ᴺS. !ilu n. “universe, the whole, cosmos”

1.21 Earth, Land

⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^cae n. “earth”; see instead:
S. ceven “*earth; Earth”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^cefn adj. “of earth, earthen”; see instead:
N. cevn “of earth, earthen”
ᴺS. !cevemphast n. “earth quake”
S. ceven n. “*earth; Earth”
N. cevn adj. “of earth, earthen”
⚠️N. coe n. “earth”; see instead:
S. ceven “*earth; Earth”
⚠️G. -gen suf. “*earth”
S., N. -ian(d) suf. “-land, country”
⚠️G. mar n. “Earth, ground, soil”; see instead:
S. ceven “*earth; Earth”
⚠️G. maragwast n. “earth quake”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cevemphast “earth quake”
⚠️ᴱN. unnor adj. “without a land”
⚠️ᴱN. urnor adj. “landless”

1.212 Ground, Soil

N. cef n. “soil”
⚠️G. grosgen n. “soil”; see instead:
N. cef “soil”
⚠️G. groth n. “earth, soil”; see instead:
N. cef “soil”
S. groth “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
⚠️G. ham n. “ground, level of Earth’s service [surface]”; see instead:
N. talaf “ground, floor”
N. talaf n. “ground, floor”

1.213 Dust, Powder

N. ast n. “dust”
ᴺS. !athren adj. “dusty”
⚠️ᴱN. lhith n. “dust”; see instead:
S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
N. ast “dust”
⚠️G. thith n. “dust”; see instead:
S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
N. ast “dust”
⚠️G. thithrin adj. “dusty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !athren “dusty”
⚠️ᴱN. yrlhith adj. “dustless”

1.214 Mud, Mire

S., N. both n. “fen, marsh; [N.] puddle, small pool”
S., N., G. l(h)ô n. “flood, fenland; ⚠️[G.] pool, lake”
S. madha n. “mud”
ᴺS. !madhren adj. “muddy”
⚠️G. ôs n. “bog”
⚠️G. ûg n. “mud”; see instead:
S. madha “mud”
⚠️G. ûgrin adj. “muddy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !madhren “muddy”

1.215 Sand, Grit

⚠️G. armin n. “desert, waste”; see instead:
N. eru “waste, desert”
N. eru n. “waste, desert”
⚠️G. marol n. “sand”; see instead:
S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”
⚠️G. ôr n. “dry sand”; see instead:
S. lith “ash; [N.] sand”

1.22 Hill, Mountain

S. achad n. “rock ridge, neck (geographically)”
S., N., ᴱN., G. amon n. “hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; ⚠️[G.] steep slope”
⚠️G. môn n. “bare hill, knoll”
⚠️G. nog n. “hill, knob, prominence”; see instead:
N. dolt¹ “round knob, boss”
S., N., ᴱN., G. orod n. “mountain”
S. orodben n. “mountaineer, one living in the mountains”
S. pind n. “crest, ridge”
⚠️ᴱN. tain¹ n. “mountain”; see instead:
N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
⚠️N. *tilias n. “?mountain range”; see instead:
S. #aeglir “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
⚠️ᴱN., G. tûn n. “mound, bare hill”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tund¹ “mound, hill”
ᴺS. [N.] ^tund¹ n. “mound, hill”
⚠️N. tunn n. “hill, mound”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tund¹ “mound, hill”

1.221 Peak, Summit

ᴺS. [N.] ^aegas n. “mountain peak”
S. #aeglir n. “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
⚠️ᴱN. aiglir n. “peak, mountain top”; see instead:
S. #aeglir “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
⚠️ᴱN. dain² n. “height, summit; height, loftiness, sublimity”; see instead:
N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
⚠️G. dorm n. “summit”; see instead:
N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
N. egnas n. “sharp point, peak”
⚠️N. feleg n. “(animal’s) horn; steep mountain peak”; see instead:
S. feleg “cave, ⚠️mine, underground dwelling”
S. min² n. “peak”
⚠️N. oegas n. “mountain peak”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aegas “mountain peak”
⚠️N. oeglir n. “range of mountain peaks”; see instead:
S. #aeglir “line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; ⚠️[ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
⚠️G. orm n. “hill top, summit”; see instead:
N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
N. taen¹ n. “height, summit of high mountain”

1.222 Slope, Cliff

⚠️N. aclod adj. “sloping, tilted”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^adlod “sloping, tilted”
ᴺS. [N.] ^adlant adj. “oblique, slanted”
ᴺS. [N.] ^adlod adj. “sloping, tilted”
N. amben adj. “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
⚠️ᴱN. amvenn adj. and adv. “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”; see instead:
N. amben “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
⚠️ᴱN. amvinn n. “slope, incline, hillside”; see instead:
S. pind “crest, ridge”
⚠️N. atlant adj. “oblique, slanted”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^adlant “oblique, slanted”
S. avras n. “precipice”
⚠️ᴱN. benn adj. “sloping, inclined, slanting, up or down hill”; see instead:
S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
⚠️ᴱN. binn n. “slope, hillside, bank”; see instead:
S. pind “crest, ridge”
S. brass n. “great cliff”
⚠️G. falchos n. “cliffs”; see instead:
S. brass “great cliff”
S. îf n. “cliff, sheer descent”
⚠️G. numbros n. “incline, slope”; see instead:
N. talad “incline, slope”
⚠️G. ol n. “cliff, seaward precipice”
S. *pedh- v. “to incline, slope, ⚠️fall in steep slant”
S., N. pend n. and adj. “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
N. pendrath n. “passage up or down slope, stairway”
N. rhass n. “precipice”
⚠️G. rost n. “slope, hill side, ascent”; see instead:
S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
S. #rost “rainy”
N. talad n. “incline, slope”
⚠️ᴱN. tlad n. “hillside, slope”; see instead:
N. talad “incline, slope”
⚠️ᴱN. tleth adj. “sloping, slanting, leaning”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^adlant “oblique, slanted”

1.223 Mound, Pile

⚠️ᴱN. bala n. “round hump, hump, hillock”
⚠️G. caum n. “knob”; see instead:
N. dolt¹ “round knob, boss”
S., N. cerin n. “circular mound, artificial hill; [N.] round enclosure”
⚠️N., ᴱN., G. cum n. “mound, heap, [G.] burial mound”; see instead:
S. haudh “(funeral) mound, grave, [N.] tomb; [orig.] †heap, piled mound”
S. amon “hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; ⚠️[G.] steep slope”
N. gwastar n. “hummock”
S. mâf n. “pile or mass of rock or earth”
ᴺS. !tomp adj. “humped, bulging”
⚠️ᴱN. tuf n. “lump, knob”; see instead:
N. tump “hump”
N. tump n. “hump”

1.23 Plain, Field

⚠️ᴱN. balt² n. “a plain”
⚠️G. bladwen n. “plain”; see instead:
S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
⚠️S., N., ᴱN. dalath n. “plain, low lying/flat ground; [N.] flat surface, plane; [ᴱN.] vale”; see instead:
S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
⚠️G. eng(a) n. “plain, vale”; see instead:
S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
⚠️G. fladwen n. “meadow, grassland”; see instead:
S. parth “field, enclosed grassland, sward”
⚠️G. glair n. “meadow”; see instead:
S. glaer “[N.] long lay, narrative poem, ⚠️[S.] tale, song”
S., G. lad n. “plain, ⚠️valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
⚠️ᴱN., G. ladwen n. “plain, [G.] heath; levelness, flatness; plane; surface”; see instead:
S. lad “plain, ⚠️valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
⚠️G. lais n. “green sward, glade”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pathu “level space, sward”
⚠️N. #lhad n. “plain”; see instead:
S. lad “plain, ⚠️valley; [G.] a level, a flat; fair dealing”
⚠️N. lhand n. “open space, level”; see instead:
S. #land “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
S., G. ness n. “*headland; [G.] (water) meadow; long grass”
S. parth n. “field, enclosed grassland, sward”
ᴺS. [N.] ^pathu n. “level space, sward”
⚠️N. pathw n. “level place, sward”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pathu “level space, sward”
S. sâdh n. “sward, turf”
S. talath n. “flat lands, plain, vale”
S. talf n. “wang, flat field, topographical flat area”
⚠️ᴱN., G. #teloth n. “plain; [G.] roofing, canopy, shelter”; see instead:
S. talath “flat lands, plain, vale”
N. tobas “roofing, roof”
N. orthelian “canopy”

1.24 Dale, Valley

⚠️G. engriol adj. “vale like, of the vale”; see instead:
ᴺS. !imladren “vale like, of the vale”
⚠️G. glith n. “dale, hillslope”; see instead:
S. nan(d) “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
⚠️G. gobli n. “dell”; see instead:
S. imlad “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen”
S., N. †im³ n. “valley; [N.] dell, deep vale”
S., N. imlad n. “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen”
ᴺS. !imladren adj. “vale like, of the vale”
S. imrath n. “long narrow valley with road or watercourse running through it lengthwise, *(lit.) valley course”
⚠️G. nal¹ n. “dale, vale”; see instead:
S. nan(d) “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
S., N., ᴱN., G. nan(d) n. “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
S., N., ᴱN., G. tum n. “(deep) valley, vale; ⚠️[ᴱN.] flat vale”
⚠️G. tumli n. “dale”; see instead:
S. nan(d) “vale, valley, [ᴱN.] dale; [N.] wide grassland; ⚠️[G.] field acre”
⚠️G. umbel n. “a dell”; see instead:
S. imlad “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen”

1.241 Ravine, Pass

⚠️N. cîl n. “cleft, pass between hills, gorge”; see instead:
S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
S., N. cirith n. “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
N. dîn n. “opening, gap, pass in mountains”
⚠️G. falc n. “cleft, gash; cleft, ravine, cliffs”; see instead:
S. #falch “[ᴱN.] cleft, ravine”
S. criss “cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; ⚠️[N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine”
S. brass “great cliff”
S., ᴱN. #falch n. “[ᴱN.] cleft, ravine”
⚠️G. fôr n. “gulf, gap”; see instead:
S. iâ “chasm, pit; void, abyss; [N.] gulf”
S., N. iâ n. “chasm, pit; void, abyss; [N.] gulf”
⚠️N. iau² n. “ravine, cleft, gulf”; see instead:
N. iau¹ “corn, *cereal crop”
S. imrad n. “path or pass between mountains or trackless forest, *(lit.) valley path”
⚠️N. lhonn n. “(narrow) path, strait, pass”; see instead:
S. lond “(land-locked) haven; ⚠️[N.] narrow path, strait, pass”
⚠️N. rhis n. “ravine”; see instead:
S. riss “cleft, [N.] ravine; ⚠️cleft, cloven, separate”
S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”

1.25 Isle, Island

S., N. caer n. “[N.] flat isle on a river”
⚠️S. #cast n. “cape, headland”; see instead:
S. ras(t) “cape, shore”
⚠️ᴱN. dol n. “island”; see instead:
S. tol(l) “island, (high steep-sided) isle”
⚠️G. mineth n. “island”; see instead:
S. tol(l) “island, (high steep-sided) isle”
ᴺS. !perthol n. “peninsula”
S. ras(t) n. “cape, shore”
S., N., G. tol(l) n. “island, (high steep-sided) isle”

1.27 Shore, Beach

S., N., G. falas n. “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️G. falos n. “sea-marge, surf, coast, line, beach; margin, fringe, edge”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️N. faur n. “beach, shore”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️G. flass n. “sea-marge, surf; foam; margin, ragged margin, fringe”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️ᴱN. gwaithlos n. “*sea-shore”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️ᴱN., G. plados n. “surf, land’s edge”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
ᴺS. plador “[G.] oar; ⚠️[ᴱN.] surf, land’s edge”
⚠️G. sarofarn n. “the seashore”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️ᴱN., G. thlos n. “shore; [G.] breaker”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”

1.31 Water

⚠️G. asc¹ n. “water”; see instead:
S. nen “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river, [ᴱN.] stream”
ᴺS. [G.] ^duidhrad n. “canal”
ᴺS. [G.] ^duiniant n. “aqueduct”
⚠️G. duivrad n. “canal”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^duidhrad “canal”
⚠️G. duivrant n. “aqueduct”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^duiniant “aqueduct”
⚠️G. glib² adj. “liquid”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ylin “liquid”
⚠️ᴱN. lim n. “water”; see instead:
S. nen “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river, [ᴱN.] stream”
S., N., ᴱN., G. nen n. “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river, [ᴱN.] stream”
ᴺS. [N.] ^nend adj. “watery”
⚠️N. nenn adj. “watery”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nend “watery”
⚠️G. ulin adj. and n. “liquid”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ylin “liquid”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ylin adj. and n. “liquid”

1.32 Sea

S. gaear n. “sea”
S. gaearon n. “ocean, (lit.) great sea”
⚠️ᴱN. gwai n. “sea”; see instead:
S. gaear “sea”
⚠️G. ô n. “the sea”; see instead:
S. gaear “sea”
⚠️N. oer n. “sea”; see instead:
S. gaear “sea”

1.33 Lake, Pond

S. #ael n. “lake, pool”
⚠️G. ail n. “lake, pool”; see instead:
S. #ael “lake, pool”
⚠️ᴱN. ailin n. “lake”; see instead:
S. #ael “lake, pool”
⚠️G. ailion n. “lake, pool”; see instead:
S. #ael “lake, pool”
⚠️N. lhîn n. “pool”; see instead:
S. lîn “pool, mere”
⚠️ᴱN. lhuin n. “pool”; see instead:
S. lîn “pool, mere”
S. lîn n. “pool, mere”
⚠️G. muil n. “tarn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”
⚠️G. †nîn² n. “pool”; see instead:
S. lîn “pool, mere”
⚠️N. oel n. “pool, lake”; see instead:
S. #ael “lake, pool”
⚠️N. rhim² n. “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rim n. “cold pool or lake (in mountains)”

1.34 Gulf, Bay

⚠️S. côf n. “bay”; see instead:
N. hûb “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”
⚠️ᴱN. cû n. “bay, cove”; see instead:
N. hûb “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”
N. hûb n. “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay”

1.35 Wave, Surge

N. falf n. “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
⚠️G. falm n. “breaker, wave”; see instead:
N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
S. faloth n. “large foamy wave”
⚠️G. floss n. “breaker”; see instead:
N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
⚠️ᴺS. !gôl n. “wave”; see instead:
N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
⚠️G. saros n. “surf, sea”; see instead:
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
⚠️G. sôr n. “wave, billow”; see instead:
N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”
⚠️G. thloth n. “breakers, waves, surf”; see instead:
N. falf “foam, breaker, [G.] wave”

1.351 Foam, Froth

⚠️G. craith n. “foam, froth, spume”
⚠️ᴱN. cruith n. “spume”
N. faltha- v. “to foam”
⚠️G. flathwi n. “scud, spray, spindrift”; see instead:
S. gwing “foam, spindrift, [N.] flying spray; [G.] wave-crest”
S., N., G. gwing n. “foam, spindrift, [N.] flying spray; [G.] wave-crest”
⚠️G. osp(a) n. “foam”; see instead:
S. gwing “foam, spindrift, [N.] flying spray; [G.] wave-crest”
⚠️G. ospa- v. “to seethe, foam, spout”; see instead:
N. faltha- “to foam”
⚠️G. ospoth n. “froth”

1.352 Splash, Spray

⚠️G. basbos n. “splash”; see instead:
ᴺS. !felaich “splash”
⚠️G. basbotha- v. “to splash”; see instead:
ᴺS. !felechia- “to splash”
⚠️G. fasca- v. “to splash, sprinkle”; see instead:
ᴺS. !felechia- “to splash”
ᴺS. !felaich n. “splash”
ᴺS. !felechia- v. “to splash”
⚠️G. gwass n. “rush, rushing, noise of rushing, splash”
⚠️G. gwassiol adj. “rushing, noisy, loud, rustling or splashing”; see instead:
S. #brui “loud, *noisy”
N. alag “rushing, impetuous”
⚠️ᴱN. tlais n. “splashing, flapping noise”

1.36 Brook, Stream, River

⚠️ᴱN., G. ach n. “waterfall”; see instead:
S. lanthir “waterfall”
⚠️G. acha n. “waterfall”; see instead:
S. lanthir “waterfall”
N. celeth n. “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
ᴺS. !celf n. “channel”
⚠️G. celu n. “rill, stream, runlet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
⚠️G. duif (duiv-) n. “stream”; see instead:
N. celeth “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
S., N. duin n. “(large) river; ⚠️[N.] water”
N. duirro n. “*river-bank”
⚠️N. eges n. “mouths”; see instead:
S. ethir¹ “mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow”
S., N. ethir¹ n. “mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow”
⚠️G. gwent² n. “brook, small river”; see instead:
N. celeth “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
S. lanthir n. “waterfall”
⚠️G. nern n. “brook”; see instead:
N. celeth “stream, *brook, rill, runlet; (lit.) a flowing”
N. oll n. “torrent, mountain-stream”
ᴺS. [N.] ^raw¹ n. “bank (especially of a river)”
⚠️N. rhaw² n. “bank (especially of a river)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raw¹ “bank (especially of a river)”
S., N., ᴱN., G. sîr n. “river, stream”

1.37 Spring, Well

⚠️ᴱN., G. aithl n. “spring, fount, source”; see instead:
S. eithel “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
⚠️G. aithla- v. “to spring (from), issue forth, bubble up”; see instead:
ᴺS. eithla- “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”
⚠️G. cectha- v. “to spout out”
ᴺS. [N.] ^celu n. “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
⚠️N. celw n. “spring, source”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
⚠️G. †ectha- v. “to spout, jet”
⚠️G. ecthel(uin) n. “fountain, fount”; see instead:
S. eithel “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
S., N. eithel n. “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] eithla- v. “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”
⚠️ᴱN. eithlod n. “springing, welling forth”
⚠️ᴱN. eithlos n. “fountain”; see instead:
S. eithel “source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”
⚠️G. gwelwi n. “spring of water”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”

1.38 Whirlpool

⚠️N. chwinn n. “eddy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwind “eddy”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hwind n. “eddy”

1.41 Woods, Forest

⚠️G. alos n. “forest”; see instead:
S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
⚠️ᴱN. aulos n. “forest”; see instead:
S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
⚠️ᴱN. dron n. “wood”; see instead:
S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
⚠️G. drui n. “wood, forest”; see instead:
S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
S. eryn n. “wood, forest (of trees)”
S. glad n. “wood”
⚠️G. goloth [ng-] n. “forest”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lant n. “clearing in the forest”
⚠️N. lhant n. “clearing in the forest”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lant “clearing in the forest”
ᴺS. !rostaur n. “rainforest”
S., N., ᴱN., G. taur n. “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
S. tauron n. “forester”
⚠️G. tavros n. “forest, wooded land”; see instead:
S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
⚠️S., N. tawar n. “forest; [N.] wood (material)”; see instead:
S. taur “forest, wood, [N.] great wood, [G.] dense wood”
S. taw¹ “wood as material”

1.43 Wood, Timber

⚠️G. âl n. “wood (material)”; see instead:
S. taw¹ “wood as material”
⚠️G. âlog adj. “of wood, wooden”; see instead:
S. tawen “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
⚠️N. drafn n. “hewn log”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dravn “hewn log”
ᴺS. [N.] ^dravn n. “hewn log”
⚠️G. durog adj. “wooden”; see instead:
S. tawen “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
⚠️G. duru n. “wood; pole, beam, log”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dravn “hewn log”
⚠️G. lôg n. “fuel, firewood”; see instead:
ᴺS. tund² “log for the fire, *firewood, fuel”
⚠️G. tan n. “firewood”; see instead:
ᴺS. tund² “log for the fire, *firewood, fuel”
S. #tân “builder, smith, wright, artificer”
S. taw¹ n. “wood as material”
⚠️N. tawaren adj. “wooden”; see instead:
S. tawen “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
S. tawen adj. “wood (of material), wooden (of make)”
ᴺS. [G.] tund² n. “log for the fire, *firewood, fuel”

1.44 Rock, Stone

⚠️G. bringlast n. “alabaster”
S., N. brith n. “gravel”
S. ?brithon adj. “pebbly”
⚠️G. cloch n. “stone (small), stone of fruit”; see instead:
S. sarn “(small) stone, pebble; stony (place); ⚠️[N.] stone as a material”
⚠️G. clochiol adj. “stone”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gonneb “stony, rocky”
⚠️G. clocthi n. “pebble”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sarneg “pebble”
⚠️G. clogod n. “shingle beach”; see instead:
S. serni “shingle, pebble bank”
⚠️G. clogrin adj. “stony, stone-like”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gonneb “stony, rocky”
⚠️G. clogwed adj. “stony, stone-covered”; see instead:
N. #gondren “*of stone”
⚠️G. closs n. “shingle”
⚠️G. dalech n. “(upright) stone”
⚠️ᴱN. esg n. “sharp upstanding rock in water; [G.] sharp point, sharp edge”; see instead:
N. carag “spike, tooth of rock”
N. egnas “sharp point, peak”
ᴺS. [G.] glast n. “marble”
⚠️G. glastrin adj. “marble”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glathren “[of or like] marble”
ᴺS. [G.] ^glathren adj. “[of or like] marble”
S., ᴱN., G., N. gond n. “stone, rock, [N.] stone (as a material), ⚠️[G.] great stone”
N. gondram n. “hewn stone”
N. #gondren adj. “*of stone”
ᴺS. !gonneb adj. “stony, rocky”
⚠️ᴱN. gonnen adj. “of stone”; see instead:
N. #gondren “*of stone”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gonnos n. “great rock”
⚠️G. gonthos n. “great rock”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gonnos “great rock”
⚠️G. gonwed adj. “rocky”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gonneb “stony, rocky”
⚠️ᴱN. orsarn adj. “stoneless”
S., N., ᴱN., G. sarn n. and adj. “(small) stone, pebble; stony (place); ⚠️[N.] stone as a material”
ᴺS. !sarneg n. “pebble”
ᴺS. !senc adj. and n. “mineral-like, flinty; flint”
S. serni n. “shingle, pebble bank”
⚠️G. silc n. “flint”; see instead:
ᴺS. !senc “mineral-like, flinty; flint”
ᴺS. [G.] sinc n. “*mineral, ⚠️[G.] metal”

1.46 Cave

S., N. fela n. “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
S. feleg n. “cave, ⚠️mine, underground dwelling”
⚠️N. gath n. “cavern”; see instead:
S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
⚠️N. gathrod n. “cave”; see instead:
S. groth “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
⚠️G. gerd(h)olm n. “mine”; see instead:
S. fela “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
⚠️G. gersauth n. “mine”; see instead:
S. fela “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
⚠️ᴱN. gronn n. “cave, cavern”; see instead:
S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
S., N. groth n. “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
⚠️G. grûd n. “cavern”; see instead:
S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
⚠️N. rhonn n. “roof, cave”; see instead:
S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
⚠️ᴺS. !rhûd n. “dwelling underground, artifical cave, rockhewn hall, mine”; see instead:
S. groth “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling; [N.] cave, tunnel, [G.] grot”
⚠️G. rodos n. “cavern”; see instead:
S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
S. rond “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”
S., N. rond n. “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”

1.51 Sky, Heavens

ᴺS. !cethaeg n. “horizon”
⚠️G. climli n. “heaven, sky”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
⚠️ᴱN., G. dai n. and adj. “sky; high”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
S. dae “shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade”
N. #ell n. “sky”
⚠️G. ilon n. “sky”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
⚠️G. ilwint n. “sky, heavens; (lit.) face of god”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
⚠️G. luithon n. “sky”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
S., N. menel n. “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
⚠️ᴱN., G. telum n. “sky; [G.] roof”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
N. telu “dome, high roof”

1.52 Sun

S., N. Anor n. “Sun”
ᴺS. !anóren adj. “sunny”
⚠️G. augla n. “ray of sunlight, sunbeam”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aglan “ray of light”
⚠️G. auglas n. “bright sunshine”; see instead:
S. glaw “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
⚠️G. áugwila adj. “sunny, sunlit”; see instead:
ᴺS. !anóren “sunny”
⚠️G. aur(a) n. “Sun”; see instead:
S. aur “(whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning”
S. Anor “Sun”
⚠️G. auth n. “sunshine, warmth; noontide”; see instead:
S. glaw “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
ᴺS. ast “light or heat of the sun, *warmth”
ᴺS. !cýranor n. “new sun after solstice”
ᴺS. !ethol- v. “to come forth, come out”
S. #fael¹ n. and adj. “gleam of the sun; *gleaming”
⚠️ᴱN. gladwen n. “radiance, sunshine”; see instead:
S. glawar “gold (light or colour); [N.] sunlight, radiance (of Laurelin)”
S., N. glaw n. “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
⚠️G. hŷr n. “sun”; see instead:
S. Anor “Sun”

1.53 Moon

⚠️N. cúran n. “crescent moon”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cúron “crescent moon”
ᴺS. [N.] ^cúron n. “crescent moon”
S. cýron n. “new-moon”
⚠️G. gilm n. “moonlight, silver light”; see instead:
N. silith “light of Silpion, *moonlight”
N. gilith “starlight, *region of the stars”
S., N. Ithil n. “Moon”
S., N. ithildin n. “magical alloy that glows in moonlight, (lit.) moon-star”
ᴺS. !paron n. “full-moon”
⚠️ᴱN., G. rán n. “moon”; see instead:
S. #Raun “Moon”
S. #Raun n. “Moon”
⚠️N. Rhân n. “Moon”; see instead:
S. #Raun “Moon”
⚠️G. Sil n. “Rose of Silpion, Moon”; see instead:
S. Ithil “Moon”
N. †silif n. “light of Silpion, †silver, *moonlight”
N. silith n. “light of Silpion, *moonlight”
⚠️G. Silma n. “*Moon”; see instead:
S. Ithil “Moon”

1.54 Star

S., N. †êl n. “star”
ᴺS. !elchith n. “nebula, star cloud”
ᴺS. !elui adj. “starry”
⚠️N. geil n. “star”; see instead:
S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
S. gil [ng-] n. “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
N. gildin n. “silver spark”
⚠️G. tim n. “spark, gleam, (star)”; see instead:
S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
S. tîn¹ n. “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
ᴺS. !tiniath n. “group of stars, star-cluster, constellation”
⚠️N. tinw n. “spark, small star”; see instead:
S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
⚠️G. tinwithli n. “group of stars, star-cluster, constellation”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tiniath “group of stars, star-cluster, constellation”

1.542 Starlight

N. gilith n. “starlight, *region of the stars”

1.55 Flash, Lightning

ᴺS. !agla- v. “to shine out, flash”
⚠️G. agla n. “flash”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^agol “flash”
ᴺS. !aglad n. “lightning”
ᴺS. [G.] ^agol n. “flash”
⚠️ᴱN. aithorn n. “lightning”; see instead:
ᴺS. !aglad “lightning”
⚠️G. blectha- v. “to flash”; see instead:
ᴺS. !agla- “to shine out, flash”

1.56 Noise, Thunder

S. lhôn n. “noise; *phone (in linguistics), speech sound”
⚠️G. rum n. “noise”; see instead:
S. lhôn “noise; *phone (in linguistics), speech sound”
⚠️G. rumla- v. “to make a noise”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lenia- “to sound, make a noise”
⚠️ᴱN. tlach n. “clap, clash”
⚠️ᴱN. tlacha- v. “to clap, clash, clatter”
⚠️ᴱN. tlachol adj. “clashing”

1.61 Light

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^aglan n. “ray of light”
⚠️ᴱN. aglann n. “ray of light”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aglan “ray of light”
S., N. calad n. “light, brightness, shining, ⚠️fire”
ᴺS. !celia- v. “to illuminate, light up; to illustrate”
ᴺS. !celias n. “(artificial) light, illumination”
⚠️G. dantha- v. “to illuminate, light up, illustrate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !celia- “to illuminate, light up; to illustrate”
⚠️G. danthos n. “(artificial) light, illumination”; see instead:
ᴺS. !celias “(artificial) light, illumination”
ᴺS. !Forchalad n. “aurora, (lit.) northern radiance”
⚠️G. gal(a) n. “daylight, light”; see instead:
S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; ⚠️light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn”
S. calad “light, brightness, shining, ⚠️fire”
S., N., ᴱN. galad [ng-] n. “radiance, glittering reflection; ⚠️light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn”
S. glae(gal) n. “light (as an ethereal substance), *photons”
⚠️ᴱN. glaiw n. “light”; see instead:
S. glae(gal) “light (as an ethereal substance), *photons”
ᴺS. !Harchalad n. “aurora, (lit.) southern radiance”
S. #narthan n. “beacon”

1.62 Darkness

⚠️ᴱN. avosaith n. “gloomy places”
⚠️G. †gath² (gadh-) n. “gloom, blight”; see instead:
S. fuin “night, gloom, darkness, [N.] dead of night”
N. maur n. “gloom”
S., N. môr n. “dark(ness); †night, ⚠️[N.] †black”
⚠️G. morth n. “darkness”; see instead:
S. môr “dark(ness); †night, ⚠️[N.] †black”
⚠️G. mûri n. “darkness, †night”; see instead:
S. môr “dark(ness); †night, ⚠️[N.] †black”

1.622 Dark, Murky

⚠️ᴱN. danglarweb adj. “without light”
⚠️N. dofn adj. “gloomy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dovn “gloomy”
ᴺS. [N.] ^dovn adj. “gloomy”
⚠️ᴱN. drú adj. “dark”; see instead:
S. dûr “dark (with evil implications), gloomy, hellish”
S., N. dûr [nd-] adj. “dark (with evil implications), gloomy, hellish”
⚠️G. fung adj. “dark (esp. of colour)”; see instead:
S. morn “black, dark; ⚠️night”
⚠️ᴱN. hinar adj. “dark”; see instead:
S. morn “black, dark; ⚠️night”
⚠️G. mortha adj. “dim”; see instead:
S. gwathren “shadowy, dim”
S. muil n. and adj. “drear[iness]”

1.63 Shade, Shadow

⚠️S., N. dae n. “shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade”; see instead:
S. #morchant “shadow cast by light, (lit.) dark shape”
S. gwath “shadow, dim light, [N.] shade”
S., N. dúath n. “night shadow, dark/black shadow, [N.] night-shade”
S. esgal n. “cast shadow, shade; screen, hiding; ⚠️veil”
S., N. gwath n. “shadow, dim light, [N.] shade”
S. gwathra- v. “to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure”
S. gwathren adj. “shadowy, dim”
S. #gwathui adj. “*shadowy, of shadow”
N. hall¹ adj. “veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”
⚠️ᴱN. lhom n. “shadow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lum “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
⚠️N. lhum n. “shade”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lum “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
⚠️N. lhumren n. “shady”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lumren “shady, [G.] overcast”
⚠️G. lôm n. “gloom, shade”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lum “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
⚠️G. lómin adj. and n. “shady, shadowy, gloomy; gloom(iness)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lumren “shady, [G.] overcast”
North S. lómin “echoing”
⚠️G. lomiol adj. “dismal”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dovn “gloomy”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lum n. “shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud”
⚠️G. lumbrin adj. “overcast”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lumren “shady, [G.] overcast”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lumren n. “shady, [G.] overcast”
S. #morchant n. “shadow cast by light, (lit.) dark shape”

1.71 Air, Ether

⚠️G. gwail n. “air”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwelu “air (as a substance)”
⚠️G. gwailtha- v. “to air; expose to air”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwiltha- “to air, expose to air”
ᴺS. [N.] ^gwelu n. “air (as a substance)”
⚠️N. gwelw n. “air (as a substance)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwelu “air (as a substance)”
⚠️N. gwelwen n. “air, lower air”; see instead:
N. gwilith “air (as a region), *lower sky; ⚠️[G.] breeze”
N., G. gwilith n. “air (as a region), *lower sky; ⚠️[G.] breeze”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gwiltha- v. “to air, expose to air”

1.72 Wind

⚠️ᴱN., G. gwá n. “wind”; see instead:
S. gwae “wind”
S., N., ᴱN. gwae n. “wind”
⚠️S. gwael n. “?wind”; see instead:
S. gwae “wind”
ᴺS. [S.] gwaeren adj. “windy”
⚠️G. gwam n. “gust of wind”; see instead:
S. gwae “wind”
⚠️G. gwavwed adj. “windy”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwaeren “windy”
⚠️G. saul n. “great wind”; see instead:
S. sûl “[strong] wind, *gust”
ᴺS. [G.] sû n. “noise of wind”
S. sûl n. “[strong] wind, *gust”

1.722 Storm

N. alagos n. “storm (of wind)”
S. gwaew n. “storm; ⚠️blow”
⚠️ᴱN. huiriaith n. “gale”; see instead:
N. alagos “storm (of wind)”

1.723 Breeze

⚠️ᴱN., G. blith n. “breeze, [G.] zephyr; air”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwest “puff, breath, breeze”
ᴺS. ^gwelu “air (as a substance)”
⚠️N. chwest n. “puff, breath, breeze”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwest “puff, breath, breeze”
S. hwaewar n. “breeze[?]”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hwest n. “puff, breath, breeze”

1.73 Cloud, Mirk

S. fân n. “(white) cloud; veil, curtain; form or vision of a spiritual being; ⚠️spirit [embodied]”
S., N. fanui adj. “cloudy, (lit.) having much cloud”
⚠️N. faun n. “cloud”; see instead:
S. fân “(white) cloud; veil, curtain; form or vision of a spiritual being; ⚠️spirit [embodied]”
⚠️G. luv- v. “to hang, lower (of clouds)”
⚠️G. ust n. “cloudy air”; see instead:
N. osp “smoke”

1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze

⚠️ᴱN. blaith n. “fog, gloomy mist”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
⚠️ᴱN. blaithren adj. “foggy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hethu “foggy, obscure, vague”
⚠️G. drim n. “dew”; see instead:
S. mîdh “dew, *moisture, damp(ness); ⚠️[ᴱN.] mist, drizzle”
S. faen n. “vapour; ⚠️[disembodied] spirit”
N. gilhof n. “dew, *(lit.) star-juice”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hethu adj. “foggy, obscure, vague”
⚠️N. hethw adj. “foggy, obscure, vague”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hethu “foggy, obscure, vague”
S., N. hîth n. “mist”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hithu n. “fog”
S., N. #hithui adj. “misty”
⚠️N. hithw n. “fog”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
⚠️G. huir adj. “foggy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hethu “foggy, obscure, vague”
⚠️G. huith n. “fog”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
⚠️G. huitha- v. “it is misty”
S., N., ᴱN. mîdh n. “dew, *moisture, damp(ness); ⚠️[ᴱN.] mist, drizzle”
⚠️N. mith² n. “white fog, wet mist”; see instead:
S. hîth “mist”
ᴺS. ^hithu “fog”
⚠️G. usc n. “fog, mist”; see instead:
S. hîth “mist”
N. osp “smoke”

1.75 Rain

⚠️N. eil- v. “to rain”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^uil- “to rain”
⚠️ᴱN. narog adj. “violent (of water, rain, etc.), torrential”
⚠️G. †nigor n. “rain, rainy weather”; see instead:
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
⚠️G. nigwin adj. “rainy”; see instead:
S. #rost “rainy”
⚠️G. noss¹ n. “rain”; see instead:
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
⚠️N. rhoss¹ n. “rain”; see instead:
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
S. ross¹ n. “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
S. #rost adj. “rainy”
⚠️G. tibli n. “drizzle, sleet”; see instead:
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
⚠️G. ubra- v. “to rain”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^uil- “to rain”
⚠️G. ubri n. “rainfall, rain”; see instead:
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
⚠️G. uch n. “rain”; see instead:
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
ᴺS. [N.] ^uil- v. “to rain”

1.752 Rainbow

⚠️ᴺS. !eiliant n.; see instead:
S. ninniach “rainbow”
⚠️N. eilian(w) n. “rainbow, (lit.) sky-bridge”; see instead:
S. ninniach “rainbow”
⚠️G. ilbrant n. “rainbow”; see instead:
S. ninniach “rainbow”
S. ninniach n. “rainbow”

1.76 Snow

⚠️G. fô n. “snow”; see instead:
S. loss “snow”
⚠️G. fôtha- v. “to snow”
ᴺS. !glosta- v. “to snow”
⚠️G. glui n. “snow”; see instead:
S. loss “snow”
⚠️G. ith¹ n. “fine snow”; see instead:
S. loss “snow”
S. loss n. “snow”
S. lossen adj. “snowy”
⚠️G. nib n. “snowflake”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nibis “snowflake”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nibis n. “snowflake”
⚠️G. nictha- v. “to rain, hail, snow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nítha-¹ “to snow, hail, ⚠️rain”
ᴺS. ^uil- “to rain”
⚠️G. nigweth n. “(snow) storm”; see instead:
N. alagos “storm (of wind)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nítha-¹ v. “to snow, hail, ⚠️rain”
⚠️G. nybol adj. “?snowy”; see instead:
S. lossen “snowy”

1.77 Ice, Frost

S. aeglos n. “icicle, (lit.) snow-point; snowthorn (a plant)”
N., G. heleg n. “ice”
⚠️G. helfileg n. “frost on panes, etc.”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nich “frost”
⚠️G. helfingl n. “icicle”; see instead:
S. aeglos “icicle, (lit.) snow-point; snowthorn (a plant)”
⚠️N. hell² n. “frost”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nich “frost”
⚠️G. heloth n. “frost”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nich “frost”
⚠️G. hîl n. “frost”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nich “frost”
⚠️ᴱN. lhinc n. “ice”
ᴺS. !nich n. “frost”

1.772 to Freeze

ᴺS. [G.] hel- v. “to freeze”
ᴺS. !hellen adj. “frozen”
⚠️G. helon adj. “frozen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hellen “frozen”
⚠️G. heltha- v. “to freeze, congeal (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. hel- “to freeze”
ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”

1.78 Weather

ᴺS. [G.] ^glaen adj. “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”
ᴺS. !glaenas n. “fair weather; serenity”
⚠️G. glaim adj. “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glaen “serene, clear, fair (espec. of weather)”
⚠️G. glaimri n. “serenity, fair weather”; see instead:
ᴺS. !glaenas “fair weather; serenity”
ᴺS. !gwilwist n. “weather”
⚠️G. lumbri n. “foul weather”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lummor “foul weather”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lummor n. “foul weather”
⚠️G. lust n. “weather; tide; time”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lummor “foul weather”
S. duinen “flood, high tide”

1.81 Fire

N. bregedur n. “wild fire”
⚠️ᴱN. byr n. “fire”; see instead:
S. naur “fire, ⚠️[N.] flame”
S., N. naur n. “fire, ⚠️[N.] flame”
⚠️N. rhuin n. “fire”; see instead:
S. ruin “red flame; fiery red”
⚠️G. sâ n. “fire”; see instead:
S. naur “fire, ⚠️[N.] flame”
⚠️G. tôn n. “fire (on a hearth)”; see instead:
S. *ûr “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”
S. ?uir adj. “*fiery”
S., N., ᴱN. *ûr n. “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”

1.82 Flame

⚠️G. blectha n. “a flame”; see instead:
S. lach “(leaping) flame”
⚠️G. bleg n. “a flame”; see instead:
S. lach “(leaping) flame”
⚠️S. bragollach n. “sudden flame”; see instead:
N. bregedur “wild fire”
⚠️G. cantha n. “flame”; see instead:
S. lach “(leaping) flame”
⚠️G. cantharol adj. “glaring, flaming”
⚠️G. canthor n. “blaze, flare, glare”
⚠️G. gudhri n. “inflammation; conflagration”
⚠️G. gudhrin adj. “inflamed, burning hot”; see instead:
N. brassen “white-hot, *very hot”
⚠️G. gudhriol adj. “inflamed, inflammatory”
S. lach n. “(leaping) flame”
S. #lacha- v. “to flame”
⚠️ᴱN. lhacha n. “flame”; see instead:
S. lach “(leaping) flame”
S. ruin n. and adj. “red flame; fiery red”
⚠️G. tang n. “flame, flash”; see instead:
S. lach “(leaping) flame”
ᴺS. ^agol “flash”

1.83 Smoke

ᴺS. !esgia- v. “to smoke (intr.)”
ᴺS. !fanu n. “vapour, steam”
⚠️G. faug² n. “wood smoke”; see instead:
N. osp “smoke”
⚠️G. fluim n. “(black) smoke, reek”; see instead:
N. osp “smoke”
⚠️G. foltha- v. “to emit smoke, smoulder, reek”; see instead:
ᴺS. !esgia- “to smoke (intr.)”
⚠️G. fuctha- v. “to smoke (over a wood fire)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !uitha- “to smoke (trans.)”
⚠️G. fug- v. “to smoulder”; see instead:
ᴺS. !esgia- “to smoke (intr.)”
⚠️G. fugri n. “smother (of smoke)”; see instead:
N. osp “smoke”
⚠️G. func n. “smoke”; see instead:
N. osp “smoke”
N. osp n. “smoke”
⚠️G. tuim n. “steam”; see instead:
ᴺS. !fanu “vapour, steam”
ᴺS. !uitha- v. “to smoke (trans.)”

1.84 Ashes

S., N. lith n. “ash; [N.] sand”
S., N. lithui adj. “ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty”

1.85 to Burn, Scorch

ᴺS. [G.] ^branna- v. “to scorch”
⚠️G. brantha- v. “to scorch”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^branna- “to scorch”
⚠️G. gusta- v. “to burn (tr.), destroy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^orna- “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
ᴺS. tertha- “to destroy, *ruin, †(orig.) to make pierced; ⚠️to devour”
ᴺS. [G.] ^orna- v. “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
⚠️G. ras- v. “to scorch, toast”
⚠️G. rasc n. “toast(ed bread)”
⚠️G. torc n. “a sear, mark of a burn”
⚠️G. tortha- v. “to scorch”
⚠️G. urna- v. “to blaze, burn (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^orna- “to burn (tr. and intr.)”

1.86 to Light, Kindle

⚠️G. cintha- v. “to light, set alight”; see instead:
N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
⚠️G. galtha- v. “to kindle”; see instead:
N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
N. nartha- v. “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
⚠️G. tantha- v. “to set light to, kindle”; see instead:
N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
S. †thoniel adj. “kindler (in the past)”
⚠️G. tusc adj. “inflammable; touchy, irritable; explosive”; see instead:
ᴺS. !urnui “inflammable; touchy, irritable; ⚠️explosive”
⚠️G. tusta- v. “to inflame, kindle, set light to, burn (tr.)”; see instead:
N. nartha- “to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to”
⚠️G. tustarol adj. “inflammable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !urnui “inflammable; touchy, irritable; ⚠️explosive”
ᴺS. !urnui adj. “inflammable; touchy, irritable; ⚠️explosive”

1.87 Match, Fire Stick

N. iolf n. “brand”
N. iûl n. “embers”
ᴺS. !narvaenas n. “firework”
ᴺS. [G.] pruin n. “charcoal”
⚠️G. taudha n. “phosphorous”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tudh n. “tinder”
ᴺS. !tudheg n. “match”
⚠️G. tuth n. “tinder”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tudh “tinder”
⚠️G. tuthli n. “match”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tudheg “match”
⚠️N. uilw n. “embers”; see instead:
N. iûl “embers”

1.99 Physical World (other)

ᴺS. [G.] ^dorgant [nd-] n. “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”
⚠️G. dorven [nd-] n. “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dorgant “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”

2. Mankind

2.1 Human Being

S. Adan n. “Man (as a species)”
⚠️G. an¹ n. “person, -body, one, anyone, someone, they; creature”; see instead:
S. pen² “one, somebody, anybody; ⚠️[N.] Elf”
S., N. Feir n. “Mortal, [N.] mortal man”
⚠️ᴱN. fion n. “mortal man”; see instead:
S. Feir “Mortal, [N.] mortal man”
S. Fíreb n. “Mortal”
⚠️N. firen adj. “human”; see instead:
S. firin “dying, ⚠️mortal; [N.] human”
⚠️ᴱN. gwiaithos n. “a person, human (not specifically m. or f.)”; see instead:
S. pen² “one, somebody, anybody; ⚠️[N.] Elf”
S., N. pen² pron. “one, somebody, anybody; ⚠️[N.] Elf”
S., N. -we suf. “person, being, individual; [N.] masculine suffix”

2.21 Man

⚠️G. anos n. “man (fullgrown), warrior”
⚠️G. anoth n. “†manhood; man (fullgrown), warrior”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
N., G. benn n. “man, male, †husband”
S., N. dîr¹ [nd-] n. “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
⚠️ᴱN. fionweg n. “a man”; see instead:
S. Firion “(Male) Mortal”
S. Firion n. “(Male) Mortal”
⚠️N. gwe n. “man, warrior”; see instead:
S. dîr¹ “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
⚠️ᴱN., G. gweg n. “man, male (being)”; see instead:
S. dîr¹ “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
⚠️G. idhweg n. “*Man (m.)”; see instead:
S. Firion “(Male) Mortal”

2.22 Woman

S. adaneth n. “(mortal) woman”
ᴺS. [N.] dî [nd-] n. “woman, ⚠️lady, bride”
⚠️ᴱN. fionwin n. “woman; (fem.) mortal man”; see instead:
S. Firieth “(Female) Mortal”
S. Firieth n. “(Female) Mortal”
⚠️G. gwin n. “woman, female”; see instead:
N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
⚠️G. idhwin n. “*Man (f.)”; see instead:
S. Firieth “(Female) Mortal”
⚠️ᴱN. nain n. “woman”; see instead:
N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
⚠️G. †nîr² n. “woman”; see instead:
N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
⚠️ᴱN. uin n. “woman”; see instead:
N. †dî “woman, bride, lady”
S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”

2.23 Male

⚠️G. anothrin adj. “adult (of men), fullgrown; manly”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwathren “manly, masculine”
ᴺS. [N.] ^anu n. and adj. “male (person or animal)”
⚠️N. anw n. and adj. “male (person or animal)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anu “male (person or animal)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^anwas n. “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
ᴺS. [G.] ^anwathren adj. “manly, masculine”
⚠️G. gwegri n. “manhood (time or state)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
⚠️G. gwegrin adj. “masculine”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwathren “manly, masculine”
⚠️G. gwegwed adj. “male”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anu “male (person or animal)”
⚠️G. gwegweth n. “male sex, manhood (state)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
⚠️G. nerthi n. “manhood, manliness; virtue”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”
S., N. -on¹ suf. “masculine suffix”
⚠️G. #-os² suf. “masculine suffix”; see instead:
S. -on¹ “masculine suffix”
⚠️G. -weg suf. “masculine suffix”; see instead:
S. -we “person, being, individual; [N.] masculine suffix”

2.24 Female

⚠️G. gwenedh adj. “womanly?”; see instead:
S. gweneth “maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
⚠️G. gwineth adj. “female”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^inu “female”
⚠️G. gwiniol adj. “feminine”; see instead:
ᴺS. !inwathren “feminine”
⚠️G. gwinios n. “womanhood (time or state)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !inwas “feminity, womanhood”
⚠️G. gwinlaith n. “womanhood (time)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !inwas “feminity, womanhood”
⚠️G. gwinwed adj. “female”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^inu “female”
⚠️G. gwinweth n. “female sex, womanhood (state)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !inwas “feminity, womanhood”
S., N. -ien suf. “feminine ending”
S., G., N. -il suf. “feminine suffix”
ᴺS. [N.] ^inu adj. and n. “female”
⚠️N. inw adj. and n. “female”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^inu “female”
ᴺS. !inwas n. “feminity, womanhood”
ᴺS. !inwathren adj. “feminine”
S. -wen suf. “maiden, *female suffix”
⚠️G. -win suf. “*female suffix”; see instead:
S. -wen “maiden, *female suffix”

2.242 Sex

⚠️G. gwegwin n. “hermaphrodite”

2.25 Boy

ᴺS. [G.] ^nogen n. “boy, lad, urchin; *(orig.) short (of persons)”
⚠️G. nogin n. “boy, lad, urchin”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nogen “boy, lad, urchin; *(orig.) short (of persons)”

2.26 Girl

⚠️N. †dess n. “young woman”; see instead:
S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
S., N. gwend n. “maiden, *young woman”
ᴺS. !gwendren adj. “maidenly, girlish”
S., N. gweneth n. “maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
⚠️G. gwenithli n. “maidenhood”; see instead:
S. gweneth “maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
⚠️G. gwennin n. “girl”; see instead:
S. neth “(little) girl; ⚠️sister (diminutive)”
S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
⚠️G. gwenniniol adj. “maiden(ly), girlish”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwendren “maidenly, girlish”
⚠️G. gwethli n. “maiden, little girl”; see instead:
S. gwend “maiden, *young woman”
S. neth “(little) girl; ⚠️sister (diminutive)”
S. neth n. “(little) girl; ⚠️sister (diminutive)”

2.27 Child

⚠️ᴱN., G. arn n. “child, [G.] son”; see instead:
S. hên “child”
ᴺS. !gwidhren adj. “adolescent, pre-adult”
S. hên n. “child”
⚠️G. hilwed adj. “adolescent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwidhren “adolescent, pre-adult”
⚠️G. pui n. “child”; see instead:
S. hên “child”

2.28 Infant

S. gwinig n. “little-one, baby”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^laes n. “babe”; see instead:
S. gwinig “little-one, baby”
⚠️N. lhaes n. “babe”; see instead:
S. gwinig “little-one, baby”
⚠️G. puthli n. “baby”; see instead:
S. gwinig “little-one, baby”

2.31 Husband

⚠️G. bedhron n. “husband”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethron “spouse (m.)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^bethron n. “spouse (m.)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^daer [nd-] n. “bridegroom”
⚠️N. doer [nd-] n. “bridegroom”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^daer “bridegroom”
⚠️ᴱN. gwedhion n. “husband”; see instead:
N. herven “husband”
⚠️G. hauthwaid n. “consort, wife or husband”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethron “spouse (m.)”
ᴺS. ^bethril “spouse (f.)”
N. herven n. “husband”
⚠️ᴱN. urwedhw adj. “without mate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
⚠️ᴱN. uwedheb adj. “not married”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
⚠️ᴱN. yrwidhion adj. “without husband”; see instead:
N. herven “husband”

2.32 Wife

⚠️G. †bedhril n. “wife”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethril “spouse (f.)”
S., N., G. bess n. “wife; ⚠️[N.] woman”
ᴺS. [G.] ^bethril n. “spouse (f.)”
⚠️ᴱN. gweth n. “wife”; see instead:
N. herves “wife”
N. herves n. “wife”
⚠️ᴱN. urweth adj. “without wife”; see instead:
N. herves “wife”

2.321 Bride

N. dineth [nd-] n. “bride”
N. dîs [nd-] n. “bride”

2.33 to Wed, Marry

⚠️G. benna- v. “to wed”; see instead:
ᴺS. !besta- “to wed, marry”
ᴺS. !besta- v. “to wed, marry”

2.34 Wedding, Marriage

⚠️G. bedhgad n. “wedlock”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
⚠️G. bedhin adj. “wedded, married”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bestannen “wedded, married”
⚠️G. †bedhiod n. “wedlock”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
⚠️G. bedhri n. “wedding”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bestad “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
⚠️G. †bedhwen n. “matrimony”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
ᴺS. !best n. “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
ᴺS. !bestad n. “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
ᴺS. !bestannen adj. “wedded, married”
⚠️G. govedhri n. “wedding”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bestad “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
⚠️G. govedhwen n. “matrimony”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
⚠️ᴱN. gwedhw n. “matrimony”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”
⚠️G. hauthwais n. “matrimony, conjugal rights”; see instead:
ᴺS. !best “marriage, matrimony, wedlock, ⚠️wedding”

2.35 Father

N., G. ada n. “father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy”
S., N. adar n. “father”
⚠️G. †ador n. “father”; see instead:
S. adar “father”
S. atheg n. “[little] father; thumb”
⚠️G. bâb n. “father”
⚠️G. (n)ada n. “daddy, father”; see instead:
N. ada “father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy”
⚠️G. nathanwi n. “fatherhood”
⚠️G. nathon n. “father”

2.36 Mother

⚠️G. amil n. “mother”; see instead:
S. emel “mother”
⚠️G. babi n. “mummy, mamma”; see instead:
N. nana “mother (hypocoristic), *mommy”
S. emel n. “mother”
S. emig n. “[little] mother, *mommy”
⚠️N. †emil n. “mother”; see instead:
S. emel “mother”
⚠️G. mab(a) n. “mother”; see instead:
N. naneth “mother”
⚠️G. (m)ami n. “mummy”; see instead:
N. nana “mother (hypocoristic), *mommy”
⚠️G. nân¹ n. “mother”; see instead:
N. naneth “mother”
N. nana n. “mother (hypocoristic), *mommy”
N. naneth n. “mother”

2.37 Parent

N. odhril n. “parent (f.)”
N. odhron n. “parent”

2.41 Son

⚠️G. bo- pref. “son of”; see instead:
S. -ion¹ “-son”
⚠️G. bo(n) n. “son”; see instead:
S. ion(n) “son, *boy”
⚠️ᴱN. gó n. “son”; see instead:
S. ion(n) “son, *boy”
⚠️G. go-² pref. “son of”; see instead:
S. -ion¹ “-son”
S., N. -ion¹ suf. “-son”
S., N. ion(n) n. “son, *boy”

2.42 Daughter

⚠️G. fwi- pref. “fem. patronymic prefix”; see instead:
S. -iel¹ “daughter; feminine suffix”
S., N., G. -iel¹ suf. “daughter; feminine suffix”
N. iell n. “daughter”
S., N. sell n. “daughter; [N.] †girl, maid”
⚠️G. suil n. “daughter”; see instead:
S. sell “daughter; [N.] †girl, maid”

2.44 Brother

⚠️ᴺS. !gwachon n. “(sworn) brother, associate”; see instead:
N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
N. gwador n. “(sworn) brother, associate”
S. hanar n. “brother”
S. †hawn n. “brother”
⚠️G. hethos n. “brother”; see instead:
S. hanar “brother”
S. honeg n. “brother (diminutive)”
N. muindor n. “brother”
N. †tôr n. “brother”

2.45 Sister

N. gwathel n. “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
⚠️G. hethir n. “sister”; see instead:
S. nethel “sister”
N. muinthel n. “sister”
S. nethel n. “sister”
S. nethig n. “sister, girl (diminutive)”
S. †nîth n. “sister”
N. thêl n. “sister”

2.452 Sibling

ᴺS. [G.] gochest n. “brother and brother, brother and sister, etc., *a set of siblings”
⚠️G. gochestri n. “consanguinity”
ᴺS. [G.] hest n. “sibling”
⚠️G. hestri n. “consanguinity”
⚠️G. †heth¹ n. “brother or sister”; see instead:
ᴺS. hest “sibling”

2.46 Grandfather

ᴺS. [G.] dâd n. “grandfather”

2.47 Grandmother

ᴺS. [G.] mam n. “grandmother, ⚠️mother”

2.48 Grandson

⚠️G. ho(n)- pref. “grandson of”
ᴺS. [G.] sion n. “grandson”

2.49 Granddaughter

ᴺS. [G.] siel n. “granddaughter”
⚠️G. si(n)- pref. “granddaughter of”

2.53 Nephew

⚠️G. fwion n. “nephew”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwion “nephew”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hwion n. “nephew”

2.54 Niece

⚠️G. fwîr n. “niece”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hwiel “niece”
ᴺS. !hwiel n. “niece”

2.55 Cousin

⚠️G. gedren n. “second cousin (m.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
⚠️G. gedres n. “second cousin (f.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
⚠️G. goredhweg n. “cousin (m.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
⚠️G. goredhwin n. “cousin (f.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
⚠️G. gwarest n. “cousinhood, -ship”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”
⚠️G. hethren n. “first cousin (m.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
⚠️G. hethres n. “first cousin (f.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
⚠️G. †redhweg n. “cousin [m.]”; see instead:
ᴺS. rend² “male cousin, relative”
⚠️G. †redhwin n. “cousin [f.]”; see instead:
ᴺS. ress¹ “female cousin, relative”
ᴺS. [G.] rend² n. “male cousin, relative”
ᴺS. [G.] ress¹ n. “female cousin, relative”

2.56 Ancestor

⚠️G. eithog n. “ancestor, †father, sire”
⚠️G. mavwin¹ n. “ancestress, †mother”

2.57 Descendant

⚠️G. bôr n. “descendant”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hilf coll. “posterity; one’s descendants, progeny, offspring”
⚠️G. hilm n. “posterity; one’s descendants, progeny, offspring”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hilf “posterity; one’s descendants, progeny, offspring”

2.65 Brother-in-Law

⚠️G. bedhren n. “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethren “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”
ᴺS. [G.] ^bethren n. “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”
⚠️G. gadren n. “*brother in law, kinsman by marriage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethren “brother in law, kinsman by marriage”

2.66 Sister-in-Law

⚠️G. bedhres n. “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethres “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”
ᴺS. [G.] ^bethres n. “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”
⚠️G. gadres n. “*sister in law, kinswoman by marriage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bethres “sister in law, *kinswoman by marriage”

2.81 Relative

⚠️G. gedrin adj. “sib, akin”; see instead:
ᴺS. goredhin “sib, akin, [closely] related”
⚠️G. gonothri(n) adj. “of same kindred”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwanuren “of same kindred, akin”
ᴺS. [G.] goredhin adj. “sib, akin, [closely] related”
⚠️G. gwaid n. “kinsmen, relations; companion”; see instead:
N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman”
N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
N. gwathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
⚠️G. gwais n. “kinship, relation”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”
N. gwanur n. “kinsman, kinswoman”
ᴺS. !gwanuren adj. “of same kindred, akin”
⚠️G. hethrin adj. “of the same family (in a close sense), consanguine”
⚠️G. nosied n. “kinsman”; see instead:
N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman”
ᴺS. [G.] redhin adj. “related”
ᴺS. !rennas n. “kinship, relation”
⚠️G. †rest² n. “kinship”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”

2.82 Family

⚠️G. eithlos n. “family”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
ᴺS. [G.] gwanos n. “family, birth, heredity, *lineage”
ᴺS. [G.] gwaren n. “[nuclear] family”
⚠️G. gwarin(n) n. “family”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
⚠️G. renni n. “family”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”

3. Animals

3.11 Animal

⚠️G. cuid n. “animal, living creature”; see instead:
S. lavan “animal”
S. gwê n. “living creature, *living being; ⚠️[N.] man, warrior”
⚠️ᴱN. lafn n. “*animal”; see instead:
S. lavan “animal”
S. lavan n. “animal”
ᴺS. !mellavan n. “pet, (lit.) love-animal”
N. ûn¹ n. “creature”

3.16 to Pasture

ᴺS. [G.] masta- v. “to [put to] feed, graze”
⚠️G. nesta- v. “to put to grass, graze, pasture, feed”; see instead:
ᴺS. masta- “to [put to] feed, graze”
N. #nesta- “to heal”

3.17 Pasture

⚠️G. masgar n. “pasture”; see instead:
N. nadhras “pasture”
ᴺS. [G.] mast n. “fodder, feed, ⚠️food, nourishment”
N. nadhor n. “pasture”
N. nadhras n. “pasture”

3.18 Herdsman

⚠️G. mastir n. “*shepherdess”
⚠️G. mathron n. “herd, herdsman, shepherd”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mavron “shepherd, herdsman”
ᴺS. ^nethor “herd, flock”
ᴺS. !mavron n. “shepherd, herdsman”
⚠️G. mothweg n. “shepherd”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mavron “shepherd, herdsman”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nethor n. “herd, flock”
⚠️G. nethron n. “herd”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nethor “herd, flock”

3.20 Cattle, Bovines

⚠️G. muin² n. “kine, cattle”

3.21 Bull

S. mund n. “bull”

3.22 Ox, Steer

⚠️G. gagron n. “yoke ox, bullock”; see instead:
S. mund “bull”
⚠️G. mû n. “ox”; see instead:
S. mund “bull”
⚠️G. tarog n. “ox”; see instead:
S. mund “bull”

3.23 Cow

ᴺS. [G.] gach n. “cow”
⚠️G. maul n. “the lowing of cattle, bellowing”
⚠️G. muir n. “heifer”
⚠️G. mul- v. “to low, bellow”
⚠️G. mûm n. “lowing”
ᴺS. [G.] ^munnost n. “byre, cowhouse”
⚠️G. mûs n. “cow”; see instead:
ᴺS. gach “cow”
⚠️G. mûst n. “byre, cowhouse”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^munnost “byre, cowhouse”

3.24 Calf

⚠️G. mugli n. “calf”; see instead:
ᴺS. !munneg “calf”
ᴺS. !munneg n. “calf”

3.25 Sheep

⚠️ᴺS. !bam [mb-] n. “sheep”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maf “sheep”
ᴺS. !maf n. “sheep”
⚠️ᴺS. !maw² n. “sheep”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maf “sheep”
ᴺS. ^maw¹ “soil, stain”
⚠️G. moth n. “sheep”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maf “sheep”

3.26 Ram

ᴺS. !poll n. “ram”

3.29 Lamb

⚠️G. iol n. “lamb”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ŷl “lamb”
⚠️G. iolinc n. “little lamb, lambkin”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ŷl “lamb”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ŷl n. “lamb”

3.34 Sow

⚠️G. graus n. “sow, *female pig”

3.35 Pig

⚠️G. hugin n. “young pig”
ᴺS. [G.] hunc n. “pig”

3.36 Goat

ᴺS. !naeag n. “goat”

3.41 Horse (generic)

⚠️ᴱN., G. brog n. “horse”; see instead:
S. roch “horse”
N. lobor n. “[heavy riding] horse”
⚠️G. lobros n. “steed, horse”; see instead:
N. lobor “[heavy riding] horse”
⚠️G. †mair n. “horse”; see instead:
S. roch “horse”
ᴺS. [G.] ^raebroch n. “zebra”
⚠️G. raibrog n. “zebra”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raebroch “zebra”
S., N. roch n. “horse”
ᴺS. !rogol n. “saddle”
ᴺS. [G.] tódhi n. “paddock”
⚠️ᴱN. u(r)vrog adj. “horseless”

3.44 Mare

⚠️ᴱN. bregil n. “mare”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^regil “mare”
⚠️G. bros(s) n. “mare”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^regil “mare”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^regil n. “mare”

3.51 Chicken (generic)

ᴺS. [G.] porog n. “fowl (domestic), *chicken”
ᴺS. [G.] porogog n. “the clucking and noise of fowls”
⚠️ᴺS. !prôg n. “fowl, hen”; see instead:
ᴺS. porog “fowl (domestic), *chicken”

3.52 Cock, Rooster

ᴺS. !holl n. “cock, cockerel, rooster”

3.54 Hen

ᴺS. [G.] ^huil² n. “hen”
⚠️ᴺS. !hŷl n. “hen”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^huil² “hen”
ᴺS. [G.] ^porochuil n. “hen”
⚠️G. porogwil n. “hen”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^porochuil “hen”
⚠️G. uil n. “hen”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^huil² “hen”

3.56 Goose

N. gwaun n. “goose”

3.57 Duck

ᴺS. !sommor n. “duck, waterfowl”

3.61 Dog

⚠️ᴱN. fan(d) n. “dog”; see instead:
S. huan “great dog, hound”
⚠️G. gab- v. “to bark, bay (of dogs)”; see instead:
N. gaw- “to howl”
⚠️G. gôbi n. “large hound”; see instead:
S. huan “great dog, hound”
S., N., G. hû² n. “hound, [N.] dog; ⚠️S. ?heart”
S., N. huan n. “great dog, hound”
ᴺS. [G.] ^huar n. “wild dog”
⚠️G. hûbi n. “hound”; see instead:
S. huan “great dog, hound”
ᴺS. [G.] huil¹ n. “bitch, *female dog”
⚠️N. rhŷn n. “chaser, hound of chase”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rŷn “chaser, hound of chase”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rŷn n. “chaser, hound of chase”
⚠️G. saur n. “hound, wild dog”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^huar “wild dog”

3.62 Cat

⚠️G. miaug n. “tomcat”; see instead:
ᴺS. muig¹ “cat”
⚠️G. miaulin n. “she-cat”; see instead:
ᴺS. muig¹ “cat”
⚠️G. miog n. “cat”; see instead:
ᴺS. muig¹ “cat”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] muig¹ n. “cat”

3.63 Mouse, Rodent

N. nâr n. “rat”
⚠️G. nig(la) n. “mouse”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nigol “mouse, (lit.) small one”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nigol n. “mouse, (lit.) small one”
ᴺS. !pechof n. “squirrel”
⚠️ᴺS. !pegof n. “squirrel”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pechof “squirrel”

3.64 Bird

ᴺS. [G.] ^aedh n. “nest”
ᴺS. !aemar n. “rookery, colony of birds”
S., N. aew n. “(small) bird”
S. #aewen adj. “of birds”
⚠️G. aidha n. “nest”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aedh “nest”
⚠️G. aigli n. “bird”; see instead:
S. aew “(small) bird”
⚠️G. aivor n. “rookery, colony of birds”; see instead:
ᴺS. !aemar “rookery, colony of birds”
⚠️ᴱN. aiw n. “bird”; see instead:
S. aew “(small) bird”
⚠️G. bil n. “bird”; see instead:
S. aew “(small) bird”
⚠️G. ciloba- v. “to twitter, chirp, chirrup”
⚠️G. end n. “birds nest”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aedh “nest”
ᴺS. [G.] ^oetha- v. “to lay eggs, nest”
⚠️G. uitha- v. “to lay eggs, nest”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^oetha- “to lay eggs, nest”

3.641 Eagle, Hawk

⚠️G. inthorn n. “eagle’s nest, eyrie”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thorombar “eagle’s nest, eyrie”
⚠️G. †ior n. “eagle”; see instead:
S. thoron “eagle”
⚠️G. ioroth n. “eagle”; see instead:
S. thoron “eagle”
⚠️ᴱN., G. thorn n. “eagle”
ᴺS. !thorombar n. “eagle’s nest, eyrie”
S., N. thoron n. “eagle”
⚠️ᴱN. thrond n. “sky lord; [G.] (eyrie), pinnacle”; see instead:
S. Thorondor “King of Eagles”
⚠️G. thrond n. “(eyrie), pinnacle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aegas “mountain peak”
ᴺS. !thorombar “eagle’s nest, eyrie”

3.642 Crow, Raven

N., ᴱN. corch n. “crow”
S. craban n. “bird of crow-kind, *raven”
⚠️ᴱN., G. crunc n. “crow”; see instead:
N. corch “crow”

3.647 Gull, Petrel

N. cuen n. “small gull, petrel, sea-bird”
S., N. #maew n. “gull”
⚠️S. #mŷl n. “gull”; see instead:
S. #maew “gull”
N. †poen n. “small gull, petrel”

3.648 Swan

⚠️G. alfa n. “swan”; see instead:
S. alph “swan”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^alfeg n. “cygnet, young swan”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^alfuil n. “large white sea-bird, albatross, ⚠️†swan”
⚠️ᴱN., G. alfuilin n. “large white sea-bird, albatross, †swan”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^alfuil “large white sea-bird, albatross, ⚠️†swan”
S., N., ᴱN., G. alph n. “swan”
⚠️ᴱN. elflin n. “cygnet, *young swan”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^alfeg “cygnet, young swan”
⚠️ᴱN. gwanwen n. “swan”; see instead:
S. alph “swan”
⚠️G. silwin n. “swan”; see instead:
S. alph “swan”

3.649 Bird (other)

⚠️G. ammogrint adj. “red-breast[ed]”; see instead:
ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
ᴺS. [G.] amosgarn n. “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] amrent n. “lark”
⚠️G. amrint n. “lark”; see instead:
ᴺS. amrent “lark”
⚠️G. bilin(c) n. “small bird, sparrow”; see instead:
N. fileg “small bird, [G.] *sparrow”
⚠️G. cilobinc n. “robin”; see instead:
ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
⚠️G. crinthammos n. “robin, (lit.) red-breast”; see instead:
ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast”
N. cugu n. “dove”
⚠️G. duil² n. “swallow”; see instead:
N. tuilinn “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
⚠️ᴱN., G. duilin n. “swallow”; see instead:
N. tuilinn “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
S., N. dúlin n. “nightingale”
N. emlin n. “yellow bird, yellow hammer”
N. fileg n. “small bird, [G.] *sparrow”
S., N. flinc n. “finch”
⚠️G. glindwil n. “swallow”; see instead:
N. tuilinn “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
N. heledir(n) n. “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher”
ᴺS. !laeglin(n) n. “greenfinch ”
⚠️N. merilin(n) n. “nightingale”; see instead:
S. dúlin “nightingale”
N., G. tavor n. “woodpecker, knocker; ⚠️[G.] wood fay”
N. tuilinn n. “swallow, (lit.) spring-singer”
⚠️ᴱN. urdhuilin adj. “without swallows”

3.65 Fish

N. hâl n. “fish”
⚠️G. igli n. “young of fish, small fry”; see instead:
ᴺS. !limmeg “young fish, small fry”
⚠️G. ing n. “fish”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lim “fish”
⚠️N. lhim n. “fish”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lim “fish”
⚠️N. lhimlug n. “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^limlug “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lim n. “fish”
ᴺS. [N.] ^limlug n. “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”
ᴺS. !limmeg n. “young fish, small fry”
ᴺS. !torchal n. “shark or other large predatory fish”

3.71 Wolf

⚠️N. araf n. “wolf, dog”; see instead:
N. garaf “wolf”
S. baw² [mb-] n. “howling”
S., N. draug n. “wolf”
N. garaf [ng-] n. “wolf”
N. gaul [ng-] n. “wolfhowl”
S., N. gaur [ng-] n. “werewolf”
N. gaw- [ng-] v. “to howl”
N. gawad [ng-] adj. “howling”
⚠️G. harach n. “she-wolf”; see instead:
N. garaf “wolf”
⚠️G. harog n. “wolf”; see instead:
N. garaf “wolf”
⚠️N. ûn² n. “howl; groan”; see instead:
S. baw² “howling”
N. gaul “wolfhowl”
⚠️G. urc n. “wolf”; see instead:
S. draug “wolf”

3.72 Lion

⚠️G. rau n. “lion”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raw² “lion”
ᴺS. [N.] ^raw² n. “lion”
⚠️N. rhaw³ n. “lion”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raw² “lion”

3.73 Bear

N. brôg n. “bear”
⚠️ᴱN. gorch n. “bear; fierce fighter”; see instead:
N. brôg “bear”
⚠️S. graw n. “bear”; see instead:
N. brôg “bear”
⚠️ᴱN. magli n. “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^medli “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”
ᴺS. [N.] ^medli n. “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”
ᴺS. [N.] ^medlin adj. “*bear-like”
ᴺS. [N.] ^medlivorn n. “blackbear”
⚠️N. megli n. “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^medli “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”
⚠️N. meglin adj. “*bear-like”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^medlin “*bear-like”
⚠️N. meglivorn n. “blackbear”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^medlivorn “blackbear”

3.74 Fox

⚠️ᴺS. !rosg n. “fox”; see instead:
S. rusc “fox”
S. rusc n. “fox”

3.75 Deer

S. aras n. “deer, hart, *stag”
ᴺS. !celef n. “deer, hind”

3.77 Elephant

N. annabon n. “elephant”
⚠️G. funt n. “elephant”; see instead:
N. annabon “elephant”

3.79 to Hunt

N. fara- v. “to hunt”
⚠️N. faras n. “hunting”; see instead:
S. faroth “*hunting”
N. #faron n. “hunter”
S. faroth n. “*hunting”
N. feredir n. “hunter”
ᴺS. !feredis n. “hunter (f.)”
⚠️G. raust n. “hunt, chase”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rui “hunt, hunting, *chase”
⚠️N. rewinion n. “of the hunters”; see instead:
S. faroth “*hunting”
N. #faron “hunter”
⚠️N. rhui(w) n. “hunt, hunting”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rui “hunt, hunting, *chase”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rui n. “hunt, hunting, *chase”

3.81 Insect

⚠️G. fufril n. “moth”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fyvril “moth”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fyvril n. “moth”
ᴺS. [G.] gwef n. “louse”
⚠️G. gwilbrin n. “butterfly”; see instead:
N. gwilwileth “butterfly”
⚠️G. gwilbriniol adj. “like a butterfly”
N. gwilwileth n. “butterfly”
ᴺS. !píeg n. “mosquito”

3.811 Spider

⚠️G. cing(win) n. “spider”; see instead:
S. ungol “spider”
⚠️G. gung n. “spider”; see instead:
S. ungol “spider”
⚠️G. gwaidhin n. “web”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhing “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
⚠️G. gwidh-a-ging n. “cobweb”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhing “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhing n. “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhingril n. “spider”
N. nath n. “web”
N. nathron n. “weaver, webster”
⚠️N. thling n. “spider, spider’s web, cobweb”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhing “spider’s web, cobweb; ⚠️spider”
⚠️N. thlingril n. “spider”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhingril “spider”
S., N. ungol n. “spider”
⚠️G. ungwi n. “spider”; see instead:
S. ungol “spider”

3.82 Bee

⚠️ᴱN. glinui n. “honey-bee”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
⚠️G. niogrim n. “swarm”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^niwrim “swarm”
⚠️G. nio(s) n. “bee”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
⚠️G. niost n. “hive”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^níwost “hive”
⚠️G. niosturwin n. “queen bee”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^nîw n. “bee”
⚠️ᴱN. niw n. “*bee”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
⚠️G. niwin n. “female bee”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”
ᴺS. [G.] ^níwost n. “hive”
ᴺS. [G.] ^niwrim n. “swarm”
⚠️ᴱN. nui n. “bee”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nîw “bee”

3.83 Fly (n)

S. budhu n. “large fly”
ᴺS. !budhulug n. “dragonfly”
ᴺS. [S.] ^cafor n. “flea”
⚠️S. cáfru n. “?flea”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cafor “flea”
⚠️ᴱN. caifr n. “flea”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cafor “flea”
⚠️G. sitha¹ n. “fly”; see instead:
S. budhu “large fly”
⚠️G. sithagong n. “dragonfly”; see instead:
ᴺS. !budhulug “dragonfly”
⚠️G. sithaling n. “fly snake, dragonfly”; see instead:
ᴺS. !budhulug “dragonfly”

3.84 Worm

ᴺS. [G.] gwem n. “worm”
⚠️G. gwembel n. “weevil”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwemmel “weevil”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gwemmel n. “weevil”
S. leweg n. “worm”
⚠️ᴱN. lhiw n. “worm”; see instead:
S. leweg “worm”
⚠️G. tereg n. “worm”; see instead:
S. leweg “worm”

3.85 Snake

N. am- pref. “snake”
⚠️G. fent n. “snake”; see instead:
S. lŷg “snake”
⚠️ᴱN. lamthanc n. “snake, *(lit.) forked tongue”; see instead:
S. lŷg “snake”
S., N. lhûg n. “reptile, snake, serpent, worm, *lizard; [N.] dragon”
⚠️G. ling n. “small snake”; see instead:
S. lŷg “snake”
⚠️G. lingos n. “snake”; see instead:
S. lŷg “snake”
⚠️G. lûg n. “snake”; see instead:
S. lhûg “reptile, snake, serpent, worm, *lizard; [N.] dragon”
S. lŷg n. “snake”

3.99 Animals (other)

N. cabor n. “frog”
⚠️G. cwildred n. “bat (animal)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pillor “bat (animal)”
⚠️G. doldrin [nd-] n. “mole”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dolph “mole”
⚠️G. dolfa [nd-] n. “mole”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dolph “mole”
⚠️G. dolmeg [nd-] n. “mole”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dolph “mole”
ᴺS. [G.] ^dolph [nd-] n. “mole”
ᴺS. !eriab n. “badger”
⚠️S. felagund n. “den-dweller; brock, badger”; see instead:
ᴺS. !eriab “badger”
ᴺS. !gwimmaf n. “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”
ᴺS. [G.] laboth n. “hare, *rabbit”
⚠️G. meg n. “any small animal; (esp.) mole”
ᴺS. !pillor n. “bat (animal)”
⚠️ᴺS. !thindrostir n. “badger”; see instead:
ᴺS. !eriab “badger”
⚠️G. uimoth n. “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwimmaf “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”
⚠️G. uin n. “whale, †wave”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwimmaf “whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves”

4. Body Parts and Functions

4.11 Body

⚠️G. baul n. “body, trunk”; see instead:
ᴺS. !polch “trunk, torso”
ᴺS. !polch n. “trunk, torso”
S. rhond n. “body”

4.12 Skin, Hide

⚠️G. dafros n. “bark, skin, peel”; see instead:
S. #flâd “skin”
S. #rîf “bark”
⚠️G. dauth n. “skin, hide”; see instead:
S. #flâd “skin”
N. helf “fur, *hide”
⚠️G. dôf n. “hide, skin”; see instead:
N. helf “fur, *hide”
S. #flâd “skin”
S. #flâd n. “skin”
⚠️ᴱN. gwadh n. “bark, skin, peel”; see instead:
S. #flâd “skin”
S. #rîf “bark”
⚠️ᴱN. orwadh adj. “barkless”
⚠️G. past n. “skin”; see instead:
S. #flâd “skin”
⚠️G. path n. “peel, skin of fruit, fine bark (paper)”

4.13 Flesh

⚠️G. cwim(ri) n. “body, flesh”; see instead:
S. rhond “body”
S. rhaw² “flesh, ⚠️body”
⚠️G. harc n. “flesh (on a living body)”; see instead:
S. rhaw² “flesh, ⚠️body”
S. rhaw² n. “flesh, ⚠️body”

4.14 Hair

⚠️G. faigli n. “hair, long tresses”; see instead:
S. fing “lock of hair”
⚠️G. faiglim adj. “having long hair”; see instead:
S. finnel “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; ⚠️[N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress”
⚠️G. faiglion adj. “having long hair”; see instead:
S. finnel “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; ⚠️[N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress”
S. fîn n. “(single) hair, filament”
S., ᴱN., G. find n. “tress, [ON.] lock of hair; [ᴱN.] hair (in general); ⚠️[S.] single hair”
S. fing n. “lock of hair”
⚠️G. fingl n. “tress”; see instead:
S. fing “lock of hair”
S., N., G. finnel n. and adj. “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; ⚠️[N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress”
⚠️ᴱN. fîr n. “a hair”; see instead:
S. fîn “(single) hair, filament”
⚠️G. fith (fidh-) n. “single hair”; see instead:
S. fîn “(single) hair, filament”

4.142 Beard

S., N., ᴱN., G. fang n. “beard, ⚠️[G.] long beard”
⚠️ᴱN. orfang adj. “beardless”
⚠️G. pau n. “a beard”; see instead:
S. fang “beard, ⚠️[G.] long beard”

4.143 Hair (other)

⚠️G. cingra adj. “plaited”
⚠️G. cingra- v. “to plait”
⚠️G. cingrafindl n. “pigtail”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwirfin “braid, pigtail, (lit.) woven-tress”
N. fast n. “shaggy hair”
ᴺS. !fastui n. “shaggy, hairy, hirsute”
⚠️G. fidhra n. “collective hair”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fidhras “collective hair, *all hair on the body”
⚠️G. fidhrad adj. “hairy, hirsute”; see instead:
ᴺS. !fastui “shaggy, hairy, hirsute”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fidhras n. “collective hair, *all hair on the body”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fidhren adj. “having hair, -haired”
⚠️G. #fidhrin adj. “haired”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fidhren “having hair, -haired”
S. gwain² adj. “blond”
⚠️S. gwân adj. “pale, fair”; see instead:
S. gwain² “blond”
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
ᴺS. !gwirfin n. “braid, pigtail, (lit.) woven-tress”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^laus n. “ringlet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loch “ringlet”
⚠️N. lhaws n. “ringlet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laus “ringlet”
⚠️N. lhoch n. “ringlet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loch “ringlet”
ᴺS. [N.] ^loch n. “ringlet”
⚠️G. logrifidhrin adj. “curly haired”
⚠️G. mairos n. “mane, long hair”
ᴺS. !merifind adj. “Black-haired”
⚠️G. taus adj. “shaggy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !fastui “shaggy, hairy, hirsute”

4.15 Blood

⚠️S. #agar n. “blood”; see instead:
S. sereg “blood”
⚠️G. carna n. “gore, blood (especially fresh blood)”; see instead:
ᴺS. mechor “gore”
S. sereg “blood”
⚠️N. iâr n. “blood”; see instead:
S. sereg “blood”
⚠️G. †mais n. “gore”; see instead:
ᴺS. mechor “gore”
ᴺS. [G.] mechor n. “gore”
S. sereg n. “blood”

4.16 Bone

⚠️ᴺS. !ach n. “bone”; see instead:
ᴺS. asg “bone; ⚠️[G.] stone of fruit”
S. ach¹ “neck, *(upper) spine”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. asg n. “bone; ⚠️[G.] stone of fruit”
ᴺS. !asgath n. “skeleton”
⚠️ᴱN. asgatheb adj. “bony”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^asgeb “bony”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^asgeb adj. “bony”
⚠️G. hûn n. “bone”; see instead:
ᴱN. asg “bone; ⚠️[G.] stone of fruit”
⚠️G. huniol adj. “bony, rawboned”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^asgeb “bony”
⚠️G. lempachùn n. “wishbone”

4.17 Horn (animal)

N. half n. “seashell”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^rasg n. “horn”; see instead:
S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
S. rasg “wain, *wagon”
S. rass n. “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
⚠️N. rhas n. “horn [of both animals and mountains]”; see instead:
S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
⚠️N. rhasg n. “horn”; see instead:
S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
⚠️G. târ n. “horn”; see instead:
N. tarag “horn; steep mountain peak”
S. rass “horn [of both animals and mountains]”
N. tarag n. “horn; steep mountain peak”

4.18 Tail

⚠️ᴺS. !pim n. “tail”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pimp “tail”
ᴺS. !pimp n. “tail”

4.19 Back

⚠️ᴱN., G. alm n. “back (from shoulder to shoulder), [G.] shoulders”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^galf “back [of a body], shoulders [collectively]”
⚠️ᴱN. bost [mb-] n. “back from shoulder to shoulder”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^galf “back [of a body], shoulders [collectively]”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^galf n. “back [of a body], shoulders [collectively]”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hach n. “the hams, buttocks”
⚠️G. hacha n. “the hams, buttocks”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hach “the hams, buttocks”

4.20 Head

⚠️N. dôl [nd-] n. “head, hill”; see instead:
S. dol(l) “head, hill”
S. dol(l) n. “head, hill”
⚠️ᴱN. nod n. “head”; see instead:
S. dol(l) “head, hill”
⚠️G. nôl n. “head”; see instead:
S. dol(l) “head, hill”

4.202 Skull

⚠️ᴱN., G. cas n. “skull, [G.] head”; see instead:
ᴺS. corob “skull”
S. dol(l) “head, hill”
ᴺS. [G.] corob n. “skull”

4.204 Face

⚠️ᴱN. annas n. “face, countenance”; see instead:
S. thîr “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”
⚠️G. gwint n. “face”; see instead:
S. thîr “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”
S., N. thîr n. “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”

4.206 Eyebrow

ᴺS. !hendelu n. “brow”

4.207 Jaw

N. anc n. “jaw, row of teeth”
S., N. carach n. “jaws, rows of teeth”
⚠️G. gag n. “jaw”; see instead:
N. anc “jaw, row of teeth”
N. naew n. “jaw”

4.208 Cheek

N. crann adj. and n. “ruddy (of face); blush, the cheeks, ⚠️face”

4.209 Chin

⚠️G. bectha n. “tip; chin”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bened “chin”
⚠️G. beg n. “chin”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bened “chin”
ᴺS. !bened n. “chin”

4.21 Eye

S., N., ᴱN., G. hen(d) n. “eye”
⚠️G. thed n. “eye; bud”; see instead:
S. hen(d) “eye”
N. tui “sprout, bud”

4.212 Sharpeyed

S. maecheneb adj. “sharp-eye[d]”

4.22 Ear

S. lheweg n. “ear”
⚠️N. lhewig n. “ear”; see instead:
S. lheweg “ear”
⚠️G. unc² n. “ear, handle (of a jar)”; see instead:
S. lheweg “ear”

4.23 Nose

ᴺS. [N.] ^bond [mb-] adj. “snouted”
⚠️N. #bon(n) [mb-] adj. “snouted”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bond “snouted”
ᴺS. [N.] ^bund [mb-] n. “snout, nose; cape [of land]”
⚠️N. bunn [mb-] n. “snout, nose; cape [of land]”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bund “snout, nose; cape [of land]”
⚠️G. crug n. “beak (espec. of a ship)”
⚠️G. hunt n. “nose, nostrils, snout”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^sunt “nostrils”
⚠️G. irt n. “beak (of small birds)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^irth “beak”
ᴺS. [G.] ^irth n. “beak”
N. nem n. “nose”
⚠️ᴱN. neth n. “nose”; see instead:
N. nem “nose”
⚠️G. nûn n. “a nose (of men only)”; see instead:
N. nem “nose”
ᴺS. [G.] ^sunt n. “nostrils”

4.24 Mouth

ᴺS. !gobem n. “mouth”
⚠️G. gogail n. “mouth”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gobem “mouth”
⚠️G. mem n. “mouth”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gobem “mouth”
⚠️G. môl n. “the (inside of the) mouth”

4.25 Lip

⚠️G. cail n. “lip”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pemp “lip”
ᴺS. !pemp n. “lip”

4.26 Tongue

S. lammen adj. “of tongue, spoken with tongue”

4.27 Tooth

⚠️G. carc n. “jag, point, fang”; see instead:
S. carch “fang, ⚠️[N.] tooth”
S., N. carch n. “fang, ⚠️[N.] tooth”
⚠️G. gomol n. “the teeth, two rows of teeth”; see instead:
S. carach “jaws, rows of teeth”
⚠️G. molnaith n. “molar”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^molnel “molar”
ᴺS. [G.] ^molnel n. “molar”
⚠️G. nacthanaith n. “incisor (tooth)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nagnel “incisor (tooth)”
⚠️N. naes n. “tooth”; see instead:
N. neleg “tooth”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nagnel n. “incisor (tooth)”
⚠️N. #nagol n. “tooth”; see instead:
N. neleg “tooth”
⚠️G. naith n. “tooth”; see instead:
N. neleg “tooth”
N. nêl n. “tooth”
N. neleg n. “tooth”
⚠️G. sanc n. “jag, tooth”; see instead:
S. carch “fang, ⚠️[N.] tooth”

4.28 Neck

S. ach¹ n. “neck, *(upper) spine”
⚠️G. gath¹ n. “neck”; see instead:
S. ach¹ “neck, *(upper) spine”
N. iaeth n. “neck”
S. lang n. “passage; neck, *throat”

4.29 Throat

⚠️G. cwerc n. “throat”; see instead:
S. lang “passage; neck, *throat”
⚠️ᴱN. gara n. “throat”; see instead:
S. lang “passage; neck, *throat”
⚠️G. glod n. “gullet, throat”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhunc “pharynx, gullet”
⚠️G. glonta- v. “to swallow, gulp, devour”
⚠️ᴱN. griw n. “alimentary canel”
⚠️N. lhanc n. “throat”; see instead:
S. lang “passage; neck, *throat”
ᴺS. !lhunc “pharynx, gullet”
ᴺS. !lhog- n. “to swallow”
ᴺS. !lhunc n. “pharynx, gullet”
⚠️G. loda- v. “to swallow, gulp down”

4.30 Shoulder

⚠️G. alan n. “shoulder”; see instead:
ᴺS. amoth “shoulder”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] amoth n. “shoulder”
⚠️G. egelmion adj. “broadshouldered”
⚠️G. rôma n. “shoulder”

4.31 Arm

⚠️G. †râ n. “arm, strength”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”
ᴺS. [N.] ^ranc n. “arm”
⚠️G. rath n. “the full arm, the extent of one’s arm, one’s reach; a measure = 2 feet”
⚠️N. rhanc n. “arm”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”

4.32 Elbow

ᴺS. [G.] crig n. “elbow”

4.33 Hand

S., N. cam n. “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful”
S. dond n. “fist”
⚠️G. gob n. “hollow of hand”; see instead:
S. cam “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful”
S., N., ᴱN., G. mâb n. “hand, ⚠️[N.] grasp”
S. †maw n. “hand”
⚠️G. mô n. “hand”; see instead:
S. †maw “hand”
⚠️ᴱN. orvab adj. “handless”
S., N. paur n. “fist, closed hand”

4.332 Hand (other)

⚠️G. amabwed adj. “having hands”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”
⚠️N. camland n. “palm of hand”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^camlann “palm of hand”
ᴺS. [N.] ^camlann n. “palm of hand”
⚠️N. dalf n. “palm of hand”; see instead:
S. plad “palm, flat of the hand”
N., G. drambor n. “clenched fist; blow with a fist; ⚠️[G.] thudder”
⚠️G. mablad n. “palm of the hand”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^camlann “palm of hand”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mabren adj. “handed, having hands, dextrous”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mabrenas n. “dexterity”
⚠️G. mabrin(d) n. “wrist”; see instead:
S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
⚠️G. mabwed adj. “handed, having hands, dextrous”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”
⚠️G. mabwedri n. “dexterity”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mabrenas “dexterity”
⚠️G. mavlant n. “*palm (of hand)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^camlann “palm of hand”
S. molif n. “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
S. plad n. “palm, flat of the hand”

4.34 Finger

⚠️G. alepthog adj. “fingered, having fingers”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
⚠️G. alewthion adj. “having fingers”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
S. lebdas n. “index finger”
S. lebenedh n. “middle finger”
S. lebent n. “fourth finger”
S. leber n. “finger”
ᴺS. !leberen adj. “fingered, of fingers”
S. lebig n. “little finger”
⚠️G. lemfadrin adj. and n. “of the finger; ring”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
⚠️G. lemp¹ n. “crooked finger; little finger”; see instead:
S. lebig “little finger”
⚠️G. leptha n. “finger”; see instead:
S. leber “finger”
⚠️G. lepthadrin adj. “fingered, of fingers”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leberen “fingered, of fingers”
⚠️ᴱN. lhê n. “finger”; see instead:
S. leber “finger”
⚠️N. lhebed n. “finger”; see instead:
S. leber “finger”
S. niged n. “little finger”
S. tas n. “index finger”
S. toleg n. “*sticker-up”

4.342 Thumb

⚠️S. lebed n. “thumb”; see instead:
S. naub “thumb”
S. naub n. “thumb”
S. nobad n. “thumb and index finger as a pair, *(lit.) pickers”

4.35 Leg

⚠️G. bactha n. “leg”; see instead:
ᴺS. !teleg “leg”
⚠️N. nô n. “thigh”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tŷg “thigh”
ᴺS. !teleg n. “leg”
⚠️ᴱN. túd n. “thigh”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tŷg “thigh”
ᴺS. !tŷg n. “thigh”

4.36 Knee

⚠️G. octha n. “knee”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ogod “knee”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ogod n. “knee”

4.37 Foot

⚠️G. grinn n. “ankle, wrist”; see instead:
S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
ᴺS. !tallif “ankle”
⚠️ᴱN. #methal n. “footstep”
N. pôd n. “animal’s foot”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rein n. “slot, spoor, track, footprint”
⚠️N. rhein n. “slot, spoor, track, footprint”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rein “slot, spoor, track, footprint”
S., N., G. tâl n. “foot; [lower] end”
⚠️G. talgrin(d) n. “ankle”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tallif “ankle”
ᴺS. !tallif n. “ankle”
ᴺS. !talphad n. “footstep”
⚠️G. taltha n. “foot (of things), base, pedestal, pediment”; see instead:
S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
⚠️ᴱN. taul n. “foot”; see instead:
S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
⚠️N. tellen n. “sole of foot”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tellyn “sole of foot”
ᴺS. [N.] ^tellyn n. “sole of foot”

4.38 Toe

ᴺS. [G.] tent n. “toe”

4.39 Nail, Claw

⚠️G. clam(p) n. “grasp, claw”; see instead:
S. gamp “hook, crook; [N.] claw”
ᴺS. manc “grip, grasp, hold”
⚠️G. cog n. “claw, fist”

4.392 Wing

⚠️G. bascovas n. “flapping and beating (especially of wings)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !blabed “flapping, beating (especially of wings)”
⚠️G. basga- v. “to flap”; see instead:
N. #blab- “to flap, beat (wings etc.)”
⚠️G. bass n. “wing, pinion”; see instead:
S. raw “wing”
S. roval “winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”
N. #blab- v. “to flap, beat (wings etc.)”
ᴺS. !blabed n. “flapping, beating (especially of wings)”
⚠️G. ram n. “wing, pinion”; see instead:
S. raw “wing”
ᴺS. [N.] ^ravn n. “wing (horn), extended point at side”
S. raw n. “wing”
⚠️N. rhafn n. “wing (horn), extended point at side”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ravn “wing (horn), extended point at side”
⚠️N. rhofal n. “pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”; see instead:
S. roval “winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”
S. roval adj. and n. “winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)”

4.393 Feather

⚠️G. cwathli n. “plume, spray, tassel”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pesson “plume, (great) feather”
⚠️G. pectha n. “plume”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pess² “feather”
⚠️G. pecthon n. “plume, feather”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pesson “plume, (great) feather”
ᴺS. !pess² n. “feather”
ᴺS. !pesson n. “plume, (great) feather”
⚠️G. tuf n. “down, fluff”
⚠️G. tufrin adj. “fluffy”

4.40 Front of Chest

⚠️G. am² n. “breast, front (chest)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
⚠️ᴱN. am(b) n. “breast”; see instead:
ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. ammos n. “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”

4.41 Breast of Woman

⚠️ᴺS. !sûf n. “bosom”; see instead:
ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] tith n. “breast [of a woman], teat”

4.44 Heart

⚠️G. elf n. “heart”; see instead:
S. ind “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart [metaphorical], [N.] inner thought, meaning”
⚠️G. honn n. “heart”; see instead:
N. hûn “heart (physical)”
S. hûn n. “*heart”
N. hûn n. “heart (physical)”
⚠️G. ilf n. “heart”; see instead:
S. ind “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart [metaphorical], [N.] inner thought, meaning”
⚠️ᴱN. lhonn n. “heart”; see instead:
N. hûn “heart (physical)”
⚠️ᴱN. urhonn adj. “heartless”

4.45 Liver

ᴺS. [G.] rôn n. “liver”

4.46 Belly, Stomach

ᴺS. !com adj. “bellied”
ᴺS. !cum n. “belly”
⚠️G. fam n. “fat belly, paunch”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cum “belly”
⚠️G. famfolc adj. “fat-bellied”; see instead:
ᴺS. !túgom “fat-bellied”
⚠️ᴱN. girdh n. “entrails, bowels, inwards”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^irdh “entrails, bowels, innards”
ᴺS. !iâd¹ n. “waist; isthmus”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^irdh n. “entrails, bowels, innards”

4.47 Womb

⚠️ᴱN. huch n. “cunnus, *vagina”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puch “cunnus, vagina”
ᴺS. !mûn n. “womb”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^puch n. “cunnus, vagina”

4.48 Egg

ᴺS. [G.] och n. “egg”

4.49 Testicle

⚠️G. gwaith² (gwaith-) n. “semen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !milt “semen”
ᴺS. !milt n. “semen”

4.492 Penis

⚠️ᴱN. †gwî n. “teors, *penis”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwîb “penis”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^gwîb n. “penis”
⚠️ᴱN. gwib n. “teors, *penis”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwîb “penis”

4.51 to Breathe; Breath

S. faw n. “*breath, puff of breath”
⚠️G. fest n. “breath, breathing”; see instead:
N. thûl “breath”
⚠️G. festa- v. “to breath[e]”; see instead:
N. thuia- “to breathe”
⚠️G. feth n. “one breath”; see instead:
S. faw “*breath, puff of breath”
N. thuia- v. “to breathe”
N. thûl n. “breath”
⚠️G. ufestog adj. “breathless”; see instead:
ᴺS. !úthúlui “breathless”
ᴺS. !úthúlui adj. “breathless”

4.53 to Cough

ᴺS. !tosta- v. “to cough”

4.56 to Spit

ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. crech n. “spittle”
⚠️G. crectha- v. “to spit”; see instead:
N. puia- “to spit”
⚠️ᴱN. hist- v. “to spit”; see instead:
N. puia- “to spit”
N. puia- v. “to spit”

4.57 to Vomit

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] hich- v. “to vomit”

4.58 to Bite

⚠️G. nactha- v. “bite”; see instead:
N. nag- “to bite; ⚠️[G.] to chew, gnaw”
N., G. nag- v. “to bite; ⚠️[G.] to chew, gnaw”
ᴺS. [G.] nanc n. “bite”
S., N. narch adj. “bitter-biting”

4.59 to Lick

ᴺS. [S.], N. laudh n. “gluttonous eating, [N.] †licking up (food or drink)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lav- v. “to lick”
ᴺS. [G.] lavra- v. “to lap (of animals), suck up”
ᴺS. !lhab n. “sip”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lhab- v. “to sup, *sip, ⚠️suck, lap up”
⚠️N. #lhav- v. “to lick”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lav- “to lick”
⚠️G. thlib- v. “to sup, lap up, suck”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhab- “to sup, *sip, ⚠️suck, lap up”

4.61 to Sleep; Sleep

⚠️N. chwîn n. “giddiness, faintness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwîn “giddiness, faintness”
⚠️G. hum- v. “to sleep, drowze”; see instead:
ᴺS. lor- “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
⚠️G. hûm n. “sleep, slumber”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûr “sleep, slumber”
⚠️G. humiol adj. “sleepy, drowzy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !olost “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hwîn n. “giddiness, faintness”
⚠️N. lhorn² adj. “asleep”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lorn “asleep”
⚠️N. lhûr n. “slumber”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûr “sleep, slumber”
ᴺS. [G.] lor- v. “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lorn adj. “asleep”
ᴺS. [G.] lortha- v. “to put to sleep, send to sleep”
⚠️G. lorwen n. “slumber, sleep”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûr “sleep, slumber”
⚠️ᴺS. !losta-² v. “to sleep”; see instead:
ᴺS. lor- “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lûr n. “sleep, slumber”
⚠️G. mur- v. “*to slumber, sleep”; see instead:
ᴺS. lor- “to sleep, slumber, ⚠️dream”

4.62 Dream

S. ?fanwos n. “mind-picture (of apparition in dream)”
⚠️G. lorc adj. “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !olost “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”
⚠️G. maur n. “dream, vision”; see instead:
N. ôl “dream”
⚠️G. murc n. “a nightmare, vision of the night”
⚠️G. murtha- v. “to dream”; see instead:
N. oltha- “to dream; ⚠️[G.] to appear as an apparition”
N. ôl n. “dream”
⚠️G. olm n. “dream”; see instead:
N. ôl “dream”
⚠️G. olma- v. “to dream”; see instead:
N. oltha- “to dream; ⚠️[G.] to appear as an apparition”
ᴺS. !olost adj. “drowsy, dreamy, lazy”
⚠️G. oloth n. “dream, apparition, vision”; see instead:
N. ôl “dream”
S. auth “dim shape, spectral or vague apparition”
N., G. oltha- v. “to dream; ⚠️[G.] to appear as an apparition”
ᴺS. !olui adj. “dreamy”

4.63 to Wake

⚠️G. bractha- v. “to refresh; to revive, arouse, awaken”; see instead:
ᴺS. !laeda- “to refresh, revive”
⚠️ᴱN. cuivros n. “awakening”; see instead:
S. echui “awakening”
ᴺS. [G.] ^cui(w) adj. “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
⚠️G. cwim adj. “awake, alert, alive”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cui(w) “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
⚠️G. cwimp adj. “alert, vigilant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cui(w) “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
⚠️G. cwiv- v. “to be awake”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cui(w) “awake, alert, ⚠️alive”
⚠️G. cwivra- v. “to awaken (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !echuia- “to awaken, wake up (intr.)”
⚠️G. cwivros n. “awakening”; see instead:
S. echui “awakening”
S., N. echui n. “awakening”
ᴺS. !echuia- v. “to awaken, wake up (intr.)”
ᴺS. !echuida- v. “to wake up (trans.), waken, rouse”

4.65 to Urinate; Urine

⚠️G. fafli n. “bladder”; see instead:
ᴺS. !faul¹ “bladder, (orig.) inflated thing”
ᴺS. !faul¹ n. “bladder, (orig.) inflated thing”
⚠️G. pigla- v. “to make urine”; see instead:
ᴺS. !saera- “to urinate”
⚠️G. piglin n. “urine”; see instead:
ᴺS. !saerlin “urine”
ᴺS. !saera- v. “to urinate”
ᴺS. !saerlin n. “urine”

4.66 to Void Excrement; Dung, Excrement

⚠️G. gorn n. “dung”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mûg “dung”
ᴺS. !mûg n. “dung”

4.67 to have Sexual Intercourse

⚠️ᴱN. hoith n. “coitus, *sex”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puith “coitus, *sex”
⚠️ᴱN. hoitha- v. “*to have sex (with)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puitha- “*to have sex (with)”
⚠️ᴱN. hug- v. “futuere, *to copulate”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pog- “futuere, *to copulate, have sex”
⚠️ᴱN. huigion n. “fututor, *one who copulates”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pogron “fututor, *one who copulates”
N. îr n. “*sexual desire”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pog- v. “futuere, *to copulate, have sex”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pogron n. “fututor, *one who copulates”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^puith n. “coitus, *sex”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^puitha- v. “*to have sex (with)”

4.71 to Beget (of Father)

N. edonna- v. “to beget”
⚠️G. gaibra- v. “to impregnate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gýda- “to impregnate, make pregant”
⚠️G. gwectha- v. “to impregnate, generate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gýda- “to impregnate, make pregant”
ᴺS. !gýda- v. “to impregnate, make pregant”

4.72 to Bear (of Mother)

⚠️ᴱN. bodamrost n. “resurrection”
ᴺS. !enia- v. “to be born, be generated, result”
⚠️G. nôs n. “birthday; nature”; see instead:
ᴺS. !oronnad “birthday”
⚠️G. nost n. “birth; blood, high birth; birthday”; see instead:
ᴺS. !onnad “birth”
⚠️G. nosta- v. “to be born”; see instead:
ᴺS. !enia- “to be born, be generated, result”
⚠️G. nosteg adj. “birth”; see instead:
ᴺS. !onnad “birth”
⚠️G. nuin adj. “born”; see instead:
S. #onnen “born”
S., N. #onna- v. “*to birth, give birth to”
ᴺS. !onnad n. “birth”
S. #onnen adj. “born”
ᴺS. !oronnad n. “birthday”

4.73 Pregnant

ᴺS. [G.] ^gaew adj. “pregnant”
⚠️G. gaiw adj. “pregnant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaew “pregnant”
⚠️G. gioth n. “germ, foetus, embryon”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gŷth “germ, foetus, embryon”
⚠️G. giothrin adj. “embryonic”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gythren “embryonic”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gŷth n. “germ, foetus, embryon”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gythren adj. “embryonic”

4.732 to Conceive

ᴺS. [G.] ^aliavren adj. “barren”
⚠️G. giol adj. “fecund; conceiving, having conceived, just pregnant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gŷl “fecund; conceiving, having conceived, just pregnant”
⚠️G. giothra- v. “to germinate, be conceived”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gythra- “to germinate, be conceived”
⚠️G. gwivrin adj. “barren”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aliavren “barren”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gŷl adj. “fecund; conceiving, having conceived, just pregnant”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gythra- v. “to germinate, be conceived”
ᴺS. [G.] ^iavren adj. “fertile”
⚠️G. ilgiol adj. “barren”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aliavren “barren”
⚠️G. ilgioth n. “sterility”
⚠️G. ivrin adj. “fertile”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^iavren “fertile”
⚠️G. uivrin adj. “barren”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aliavren “barren”

4.74 to Live; Living; Life

S., N. #cuia- v. “to live”
⚠️G. cuib adj. “alive”; see instead:
N. cuin “alive”
⚠️G. cuibri n. “vitality”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cuinas “vitality, liveliness”
ᴺS. !cuida- v. “to bring to life, enliven, energize”
⚠️ᴱN. cuif (cuiv-) adj. “alive”; see instead:
N. cuin “alive”
N., ᴱN., G. cuil n. “life, [G.] lifetime”
⚠️G. cuilborn n. “lifetime”; see instead:
ᴺS. cuilvorn “lifetime”
ᴺS. [G.] ^cuileb adj. “lively, ⚠️alive”
⚠️G. cuilog adj. “alive, lively”; see instead:
N. cuin “alive”
ᴺS. ^cuileb “lively, ⚠️alive”
⚠️G. cuilogri n. “liveliness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cuinas “vitality, liveliness”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] cuilvorn n. “lifetime”
N. cuin adj. “alive”
S., N. #cuina- v. “to be alive”
ᴺS. [G.] ^cuinas n. “vitality, liveliness”
ᴺS. [G.] cuith n. “[biological process of] life, the vital principle; ⚠️living body”
⚠️G. cuitha- v. “to live, be alive”; see instead:
S. #cuina- “to be alive”
S. #cuia- “to live”
ᴺS. [G.] ^cuithas n. “life (period of life); living, livelihood”
⚠️G. cuithos n. “life (period of life); living, livelihood”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cuithas “life (period of life); living, livelihood”
⚠️ᴺS. !echuira- v. “to come to life”; see instead:
ᴺS. !echuiru- “to come to life”
ᴺS. !echuiru- v. “to come to life”
⚠️G. laug adj. “(of plants) alive, having sap, green, vigorous”; see instead:
N. cuin “alive”
S. calen “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”
S. tharan “vigorous”
ᴺS. ^laug “warm”
⚠️ᴱN. uchuil adj. “lifeless”
⚠️ᴱN. urguil adj. “lifeless”
⚠️ᴱN. urrost adj. “never coming to life”

4.742 Immortal

S. alfirin adj. and n. “immortal, (lit.) not dying; a species of flower”

4.75 to Die; Dead; Death

S., N. #fern n. and adj. “dead person; [N.] dead (of mortals)”
S. #fir- v. “to fade, *die”
S. fíreb adj. “mortal”
S. firin adj. “dying, ⚠️mortal; [N.] human”
⚠️G. gor-² v. “to die”; see instead:
S. #fir- “to fade, *die”
N. gwanna- “to die, depart”
⚠️N. goren adj. “dead (of elves)”; see instead:
N. gwann “dead, (lit.) departed”
⚠️ᴱN. gurdh- v. “to die”; see instead:
S. #fir- “to fade, *die”
N. gwanna- “to die, depart”
⚠️ᴱN. gurdh n. “death”; see instead:
S. gurth “death”
S., ᴱN., G., N. gurth [ng-] n. “death”
S., N. guru [ng-] n. “death (abstract)”
⚠️N. guruth [ng-] n. “death”; see instead:
S. gurth “death”
S., N. guruthos [ng-] n. “dread of death, death-horror, shadow of death, [N.] fear of death”
N. gwanath n. “death (act of dying)”
N. gwann adj. “dead, (lit.) departed”
N. gwanna- v. “to die, depart”
ᴺS. [N.] ^gwanu n. “death (act of dying)”
⚠️N. gwanw n. “death (act of dying)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwanu “death (act of dying)”
⚠️ᴱN. gwardh adj. “dead”; see instead:
N. gwann “dead, (lit.) departed”
⚠️G. gwarth adj. “dead (only of persons)”; see instead:
N. gwann “dead, (lit.) departed”

4.76 to Kill

S., N., ᴱN. #dag- [nd-] v. “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
S. dagnir [nd-] n. “slayer, bane”
ᴺS. !dagnis [nd-] n. “slayer, bane (f.)”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^dagras [nd-] n. “slaughter”
⚠️ᴱN. dagros [nd-] n. “slaughter”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
⚠️ᴱN. danc adj. “killed in battle”; see instead:
S. dangen “slain”
S., N. dangen [nd-] adj. “slain”
⚠️G. ecthadra- v. “to slay, put to the sword”; see instead:
S. #dag- “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
⚠️G. mactha- v. “to slay, kill”; see instead:
S. #dag- “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
N. maetha- “to fight”
⚠️G. (n)gôl n. “slaughter”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
⚠️ᴱN. rhach n. “carnage, slaughter”; see instead:
S. #rhach “curse”
ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
⚠️ᴱN. rhang- v. “to slay in battle”; see instead:
S. #dag- “to slay, [ᴱN.] kill”
⚠️ᴱN. rhangos n. “slaughter”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”

4.77 Corpse, Body

⚠️G. cweleg n. “corpse, dead body”; see instead:
N. daen “corpse”
N. daen [nd-] n. “corpse”
S. #gorth¹ [ng-] adj. and n. “dead; dead (person)”
⚠️ᴱN. rhanc n. “corpse, body of one slain in battle”; see instead:
N. daen “corpse”
⚠️S. tor n. “the Dead”

4.79 Grave, Tomb

⚠️G. dal n. “cairn”; see instead:
N. sarnas “cairn”
S., N. haudh n. “(funeral) mound, grave, [N.] tomb; [orig.] †heap, piled mound”
S. sarch n. “grave”
N. sarnas n. “cairn”
S. torn¹ n. “burial mound”

4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful

⚠️ᴱN. balt¹ n. “might”; see instead:
ᴺS. polodh “power, might, authority”
S. belaith [mb-] adj. “mighty”
N. bellas n. “bodily strength”
N. belt adj. “strong in body”
⚠️G. nert n. “prowess, a feat, strength”; see instead:
N. bellas “bodily strength”
⚠️G. nerthog adj. “stout, vigorous, doughty”; see instead:
S. tharan “vigorous”
⚠️ᴱN. núr n. “muscle”; see instead:
N. tû “muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength”
⚠️G. polm n. “strength (physical)”; see instead:
N. bellas “bodily strength”
⚠️G. polmog adj. “strong (physically)”; see instead:
N. belt “strong in body”
ᴺS. [G.] polodh n. “power, might, authority”
ᴺS. [G.] ^polodhren adj. “mighty, *powerful (politically)”
⚠️G. polodrin adj. “mighty”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^polodhren “mighty, *powerful (politically)”
⚠️ᴱN. rhôg n. “strength”
⚠️ᴱN. rhogrin adj. “doughty”
⚠️G. rôg adj. “doughty, strong”
N. taur² adj. “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
⚠️G. †taur² n. “ability, power”; see instead:
N. taur² “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
⚠️G. taura adj. “powerful”; see instead:
N. taur² “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
ᴺS. ^polodhren “mighty, *powerful (politically)”
N. tû n. “muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength”

4.82 Weak, Infirm

ᴺS. [G.] ^gaug adj. “clumsy; ⚠️left (hand)”
⚠️G. gôg adj. “clumsy; left (hand)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaug “clumsy; ⚠️left (hand)”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] gwesg adv. and adj. “weakly, *weak”

4.83 Well; Health

S. *alu adj. “wholesome, *healthy”
S. tharan adj. “vigorous”

4.84 Sick; Sickness

N. cael adj. “lying in bed, sickness, ⚠️bedridden”
N. caeleb adj. “bedridden, sick”
⚠️G. colu n. “pestilence”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhîw “sickness, disease”
⚠️G. coluid adj. “pestilent”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhîw “sickness, disease”
⚠️ᴱN. côm n. “sickness”; see instead:
N. paw “sickness, *illness, ailment”
⚠️G. côma n. “disease, illness”; see instead:
N. paw “sickness, *illness, ailment”
⚠️G. cômathol adj. “diseased, ill”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhaew “sickly, sick, ill”
N. caeleb “bedridden, sick”
⚠️G. cwam adj. “ill”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhaew “sickly, sick, ill”
⚠️G. cwanc adj. “sickly, poorly, seedy”; see instead:
N. gem “sickly”
⚠️G. cwancha- v. “to ail”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pavra- “to ail, be ill”
⚠️G. cwanchri n. “ailment”; see instead:
N. paw “sickness, *illness, ailment”
⚠️N. flaew adj. “sickly, sick, ill”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhaew “sickly, sick, ill”
⚠️N. fliw n. “sickness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhîw “sickness, disease”
⚠️G. gaudhwen n. “fever”
N. gem adj. “sickly”
⚠️G. il(d)rim n. “unquiet, disturbance; disease”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhaew adj. “sickly, sick, ill”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhîw n. “sickness, disease”
ᴺS. !lhýda- v. “to make sick, sicken”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pavra- v. “to ail, be ill”
N., ᴱN. paw n. “sickness, *illness, ailment”

4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded

ᴺS. !ammatha- v. “to maul”
⚠️G. famfa- v. “to maul”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ammatha- “to maul”
⚠️G. gund n. “boil, pus”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ordh “boil, pus”
⚠️ᴱN. hardh adj. “wounded”; see instead:
N. harn² “wounded”
N. harn² adj. “wounded”
N. harna- v. “to wound”
ᴺS. !harnas n. “harm, damage”
ᴺS. [N.] ^haru n. “wound”
⚠️N., ᴱN. harw n. “wound”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^haru “wound”
ᴺS. [G.] lui n. “blueness; livor, livid mark, *bruise”
S. naedh n. “wounding, wound”
⚠️N. neðw adj. “scarred, bruised”
⚠️N. nîð adj. “hurt, bruised”
ᴺS. !ordh n. “boil, pus”
ᴺS. [G.] tîl n. “scab, cicatrice, healing of a wound”

4.86 to Cure, Heal

S. athae n. and adj. “*healing herb, healing”
S. athra-² v. “to treat medically”
N. #nesta- v. “to heal”
N. nestad n. “healing”

4.87 Physician

ᴺS. !athor n. “doctor”

4.88 Medicine, Drug

S., N., ᴱN. athelas n. “kingsfoil, a healing herb”

4.89 Poison

⚠️G. fem n. “venom (of snakes), poison in general”; see instead:
S. lhoer “venom, poison(ousness)”
⚠️G. fenog adj. “venomous”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhoereb “venomous, poisonous”
⚠️G. fuior n. “deadly nightshade”
S. lhoer n. “venom, poison(ousness)”
ᴺS. !lhoereb adj. “venomous, poisonous”
S. lhoew n. “poison(ous substance)”
⚠️N. saew n. “poison”; see instead:
S. lhoew “poison(ous substance)”

4.91 Tired, Weary

⚠️ᴱN. darw adj. “tired, weary”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lom “weary, *tired”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. drauth adj. “[G.] weary, toilworn, tired; ⚠️[ᴱN.] labour”
ᴺS. [G.] drautha- v. “to weary, tire out”
ᴺS. [G.] ^drauthas n. “[wearisome] toil, weariness from labour”
ᴺS. [G.] ^drauthiel adj. “arduous, labourious”
⚠️G. drauthiol adj. “arduous, labourious”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^drauthiel “arduous, labourious”
⚠️G. drauthos n. “toil, weariness from labour”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^drauthas “[wearisome] toil, weariness from labour”
⚠️ᴱN. dre adj. “wearisome, irksome”
⚠️G. fadrog adj. “tiresome”; see instead:
N. amben “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
⚠️G. fadros n. “satiety, weariness of anything”; see instead:
ᴺS. !farthas “satiety, satisfaction”
⚠️N. lhom adj. “weary”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lom “weary, *tired”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lom adj. “weary, *tired”

4.93 Bald

⚠️G. cafalon adj. “bald, *(lit.) head-naked”; see instead:
S. rûdh “bald”
S. rûdh n. “bald”

4.94 Lame

⚠️G. caug¹ n. “humpback”

4.96 Dumb

⚠️ᴱN. orlham adj. “dumb”; see instead:
ᴺS. !úlam “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”
ᴺS. !úlam adj. “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”

4.97 Blind

⚠️ᴱN. dam(b) adj. “blind”; see instead:
ᴺS. dom “blind”
ᴺS. [S.] dom adj. “blind”

4.98 Drunk

⚠️ᴱN. balfaug adj. “drunken”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rhufaug “drunken”
ᴺS. !rhufaug adj. “drunken”

4.99 Naked, Bare

⚠️G. dautha adj. “naked, stripped”; see instead:
N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
⚠️G. falon adj. “naked”; see instead:
N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
⚠️G. falt adj. “bare”; see instead:
S. paran “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
⚠️G. fôl adj. “empty, bare, leafless (esp. of trees)”; see instead:
S. paran “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
N. hell¹ adj. “naked, *stripped”
⚠️G. hulc adj. “naked”; see instead:
N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
S. lanc² adj. “naked”
S. paran adj. “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
⚠️S. parch adj. “naked (of persons)”; see instead:
N. hell¹ “naked, *stripped”
N. parch “dry”

5. Food and Drink

5.11 to Eat

⚠️G. baptha- v. “to feed; to take sup of”; see instead:
ᴺS. !media- “to feed”
⚠️ᴱN. cig n. “cud”; see instead:
ᴺS. !toch “cud”
⚠️G. dultha- v. “to dine”; see instead:
S. #mad- “to eat”
S., N., ᴱN., G. #mad- v. “to eat”
⚠️ᴱN. madren adj. “edible”; see instead:
ᴺS. !madui “edible”
⚠️G. madrin adj. “edible, fit for food, wholesome”; see instead:
ᴺS. !madui “edible”
ᴺS. !madui adj. “edible”
S. madweg adj. “gluttonous”
⚠️G. mal- v. “to chew”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nadh- “to chew, gnaw”
ᴺS. !media- v. “to feed”
⚠️ᴱN. medid adj. “edible”; see instead:
ᴺS. !madui “edible”
⚠️ᴱN. medion n. “eater, feeder”
⚠️ᴱN. meidianweb adj. “worthy of being eaten”
ᴺS. !nadh- v. “to chew, gnaw”
ᴺS. !toch n. “cud”

5.12 Food

⚠️G. madri n. “food, edibles; a meal”; see instead:
ᴺS. math “food”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] mann n. “food”; see instead:
ᴺS. math “food”
ᴺS. [N.], ᴱN. math n. “food”
⚠️G. môs n. “food (of men)”; see instead:
ᴺS. math “food”
⚠️ᴱN. orvath adj. “foodless”

5.13 to Drink

⚠️G. bab- v. “to drink, quaff”; see instead:
N. #sog- “to drink”
⚠️ᴱN. lhif- v. “to drink”; see instead:
N. #sog- “to drink”
N. #luithia- v. “to quench”
N. sautha- v. “to drain”
⚠️G. soctha- v. “to give to drink, quench”; see instead:
N. #luithia- “to quench”
N. sautha- “to drain”
N., ᴱN., G. #sog- v. “to drink”
ᴺS. [G.] ^suith n. “draught, [G.] a drink”
⚠️N. sûth n. “draught”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^suith “draught, [G.] a drink”
N. uluithiad adj. “unquenchable”
⚠️ᴺS. !ýl- v. “to drink”; see instead:
N. #sog- “to drink”
⚠️ᴺS. !yll n. “draught”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^suith “draught, [G.] a drink”

5.14 Hunger

⚠️ᴱN. haib adj. “hungry”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^saeb¹ “hungry”
⚠️ᴱN. hais n. “hunger”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^saeg “hunger”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mavor n. “appetite”
⚠️G. mavri n. “appetite”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mavor “appetite”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^saeb¹ adj. “hungry”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^saeg n. “hunger”
ᴺS. !saegon n. “famine, (great) hunger”
ᴺS. [G.] ^saetha- v. “to cause hunger”
⚠️G. saig adj. “hungry”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^saeb¹ “hungry”
⚠️G. saigri n. “hunger (great), famine”; see instead:
ᴺS. !saegon “famine, (great) hunger”
⚠️G. saith n. “hunger”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^saeg “hunger”
⚠️G. saitha- v. “to have hunger”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^saetha- “to cause hunger”

5.15 Thirst

⚠️ᴺS. !faul² n. “thirst”; see instead:
ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] faus(t) n. “thirst”
⚠️G. luist n. “thirst”; see instead:
ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”
⚠️G. maig adj. “thirst”; see instead:
ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”

5.151 Thirsty

S., N., ᴱN. faug adj. “[N.] thirsty, ⚠️[S.] gape”
⚠️G. luib adj. “thirsty”; see instead:
S. faug “[N.] thirsty, ⚠️[S.] gape”
⚠️G. luista- v. “to be thirsty; to parch, dry up”; see instead:
S. faug “[N.] thirsty, ⚠️[S.] gape”
ᴺS. thista- “to dry up”

5.21 to Cook

ᴺS. [G.] brant adj. “cooked, done; overdone”
ᴺS. [G.] brath- v. “to cook”

5.24 to Bake

⚠️G. bas- [mb-] v. “to bake”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^basta- “to bake”
ᴺS. [G.] ^basta- [mb-] v. “to bake”

5.25 Oven

⚠️G. bothli [mb-] n. “oven”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bothol “oven”
ᴺS. [G.] ^bothol [mb-] n. “oven”

5.26 Pot

ᴺS. [N.], G. ^calph n. “water-vessel, [G.] bucket”
⚠️G. ceral n. “jar”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^perol “jar”
ᴺS. [G.] ^perol n. “jar”
⚠️G. tambos n. “cauldron”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tammos “cauldron”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tammos n. “cauldron”

5.33 Bowl

⚠️G. salf n. “bowl, basin”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tolph “bowl, basin”
ᴺS. ^salph “broth”
ᴺS. !tolph n. “bowl, basin”

5.34 Jug, Pitcher

ᴺS. [G.] ^olf n. “jar, flagon, *pitcher”
⚠️G. ulm n. “jar, flagon”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^olf “jar, flagon, *pitcher”

5.35 Cup

⚠️G. fion n. “bowl, goblet”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tolph “bowl, basin”
N. sûl “goblet”
⚠️G. socthor n. “a drinking-horn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^soethor “drinking-horn”
ᴺS. [G.] ^soethor n. “drinking-horn”
⚠️G. sogli n. “a drinking-horn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^soethor “drinking-horn”
⚠️G. sogridâr n. “a drinking-horn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^soethor “drinking-horn”
N. sûl n. “goblet”
S. ylf n. “drinking-vessel, *cup”
ᴺS. !ylvon n. “chalice”

5.37 Spoon

⚠️G. salfinc n. “spoon”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tolpheg “spoon”
ᴺS. !tolpheg n. “spoon”

5.41 a Meal

ᴺS. [G.] mâd n. “meal”

5.42 Breakfast

ᴺS. !amorvad n. “breakfast”
⚠️G. maudrimad n. “breakfast”; see instead:
ᴺS. !amorvad “breakfast”

5.43 Lunch

⚠️G. authmadri n. “midday meal”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nedhwad “lunch, (lit.) middle-meal”
⚠️G. haimadri adj. “lunch, food in morning, elevens”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nedhwad “lunch, (lit.) middle-meal”
ᴺS. !nedhwad n. “lunch, (lit.) middle-meal”

5.44 Dinner

⚠️G. dultha n. “supper, dinner”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dúvad “supper, dinner”
ᴺS. !dúvad n. “supper, dinner”

5.51 Bread

N., ᴱN., G. basgorn [mb-] n. “loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake”
S., N., ᴱN., G. #bas(t) [mb-] n. “bread”
⚠️G. corn n. “loaf”; see instead:
N. corn “round, globed”
N. basgorn “loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake”
S., N. lembas n. “waybread, journey-bread”
⚠️ᴱN. mui n. “crumb”
⚠️ᴱN. ormast adj. “breadless”
⚠️ᴱN. ummast adj. “without bread”

5.52 Cake

⚠️N. cram n. “cake of compressed flour or meal”; see instead:
Wes. cram

5.53 Dough

ᴺS. [N.] ^maeas n. “dough”
⚠️N. moeas n. “dough”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maeas “dough”

5.54 to Knead

ᴺS. !medhia- v. “to knead, soften”

5.55 Meal, Flour

⚠️G. ‽mail n. “flour”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maul “flour”
ᴺS. !maul n. “flour”

5.56 to Grind

ᴺS. !mol- v. “to grind, pulverize”

5.57 Mill

ᴺS. !molor n. “mill”

5.61 Meat

N. aes n. “cooked food, meat”
⚠️G. hara n. “flesh meat, meat”; see instead:
N. aes “cooked food, meat”

5.614 Fat, Grease

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] blê n. and adj. “fat of meat; *fatty, oily, greasy”
⚠️ᴱN. hiw adj. “rich”; see instead:
ᴺS. blê “fat of meat; *fatty, oily, greasy”
ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
⚠️ᴱN. lhub n. “fat”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lûb “fat, (fat) flesh”
ᴺS. !lûb n. “fat, (fat) flesh”
⚠️G. lub n. “fat, fat flesh”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lûb “fat, (fat) flesh”
⚠️ᴱN. thalf n. “grease”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thalph “grease”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^thalph n. “grease”

5.64 Soup, Broth

⚠️N. salff n. “broth”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^salph “broth”
ᴺS. [N.] ^salph n. “broth”
ᴺS. !solph n. “soup”
⚠️G. thlibri n. “soup”; see instead:
ᴺS. !solph “soup”

5.70 Potato

ᴺS. [G.] ^cevorf n. “potato, (lit.) earth-apple”
⚠️G. grothorf n. “potato”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cevorf “potato, (lit.) earth-apple”
⚠️G. podod n. “potato”

5.71 Fruit

ᴺS. !colof n. “orange [fruit]”
⚠️G. gôf n. “fruit (esp. of tree)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !iâf “fruit”
⚠️G. gôf·clochiol n. “stone-fruit”
ᴺS. !iâf n. “fruit”
⚠️G. maros n. “ripe fruit”; see instead:
ᴺS. !iâf “fruit”

5.72 Apple

⚠️G. arwad n. “apple tree”
S. cordof n. “pippin, *a type of yellow and red apple”
ᴺS. [G.] orf n. “apple”
⚠️G. urf n. “apple (tree)”; see instead:
ᴺS. orf “apple”

5.73 Pear

ᴺS. [G.] orfing n. “pear, *(lit.) hair-apple”

5.76 Grape

⚠️G. mirobin n. “grape”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mirybin “grape, (lit.) wine-berry”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mirybin n. “grape, (lit.) wine-berry”

5.77 Nut

⚠️G. cod n. “nut”
⚠️G. codiof adj. “nutbearing”
⚠️G. codomla n. “*chestnut”
⚠️G. codrin adj. “nutty”
⚠️G. codwalion n. “walnut, chestnut”
⚠️G. codwed adj. “nutbearing”
⚠️G. coth n. “nutshell, husk”
⚠️G. ivangod n. “walnut”
⚠️G. ivogodron n. “walnut tree”
⚠️G. omla n. “a horse chestnut”
⚠️G. ormagod n. “a (Spanish) chestnut”
ᴺS. !pech n. “nut”
ᴺS. !pechol n. “hazel”

5.79 Oil

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] blîw n. “oil”
⚠️G. ilbrin adj. “oily, fat, greasy”; see instead:
ᴺS. blê “fat of meat; *fatty, oily, greasy”
⚠️G. ilm n. “oil, fat, grease”; see instead:
ᴺS. blîw “oil”
ᴺS. !lûb “fat, (fat) flesh”

5.80 Berry

ᴺS. [G.] ^aebin n. “cherry (tree)”
⚠️G. aibin n. “cherry (tree)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aebin “cherry (tree)”
ᴺS. [G.] dod n. “berry”
ᴺS. [G.] pibin n. “small berry, haw”
⚠️G. piog n. “berry”; see instead:
ᴺS. pibin “small berry, haw”
ᴺS. dod “berry”

5.81 Salt

ᴺS. [G.] sing n. “salt”
ᴺS. [G.] ^singren adj. “salt, *salty”
⚠️G. singrin adj. “salt”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^singren “salt, *salty”

5.84 Honey

N., ᴱN. glî n. “honey”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] glidheb adj. “like honey”
⚠️G. nectha n. “honey comb”
⚠️G. neglis n. “honey”; see instead:
N. glî “honey”

5.85 Sugar

⚠️G. glissith n. “sugar”; see instead:
ᴺS. glist “sugar”
ᴺS. [G.] glist n. “sugar”

5.86 Milk

ᴺS. [G.] thim n. “milk (after separation)”

5.87 to Milk

⚠️G. thin- v. “to skim”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thiv- “to skim”
N. thinna- “to fade, *(lit.) become grey”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thiv- v. “to skim”

5.88 Cheese

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^cor- v. “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
⚠️ᴱN. corn² n. “cheese”; see instead:
ᴺS. cûr “cheese”
N. corn “round, globed”
ᴺS. [G.] ^corth n. “curd”
⚠️G. cur- v. “to turn sour, curdle, congeal”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. cûr n. “cheese”
⚠️ᴱN. #curann- v. “to curdle (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
⚠️G. curth n. “curd”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^corth “curd”
⚠️G. curtha- v. “to curdle, to make cheese (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”

5.89 Butter

⚠️G. cwîr n. “cream”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pîr “cream”
⚠️G. malthin n. “cream”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pîr “cream”
ᴺS. [G.] mang n. “butter”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pîr n. “cream”
⚠️ᴱN. tlî n. “butter”; see instead:
ᴺS. mang “butter”

5.91 Mead

S. miruvor n. “a special wine or cordial”

5.92 Wine

⚠️G. gurmir n. “drink of the Valar, *(lit.) sweet wine”; see instead:
S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
⚠️G. limfa n. “drink of the fairies”; see instead:
S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
⚠️G. limp(elis) n. “drink of the fairies”; see instead:
S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
⚠️G. mîr n. “wine”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^miru “wine”
S. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
⚠️G. mirofor n. “drink of the Gods”; see instead:
S. miruvor “a special wine or cordial”
⚠️G. miros n. “wine”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^miru “wine”
ᴺS. [G.] ^miru n. “wine”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mirwelthen n. “vintage, *(lit.) wine pressing”
⚠️G. mirwelthin n. “vintage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mirwelthen “vintage, *(lit.) wine pressing”
⚠️ᴺS. !ŷ n. “wine”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^miru “wine”

5.93 Beer

ᴺS. !hîm n. “beer”

5.94 Juice

⚠️G. bith n. “juice, sap”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paich “juice, syrup, *sap”
⚠️G. gwâs n. “juice”; see instead:
N. saw “juice”
⚠️ᴱN. hí n. “sap, juice”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paich “juice, syrup, *sap”
N. iofog n. “fruit drink, cider”
⚠️G. laus n. and adj. “juice, sap; energy, vitality; (aj.) fresh”; see instead:
N. saw “juice”
ᴺS. ^cuinas “vitality, liveliness”
S. laew “fresh”
S., N. nîdh¹ n. “[N.] honeycomb; ⚠️[S.] juice”
ᴺS. [N.] ^paich n. “juice, syrup, *sap”
⚠️N. peich n. “juice, syrup”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paich “juice, syrup, *sap”
N. pichen adj. “juicy, *oozing”
N. saw n. “juice”

5.999 Food (Other)

ᴺS. !mornechui n. “coffee”
ᴺS. [G.] suithlas n. “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”
⚠️ᴺS. !yllas n. “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”; see instead:
ᴺS. suithlas “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”

6. Clothing and Adornment

6.11 to Clothe, Dress

⚠️ᴱN. bai adj. “clad”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hammen “clothed, clad”
⚠️G. baidha- v. “to clothe”; see instead:
N. hamma- “to clothe, *put on clothes, get dressed”
⚠️G. bain adj. “clad”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hammen “clothed, clad”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^braetha- v. “to wrap, swathe”
⚠️G. braitha- v. “to wrap, swathe”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^braetha- “to wrap, swathe”
N. hab- v. “to clothe”
N. hamma- v. “to clothe, *put on clothes, get dressed”
ᴺS. !hammen adj. “clothed, clad”

6.12 Clothes, Clothing

⚠️ᴱN., G. baith n. “clothes, garments, dress”; see instead:
N. hammad “clothing, *clothes”
⚠️G. baithri n. “clothes, clothing”; see instead:
N. hammad “clothing, *clothes”
⚠️ᴱN. gwab n. “garment”; see instead:
N. hamp “garment”
⚠️ᴱN. gwablith n. “clothes”; see instead:
N. hammad “clothing, *clothes”
N. hammad n. “clothing, *clothes”
N. hamp n. “garment”
⚠️ᴱN. orvaith² adj. “garmentless”
⚠️ᴱN. umaith adj. “naked”

6.21 Cloth

ᴺS. !lann n. “thin cloth, tissue”

6.22 Wool

⚠️G. ocha n. “fleece”; see instead:
ᴺS. tô “wool, fleece”
N. taw adj. “of wool, woollen”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. tô n. “wool, fleece”
⚠️G. tûs- v. “to tease wool, comb out”
⚠️G. uf² n. “fine wool, down”

6.28 Fur

⚠️N. halath n. “skin, fell”
N. heleth n. “fur, fur-coat”
N. helf n. “fur, *hide”

6.29 Leather

ᴺS. [N.] ^lath n. “thong (of leather)”
⚠️N. lhath n. “thong of (?leather)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lath “thong (of leather)”

6.31 to Spin

⚠️N. chwinia- v. “to twirl, whirl, eddy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwinia- “to twirl, whirl, eddy”
⚠️N. chwiniol adj. “whirling, giddy, mad, fantastic”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwiniol “whirling, giddy, mad, fantastic”
⚠️G. cwir- v. “to stir, stir round, make spin”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pir- “to stir, stir round, make spin”
⚠️G. cwiruin n. “spinning wheel”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^piruin “spinning wheel”
⚠️G. gweron adj. “spun, rounded, cylindrical”; see instead:
ᴺS. !piren “spun, rounded, cylindrical”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hwinia- v. “to twirl, whirl, eddy”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hwiniol adj. “whirling, giddy, mad, fantastic”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pir- v. “to stir, stir round, make spin”
ᴺS. !piren adj. “spun, rounded, cylindrical”
ᴺS. [G.] ^piruin n. “spinning wheel”

6.32 Spindle

⚠️G. cwiril n. “spindle”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwiril “spindle”
ᴺS. [G.] gwiril n. “spindle”

6.33 to Weave

⚠️ᴺS. !gwer- v. “to weave, wind, spin, twist”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
⚠️G. gwidh- v. “to weave (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
⚠️G. gwidhin n. “woof”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lanad “weft, woof”
⚠️G. gwidhon adj. “woven”; see instead:
S. remmen “meshed, netted, woven, (en)tangled”
ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gwir- v. “to weave”
⚠️G. gwist n. “weft”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lanad “weft, woof”
ᴺS. !lanad n. “weft, woof”

6.34 Loom

⚠️G. gwingli n. “loom”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lanu “loom”
ᴺS. !gwirthar n. “shuttle, (lit.) weave-across”
⚠️G. gwithadr n. “shuttle”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwirthar “shuttle, (lit.) weave-across”
ᴺS. !lanu n. “loom”

6.35 to Sew

ᴺS. !ther- v. “to sew”

6.36 Needle

ᴺS. [G.] eglin n. “needle”

6.38 Thread

S. esbin n. “thin thread, ⚠️tress”
S. #lain n. “thread, warp”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhê n. “fine thread, spider filament”
ᴺS. [G.] theres n. “ribbon, ⚠️tie”
⚠️N. thlê n. “fine thread, spider filament”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhê “fine thread, spider filament”

6.41 Cloak

ᴺS. [G.] brach n. “shawl, wrap, ⚠️plaid”
S. #coll¹ n. “cloak, mantle”
⚠️G. tôl n. “mantle”; see instead:
S. #coll¹ “cloak, mantle”

6.412 Overcoat

ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. garob n. “robe, [G.] outer garment, ⚠️cloak”

6.43 Coat

ᴺS. [G.] ^bach n. “jacket, coat”
⚠️G. bacha n. “jacket, coat”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bach “jacket, coat”

6.44 Shirt

ᴺS. [G.] laub n. “shirt”

6.51 Shoe

⚠️G. habach n. “big shoe, clog, sabot”; see instead:
N. habad “shoe”
N. habad n. “shoe”
⚠️G. habin n. “shoe”; see instead:
N. habad “shoe”

6.52 Boot

ᴺS. [G.] ^saeb² n. “boot”
⚠️G. saib n. “boot”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^saeb² “boot”

6.55 Hat, Cap

N. carab n. “hat”
⚠️ᴱN. mindeb n. “crown”; see instead:
S. rî “wreath, garland; [N.] crown”
ᴺS. [G.] ôf n. “hood”
⚠️N. rhî n. “crown”; see instead:
S. rî “wreath, garland; [N.] crown”
⚠️N. rhîn adj. “crowned”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rîn “crowned”
S. rî n. “wreath, garland; [N.] crown”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rîn adj. “crowned”
ᴺS. !rínada- v. “to crown, coronate”
⚠️G. tôd n. “hat”; see instead:
N. carab “hat”
⚠️G. togli n. “cap”; see instead:
N. carab “hat”

6.57 Belt, Girdle

S. lest n. “girdle, *belt”

6.58 Glove

ᴺS. !mawedh n. “glove”

6.63 Pin, Brooch

⚠️G. pieg n. “pin”; see instead:
S. tachol “brooch, clasp, [N.] pin”
S., N. tachol n. “brooch, clasp, [N.] pin”

6.71 Adornment (personal)

S. cathrae n. “tressure, *headdress”

6.72 Gem, Jewel

⚠️G. brithla n. “pearl”; see instead:
S. brith “gravel”
ᴺS. !gaessarn “pearl, (lit.) sea-pebble”
ᴺS. !gaessarn n. “pearl, (lit.) sea-pebble”
⚠️ᴱN. himp n. “jewel”; see instead:
S. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
S., N. mîr n. “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
S. #mírdan n. “jewel smith”
S. míria- v. “to sparkle like jewels”
S. míriel adj. “sparkling like jewels, like a jewel”
ᴺS. !mirith n. “jewelry”
⚠️G. nind n. “blue stone, turquoise”
⚠️G. sî¹ n. “bead, small gem or pearl”

6.73 Finger Ring

ᴺS. !corf n. “ring (for fingers)”
⚠️G. grilthi n. “finger-ring”; see instead:
ᴺS. !corf “ring (for fingers)”
⚠️G. lemfarilt n. “ring”; see instead:
ᴺS. !corf “ring (for fingers)”

6.75 Necklace

⚠️ᴱN., G. fring n. “necklace, [G.] carcanet”; see instead:
S. sigil “necklace”
S. sigil n. “necklace”

6.82 Towel

ᴺS. !parchol n. “towel”
⚠️G. suithli n. “towel”; see instead:
ᴺS. !parchol “towel”

6.92 Brush

⚠️G. fwegli n. “brush”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwegol “brush”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hwegol n. “brush”

6.94 Ointment

N. glaew n. “ointment, salve”

6.95 Soap

N. glûdh n. “soap”
⚠️G. puim n. “soap”; see instead:
N. glûdh “soap”

6.96 Mirror

S. cenedril n. “mirror, looking-glass, (lit.) looking-crystal”

6.999 Adornment (other)

ᴺS. [G.] fass n. “tassle”
⚠️G. fath n. “tassle”; see instead:
ᴺS. fass “tassle”
⚠️G. fathli n. “tasselled fringe”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fathol “(tasselled) fringe”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fathol n. “(tasselled) fringe”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fathren adj. “tasselled”
⚠️G. fathrin adj. “tasselled”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fathren “tasselled”
⚠️G. fathwed adj. “tasselled”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fathren “tasselled”
⚠️G. flathrin adj. “foamy, tasseled”

7. Dwelling and Furniture

7.11 to Live, Dwell

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bar- [mb-] v. “to live, dwell, stay”
ᴺS. !bardhon [mb-] n. “inhabitant, native”
ᴺS. !bardhor [mb-] adj. “habitable”
N., G. dortha- [nd-] v. “to dwell, stay, [G.] settle”
⚠️G. gwadh- v. “to dwell”; see instead:
N. dortha- “to dwell, stay, [G.] settle”
⚠️G. gwadhra adj. “habitable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bardhor “habitable”
⚠️G. gwadhril n. “inhabitant (f.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bardhon “inhabitant, native”
⚠️G. gwadhron n. “inhabitant (m.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bardhon “inhabitant, native”
⚠️G. mara- v. “to dwell”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bar- “to live, dwell, stay”
⚠️ᴱN. #meria- v. “to dwell, live, stay”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bar- “to live, dwell, stay”
⚠️G. rûtha- v. “to dwell, remain”; see instead:
S. reth- “to remain in same place”
N. dortha- “to dwell, stay, [G.] settle”

7.12 House

⚠️ᴱN. adob n. “building”; see instead:
N. adab “building, ⚠️house”
⚠️G. bad¹ n. “building, outhouse, shed”; see instead:
N. adab “building, ⚠️house”
⚠️G. baravlid [mb-] adj. “homeless”
S. barthan [mb-] n. “dwelling-house, large building of masonry used as a dwelling”
⚠️G. baur [mb-] n. “house”; see instead:
S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
N. baur “need”
⚠️G. †brann n. “dwelling, hall”; see instead:
S. barthan “dwelling-house, large building of masonry used as a dwelling”
N. tham “hall”
N. car(dh) n. “house, *construction, structure”
⚠️G. gwast n. “dwelling”; see instead:
S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
⚠️G. ind n. “house, abode”; see instead:
S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
⚠️G. indos n. “house, hall”; see instead:
N. car(dh) “house, *construction, structure”
N. thamas “great hall”
⚠️ᴱN. ormar adj. “houseless”
⚠️G. rû¹ n. “dwelling, house”; see instead:
S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
⚠️G. -vran suf. “dwelling”; see instead:
S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”

7.122 Home

⚠️G. -bar suf. “dweller; home, -ham”
S., N., ᴱN., G. bâr [mb-] n. “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
⚠️G. bara [mb-] n. “home, cottage”; see instead:
S. bâr “house, dwelling, home; ⚠️[N.] earth”
S. bardh [mb-] n. “home”
S. bardor [mb-] n. “home land, native land”
⚠️G. barod [mb-] adv. “homewards, home”
⚠️G. barthi [mb-] adv. “at home, home”; see instead:
S. bardh “home”
⚠️G. barwen [mb-] n. “homestead”
N. caew n. “lair, resting-place”
⚠️G. in(d)wed adj. “indoors, at home; homely, domestic(ated)”
⚠️G. inna adv. “in home, to its house/its right place”
⚠️G. inni adv. “home, at home, in right place”
S. milbar n. “dear home, beloved dwelling [place]”
⚠️N. terch n. “lair, hole”; see instead:
S. torech “lair, (secret) hole, excavation”
S. torech n. “lair, (secret) hole, excavation”

7.13 Hut

ᴺS. [G.] tump n. “shed”

7.14 Tent

S. echad n. “camp”
S. ?estola- v. “to encamp, *erect tents”
S. estolad n. “encampment”

7.15 Yard, Court

⚠️G. paga n. “court, paved floor”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pand “courtyard”
ᴺS. [N.] ^pand n. “courtyard”
⚠️N. pann² n. “courtyard”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pand “courtyard”

7.21 Room

S. #sam n. “chamber, [G.] room”
N., G. tham n. “hall”
N. thamas n. “great hall”
⚠️G. thambros n. “hall”; see instead:
N. thamas “great hall”

7.22 Door, Gate

⚠️ᴺS. !and n. “gate, door”; see instead:
S. annon “(great) gate, door”
⚠️ᴱN., G. ann n. “door”; see instead:
S. fen(n) “door; ⚠️[N.] threshold”
S. annon “(great) gate, door”
⚠️G. anna n. “door, opening”; see instead:
S. fen(n) “door; ⚠️[N.] threshold”
S. annon “(great) gate, door”
S., N. annon n. “(great) gate, door”
⚠️ᴱN. ennion n. “porter, doorkeeper”
ᴺS. !fend n. “threshold”
S., N. fen(n) n. “door; ⚠️[N.] threshold”
S. fennas n. “great door, doorway, gateway”
⚠️ᴱN. orann adj. “doorless”
⚠️ᴱN. ordarn adj. “gateless”
⚠️ᴱN., G. tarn n. “gate”; see instead:
S. annon “(great) gate, door”
⚠️G. tarnon n. “porter”

7.24 Key

ᴺS. !ledil n. “key”
⚠️ᴺS. !padol n. “key”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ledil “key”

7.25 Window

⚠️G. galoth n. “window, *(lit.) light hole”; see instead:
S. henneth “window”
S. henneth n. “window”

7.26 Floor

⚠️G. blath n. “floor”; see instead:
N. panas “floor”
N. panas n. “floor”
S., N. talan n. “platform, flat space, flet [Middle English = ‘floor’]”
⚠️G. tôg n. “storey, floor (of a house)”

7.27 Wall

⚠️G. bant n. “wall”; see instead:
S. ram “wall”
ᴺS. [G.] ostor n. “enclosure, circuit of walls, *town wall”
S. ram n. “wall”
S., N. rammas n. “great wall”
⚠️N. rham n. “wall”; see instead:
S. ram “wall”

7.28 Roof

⚠️N. daedelu n. “canopy”; see instead:
S. esgal “cast shadow, shade; screen, hiding; ⚠️veil”
N. orthelian “canopy”
N. orthel- v. “to roof, screen above”
N. orthelian n. “canopy”
N. taus n. “thatch”
⚠️G. teglos n. “awning”
⚠️G. teld n. “roof”; see instead:
N. tobas “roofing, roof”
⚠️G. telm n. “roof; sky”; see instead:
N. #ell “sky”
N. telu “dome, high roof”
N. telu n. “dome, high roof”
N. tobas n. “roofing, roof”

7.29 House (other)

N. adab n. “building, ⚠️house”

7.31 Hearth, Fireplace

⚠️G. bordd n. “fireplace”; see instead:
S. ruist “fireplace, hearth”
⚠️ᴱN. gorth n. “hearth, fireplace”; see instead:
S. ruist “fireplace, hearth”
S. ruist n. “fireplace, hearth”
⚠️G. tangar n. “hearthgrate, fireplace”; see instead:
S. ruist “fireplace, hearth”
⚠️G. urm n. “brazier, grate”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^uru “brazier, grate”
ᴺS. [G.] ^uru n. “brazier, grate”

7.412 Furniture (other)

S. #dim n. “stair”
N. dolt¹ [nd-] n. “round knob, boss”
N. farf n. “?carpet”
N. tharas n. “hassock, footstool”

7.42 Bed

⚠️G. cumli n. “couch”
⚠️G. haus n. “bed”; see instead:
N. haust “bed”
N. haust n. “bed”
ᴺS. [N.] ^nedhu n. “bolster, cushion”
⚠️N. nedhw n. “bolster, cushion”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nedhu “bolster, cushion”
N. pesseg n. “pillow”

7.43 Chair

⚠️S. arahadhw n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat”
ᴺS. [S.] ^archadhu n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”
⚠️G. dorn n. “seat”; see instead:
S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
⚠️G. doros n. “throne”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat”
S. hadhu n. “seat, *chair”
⚠️N. ?hand n. “seat”; see instead:
S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
⚠️N. hanw n. “?chair”; see instead:
S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
⚠️ᴱN. haud n. “seat”; see instead:
S. hadhu “seat, *chair”
⚠️ᴱN. orhod adj. “seatless”
⚠️ᴱN. turhod n. “throne”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^archadhu “throne, (lit.) high seat”

7.44 Table

⚠️G. sard n. “table”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^sardh “table”
ᴺS. [G.] ^sardh n. “table”

7.45 Lamp

S. calar n. “(portable) lamp”
S., N. calardan n. “lampwright”
⚠️G. dant n. “lamp”; see instead:
S. calar “(portable) lamp”

7.46 Candle

ᴺS. !lîg n. “wax”
ᴺS. !lígu n. “candle”
⚠️G. nith n. “wax”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lîg “wax”
S. †nîth “sister”
N. nîth “youth”
⚠️G. nitha n. “a candle”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lígu “candle”
⚠️G. nithla n. “candlestick”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lígu “candle”

8. Agriculture and Vegetation

8.11 Farmer

⚠️G. nandor n. “farmer”; see instead:
ᴺS. !redhor “farmer”
ᴺS. !redhor n. “farmer”

8.12 Field for Cultivation

⚠️G. garw n. and adj. “sown-field; tilled”; see instead:
S. rîdh “sown field, [N.] acre”
⚠️ᴱN. gwas n. “field”; see instead:
S. rîdh “sown field, [N.] acre”
S. haedh n. “fenced enclosure”
S., N. #pêl n. “[N.] fenced field”
S., N. rîdh n. “sown field, [N.] acre”

8.13 Garden, Orchard

S. sant n. “garden, field, yard”
⚠️G. tand n. “enclosure, garden”; see instead:
S. sant “garden, field, yard”

8.15 to Till, Cultivate

ᴺS. [G.] barna- [mb-] v. “to till (land), *cultivate; (orig.) to dwell in (a land)”
ᴺS. [G.] baron [mb-] adj. “tilled, inhabited”
⚠️G. ruin adj. “inhabited, tilled”; see instead:
ᴺS. baron “tilled, inhabited”
S. ruin “red flame; fiery red”
⚠️G. rust n. “inhabitation; cultivation, tillage”

8.22 to Dig, Delve

⚠️G. dol- [nd-] v. “to dig”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sab- “to dig”
ᴺS. !feleitha- v. “to excavate, tunnel, mine”
N. rosta- v. “to hollow out, excavate”
ᴺS. !sab- v. “to dig”
S. #sabar n. “delving”
⚠️G. saptha- v. “to dig, bite into”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sab- “to dig”
⚠️G. tumla- v. “to excavate, hollow out”; see instead:
N. rosta- “to hollow out, excavate”

8.23 Spade

⚠️G. sabli n. “spade, shovel”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^samp “spade, shovel”
ᴺS. [G.] ^samp n. “spade, shovel”

8.29 Blade, Share

⚠️G. caf n. “blade”; see instead:
ᴺS. cim “blade”
ᴺS. [G.] cim n. “blade”
N. hathel n. “broadsword-blade, axe-blade”

8.31 to Sow; Seed

N. eredh n. “seed, germ”
⚠️G. pim n. “bead, any small round thing, seed”; see instead:
N. eredh “seed, germ”
ᴺS. [N.] ^redh- v. “to sow”
⚠️N. #rhedh- v. “to sow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^redh- “to sow”

8.32 to Mow, Reap

N. critha- v. “to reap”
⚠️G. salca- v. “to scythe or mow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^salcha- “to scythe or mow”
ᴺS. [G.] ^salcha- v. “to scythe or mow”

8.33 Scythe, Sickle

N. cerch n. “sickle”

8.41 Crop, Harvest

⚠️G. gaust n. “corn, crop (espec. of cereal)”; see instead:
N. iau¹ “corn, *cereal crop”
ᴺS. ^iaust “crop, *yield, produce; ⚠️corn”
⚠️G. gav- v. “to produce, yield, bear fruit”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^iav- “to produce, yield, bear fruit”
⚠️G. gavon n. “harvest (time)”; see instead:
S. iavas “autumn, *harvest (time)”
⚠️G. gavos n. “yield, crop, produce”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^iaust “crop, *yield, produce; ⚠️corn”
ᴺS. [G.] ^iaust n. “crop, *yield, produce; ⚠️corn”
ᴺS. [G.] ^iav- v. “to produce, yield, bear fruit”

8.42 Grain (generic, British Corn)

N. iau¹ n. “corn, *cereal crop”

8.43 Wheat

ᴺS. [G.] bloss [mb-] n. “wheat”
ᴺS. !nelio n. “buckwheat”

8.45 Rye

ᴺS. [G.] losbas n. “ryebread”
ᴺS. [G.] losc n. “rye”

8.46 Oats

⚠️G. rusg n. “oatcake”
⚠️G. ruthla adj. “oaten”
⚠️G. ruthli n. “oats”

8.51 Grass

⚠️G. flad n. “sward, grass”; see instead:
S. parth “field, enclosed grassland, sward”
S. glae n. “grass”
⚠️ᴱN. halb n. “grass, long mowing grass”; see instead:
N. salab “herb”
⚠️ᴱN. lhesg n. “sedge”; see instead:
S. #lisg “reed, [G.] sedge”
⚠️G. liscaloth adj. “reedy, reed grown”
S., G. #lisg n. “reed, [G.] sedge”
⚠️G. nethli n. “long lush grass, little meadow”; see instead:
S. ness “*headland; [G.] (water) meadow; long grass”
⚠️G. salc n. “green cut grass, ensilage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^salch “green cut grass, ensilage”
ᴺS. [G.] ^salch n. “green cut grass, ensilage”
N. thâr n. “stiff grass”

8.52 Hay

⚠️G. sirp n. “straw”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thirph “straw”
ᴺS. [G.] thâf n. “hay”
⚠️G. thafwen n. “hay, harvest”; see instead:
S. iavas “autumn, *harvest (time)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thirph n. “straw”

8.53 Plant, Herb

⚠️G. caltha n. “plant, herb”; see instead:
N. galas “plant, growth”
N. salab “herb”
⚠️G. côl n. “herb, vegetable, edible plant; wort”
N. galas n. “plant, growth”
⚠️G. lauth n. “a plant, herb”; see instead:
N. galas “plant, growth”
N. salab “herb”
N. salab n. “herb”

8.54 Root

⚠️N. dum n. “root, foundation”; see instead:
S. thond “root, [N.] base; ⚠️root-word”
N. thonnas “root-word; *foundation; ⚠️base, root”
N. solch n. “root (especially as edible)”
⚠️G. tarc n. “root (especially edible roots)”; see instead:
N. solch “root (especially as edible)”
S., N. thond n. “root, [N.] base; ⚠️root-word”
N. thonnas n. “root-word; *foundation; ⚠️base, root”
⚠️G. tricthon n. “(fibrous fine) root”; see instead:
N. solch “root (especially as edible)”

8.55 Branch

⚠️ᴱN. alt n. “bough, branch”; see instead:
N. golf “branch”
⚠️G. clann n. “branch”; see instead:
N. golf “branch”
⚠️G. clath n. “small branch, twig”; see instead:
N. golf “branch”
⚠️G. eilian n. “branch”; see instead:
N. golf “branch”
⚠️G. fripthon n. “stalk”; see instead:
ᴺS. thrimp “stalk”
N. golf n. “branch”
⚠️G. ôl¹ n. “forearm; bough”; see instead:
N. golf “branch”
ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”
⚠️G. olf(in) n. “branch, wand, stick”; see instead:
N. golf “branch”
N. telch n. “stem”
ᴺS. [G.] thrimp n. “stalk”
⚠️G. thripthon n. “stem”; see instead:
N. telch “stem”

8.56 Leaf

S. golas n. “foliage, collection of leaves”
S., G. lass n. “leaf; ⚠️[G.] petal”
⚠️N., ᴱN. lhass n. “leaf”; see instead:
S. lass “leaf; ⚠️[G.] petal”
⚠️G. tethlas n. “petal, *(lit.) bud-leaf”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tuilas “petal, (lit.) bud-leaf”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tuilas n. “petal, (lit.) bud-leaf”

8.565 Thorn

⚠️G. aithog adj. “thorny”; see instead:
ᴺS. eitheb “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; ⚠️sharp”
⚠️G. aithos n. “thorn bush”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^eithos “thorn bush”
⚠️ᴱN., G. aithr² n. “thorn, sword”; see instead:
N. êg “thorn”
ᴺS. ^aith “spear-point, [ᴱN.] spear, ⚠️thorn”
⚠️ᴱN. daneitheb adj. “thornless”
N. ech n. “spine, *spiny quill or bristle”
N. êg n. “thorn”
⚠️G. eg¹ n. “point”; see instead:
S. till “point, spike, (sharp) horn, tine, ending”
N. êg “thorn”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] eitheb adj. “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; ⚠️sharp”
ᴺS. [G.] ^eithos n. “thorn bush”

8.57 Flower

S. elloth n. “single flower”
⚠️N. lhoth n. “flower(s)”; see instead:
S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
⚠️N. lhothod n. “single flower”; see instead:
S. lotheg “single [small] flower, *floret”
⚠️G. lôs n. “flower”; see instead:
S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
S., ᴱN. loth n. “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
S. lotheg n. “single [small] flower, *floret”
⚠️G. lothli n. “floret”; see instead:
S. lotheg “single [small] flower, *floret”
⚠️G. tess(il) n. “little flower; †maiden”

8.571 Bloom

⚠️ᴺS. !edlothia- v. “to flower, blossom”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
⚠️G. glôs n. “flower, best of anything; blooming time, acme, floruit”; see instead:
S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
S. gloss “(dazzling) white, [N.] snow-white, [G.] clear white; ⚠️[N.] snow”
S. goloth n. “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
⚠️N. gwaloth n. “blossom, collection of flowers”; see instead:
S. goloth “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
⚠️G. gwethra- v. “to bloom, flourish”; see instead:
S. theria- “to be vigorous, flourish”
ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
⚠️G. lost n. “blossom, bloom”; see instead:
S. loth “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
ᴺS. [G.] ^losta-¹ v. “to bloom, blossom”
ᴺS. !lostad n. “blooming, florescence”
⚠️G. lûda- v. “to bloom, grow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
S. gala- “to grow”
⚠️G. luis n. “florescence, blooming”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lostad “blooming, florescence”
⚠️G. luitha- v. “to bloom, blossom”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^losta-¹ “to bloom, blossom”
S. lûth n. “blossom, inflorescence [on a single plant]”

8.572 to Sprout, Bud, Blossom

⚠️G. altha n. “shoot, sprig, scion, sapling”; see instead:
ᴺS. tuig “shoot, sapling, ⚠️sprout”
N. tui “sprout, bud”
⚠️G. calw n. “green shoot, sapling, sprout”; see instead:
ᴺS. tuig “shoot, sapling, ⚠️sprout”
N. tui “sprout, bud”
⚠️G. teth n. “bud”; see instead:
N. tui “sprout, bud”
⚠️G. tethla- v. “to bud”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tuilu- “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
N. tui n. “sprout, bud”
N. tuia- v. “to sprout, spring; to swell”
ᴺS. [G.] tuig n. “shoot, sapling, ⚠️sprout”
⚠️ᴺS. !tuila- v. “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tuilu- “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
ᴺS. !tuilu- v. “to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)”
⚠️G. tuitha- v. “to sprout, spring, gush”; see instead:
N. tuia- “to sprout, spring; to swell”

8.575 Lily

ᴺS. [G.] nala n. “(yellow) lily”
⚠️G. ninion n. “water lily”

8.58 Rose

⚠️N. beril n. “rose”; see instead:
S. meril “rose”
S. meril n. “rose”

8.599 Flower (other)

S. eirien n. “daisy”
S., N. elanor n. “pimpernel, small golden star-shaped flower, (lit.) sun-star”
⚠️G. glonthen n. “dandelion, (lit.) eye of the day”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^orchen “dandelion, (lit.) day-eye”
ᴺS. !glorchadhu n. “lotus, (lit.) golden seat”
⚠️G. glo(r)nethlin n. “meadowgold, buttercup”; see instead:
ᴺS. malthos “butter cup”
⚠️G. hetheglon n. “daisy”; see instead:
S. eirien “daisy”
⚠️N. hmâl n. “pollen, yellow powder”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mâl “pollen, yellow powder”
⚠️G. hum(i)los n. “(red) poppy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lurloth “poppy, (lit.) flower of sleep”
S. lissuin n. “a fragrant flower”
ᴺS. !lurloth n. “poppy, (lit.) flower of sleep”
ᴺS. [N.] ^mâl n. “pollen, yellow powder”
S. mallos n. “golden flower”
⚠️G. maloglin n. “yellow song, daffodil”; see instead:
ᴺS. !melillin “daffodil, (orig.) yellow song”
ᴺS. [G.] malthos n. “butter cup”
ᴺS. !melillin n. “daffodil, (orig.) yellow song”
⚠️G. nalairin n. “iris”; see instead:
S. ninglor “golden water-flower, *yellow iris”
ᴺS. !nelluin n. “bluebell”
ᴺS. !nennibis n. “waterlily, (lit.) water snowflake”
⚠️G. ninconin n. “snowdrop”; see instead:
S. niphredil “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
S. ninglor n. “golden water-flower, *yellow iris”
⚠️N. nínim n. “snowdrop”; see instead:
S. niphredil “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
S., N. niphredil n. “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
ᴺS. [G.] ^orchen n. “dandelion, (lit.) day-eye”
⚠️N. palath² n. “iris”; see instead:
S. ninglor “golden water-flower, *yellow iris”
S. pirin n. “flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light”
S. uilos n. “white flower like a star”

8.60 Tree (generic)

⚠️G. †alwen n. “tree”; see instead:
S. galadh “tree”
S., N. galadh n. “tree”
S. galadhremmen adj. “tree-meshed”
⚠️G. galdon n. “tree”; see instead:
S. galadh “tree”
S., N., ᴱN., G. orn n. “(tall straight) tree”

8.61 Oak

⚠️G. dorn(a) [nd-] n. “(holm) oak, ilex”; see instead:
N. doron “oak”
N. doron n. “oak”
⚠️ᴱN. gorw n. “oak”
⚠️G. grôn adj. “oak, oaktree”
⚠️G. grondrui n. “oakwood”
⚠️G. gronduru n. “oakwood (mat)”
⚠️G. grontholas adj. “oakleaved”
⚠️G. gronthorn n. “oaktree”
⚠️G. gronthos n. “oaktree”
⚠️S. nordh n. “oak”; see instead:
N. doron “oak”

8.62 Beech

⚠️ᴱN. deilian n. “beech-tree”; see instead:
S. neldor “beech”
⚠️G. deldrinwed [nd-] adj. “beechen”
⚠️G. deldrogod [nd-] n. “beech nut”
⚠️G. deldron [nd-] n. “beech (tree)”; see instead:
S. neldor “beech”
⚠️G. deldron grondolas [nd-] n. “oakleaved beech”
N. †fêr n. “beech-tree”
⚠️G. gronthos deldrinwed n. “oakleaved beech”
S. neldor n. “beech”

8.63 Birch

S., N. brethil¹ n. “silver-birch; ⚠️[N.] beech”
⚠️G. cwileg n. “alder”
S. hwinn n. “birch”

8.635 Elm

S. alaf n. “elm”
⚠️N. lalf n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”
⚠️G. lalm n. “elm, elm-wood”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”
⚠️G. lalmir n. “elm tree”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^lalorn n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”
⚠️N. lalven n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”
⚠️N. lhalorn n. “elm-tree”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”
⚠️ᴱN. ólin n. “elm”; see instead:
S. alaf “elm”

8.64 Pine

⚠️ᴱN., G. aigos n. “pine-tree”; see instead:
S. thôn “pine-tree”
ᴺS. [G.] finios n. “larch”
⚠️N. thaun n. “pine-tree”; see instead:
S. thôn “pine-tree”
S. thôn n. “pine-tree”

8.65 Fir

ᴺS. !ecthelorn n. “spruce, fir-tree”

8.655 Tree (other)

⚠️G. blantos n. “sycamore”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
⚠️G. codorn n. “*nut tree”
ᴺS. !collorn n. “laburnum, *(lit.) orange-tree”
⚠️G. cwithwiros n. “poplar”; see instead:
N. tulus “poplar-tree”
S. faran n. “rowan, *ash”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gwendod n. “elder tree; elderberry, *(lit.) maiden berry”
⚠️G. gwindod n. “elder tree; elderberry”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwendod “elder tree; elderberry, *(lit.) maiden berry”
S. huorn n. “?spirit tree”
⚠️N. lebethras n. “Gondorian tree”; see instead:
S. lebethron “Gondorian hardwood, *(lit.) finger tree”
S. lebethron n. “Gondorian hardwood, *(lit.) finger tree”
⚠️ᴱN. loloth n. “poplar-tree”; see instead:
N. tulus “poplar-tree”
⚠️G. mabinos n. “plane tree”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
⚠️G. mabinos gwilbriniol n. “sycamore”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mablanthos n. “sycamore”
S., N. mallorn n. “gold tree, yellow tree”
⚠️G. mavlantos n. “sycamore”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mablanthos “sycamore”
ᴺS. [G.] omlos n. “chestnut tree, *chestnut”
⚠️G. ormagodron n. “a (Spanish) chestnut tree”
⚠️G. padhwen n. “bark”; see instead:
S. #rîf “bark”
S. #rîf n. “bark”
⚠️G. soros n. “ash-tree”; see instead:
S. faran “rowan, *ash”
S. tathar n. “willow (tree)”
⚠️N. tathor n. “willow-tree”; see instead:
S. tathar “willow (tree)”
S., N. tathren adj. “of willow(s)”
⚠️ᴱN., G. tathrin n. “willow”; see instead:
S. tathar “willow (tree)”
S. tathren “of willow(s)”
N. tulus n. “poplar-tree”

8.66 Acorn

N. breth n. “mast, *fallen nuts or acorns”
⚠️G. delmos n. “beech nuts, mast [= fruit of beech, oak, chestnut]”; see instead:
N. breth “mast, *fallen nuts or acorns”
⚠️G. govin(d)riol adj. “long-acorned”
⚠️G. gronoch n. “acorn”
ᴺS. [G.] ^noch n. “acorn”
⚠️G. nocha n. “acorn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^noch “acorn”
⚠️G. nochinra adj. “long-acorned”

8.67 Vine

ᴺS. [G.] ^edol n. “ivy”
⚠️G. ethl(in) n. “ivy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^edol “ivy”
⚠️G. -liont suf. “*tendril”

8.68 Tobacco

⚠️G. fugla- v. “to smoke (a pipe)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !uitha- “to smoke (trans.)”
⚠️G. fuglas n. “tobacco, *(lit.) smoke leaf”; see instead:
S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
⚠️G. fuglathrod n. “pipe”; see instead:
ᴺS. !galenathrod “(smoking) pipe”
⚠️N. fuilas n. “pipeweed”; see instead:
S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
S., N. galenas n. “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
ᴺS. !galenathrod n. “(smoking) pipe”
⚠️N. marlas n. “pipeweed”; see instead:
S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
⚠️N. romloth n. “pipeweed”; see instead:
S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”

8.99 Vegetation (other)

⚠️N. chwann n. “sponge, fungus”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwand “sponge, fungus”
⚠️G. clum(mi) n. “mushroom”; see instead:
ᴺS. !telum “mushroom”
⚠️G. criscolas n. “holly, (lit.) *sharp-leaf”; see instead:
S. ereg “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
S., N. ereg n. “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
N. eregdos n. “holly, holly-tree”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fileb n. “fern”
⚠️G. fileg n. “fern”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fileb “fern”
N. fileg “small bird, [G.] *sparrow”
ᴺS. [N.] ^gaeruil n. “seaweed”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hwand n. “sponge, fungus”
ᴺS. !loew n. “moss”
⚠️N. oeruil n. “seaweed”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaeruil “seaweed”
⚠️N. *Ogod n. “Ent”; see instead:
S. Onod “Ent”
S. Onod n. “Ent”
⚠️G. pibinaith(ros) n. “hawthorn”
⚠️G. sempios n. “holly, (lit.) *red-berry”; see instead:
S. ereg “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
S. seregon n. “stonecrop, plant with red flowers, (lit.) blood of stone”
ᴺS. [G.] tadhos n. “hawthorn”
ᴺS. !telum n. “mushroom”
N. toss n. “bush, low-growing tree”
⚠️G. tuthlos n. “a teazle”
N. uil n. “seaweed”

9. Physical Acts and Materials

9.11 to Do, Make

S., N., ᴱN. car- v. “to do, make”
⚠️ᴱN. cara- v. “to make, do, perform, act (trans. and absolute)”; see instead:
S. car- “to do, make”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] -garn suf. “-made”
⚠️ᴱN. tha- v. “to make, cause to be”; see instead:
S. tho- “*will be”

9.112 Doer, Agent

ᴺS. !caron n. “actor, agent, doer, maker”
N. ceredir n. “doer, maker, *crafter (m.)”
N. #-dis suf. “feminine agent”
⚠️G. #-(n)ir suf. “(feminine) agent”; see instead:
N. #-dis “feminine agent”
S., N., G. #-or suf. “agental suffix”
N., G. -(r)il suf. “feminine agent”
S., N., G. #-(r)on suf. “agental suffix”

9.114 Action

S. athragared n. “interaction”
⚠️G. cara n. “deed, act”; see instead:
S. #carth “deed”
⚠️ᴱN. carbh n. “deed”; see instead:
S. #carth “deed”
S. #cared n. “action, *doing, making”
⚠️G. cariod(wen) n. “activity”; see instead:
ᴺS. !carthas “activity”
⚠️G. carm n. “deed, act, exploit”; see instead:
S. #carth “deed”
⚠️S. #carn n. “deed”; see instead:
S. #carth “deed”
S., N. #carth n. “deed”
ᴺS. !carthas n. “activity”
S. carweg adj. “active; busy”
ᴺS. !caur n. “action, doing, making; verb”
S. úgarol adj. “idling, not now doing or making”

9.12 Work, Labor

ᴺS. [G.] drab n. “labour, toil, irksome work”
ᴺS. [G.] ^drabol adj. “labouring”
⚠️G. drabri adj. “labouring”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^drabol “labouring”
⚠️ᴱN. o(r)dhraust adj. “without work, workless”
N. tass n. “labour, task”

9.13 to Work, Toil

ᴺS. [G.] drab- v. “to labour, work; (impersonal) to irk, annoy”
N. muda- v. “to labour, toil, *work”
⚠️G. urtha- v. “to work, wreak, fashion, make, devise”

9.14 to Bend

⚠️G. cam(m)a- v. “to stoop, bend, bow, cower; to submit”; see instead:
ᴺS. !logra- “to stoop, bow, cower; to submit”
⚠️G. caug² adj. “humped, bulging; bent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tomp “humped, bulging”
N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
⚠️G. cav- v. “to bend, make stoop”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. cavra- v. “to stoop, cower”; see instead:
ᴺS. !logra- “to stoop, bow, cower; to submit”
ᴺS. !cov- v. “to bow”
⚠️ᴱN. crib- v. “to bend”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. crictha- v. “to bend”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️ᴱN. crimtha- v. “to bend (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. crinc adj. and n. “bent and thin; crescent”; see instead:
N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
S. cû “bow; [N.] arch, crescent; ⚠️[G.] waxing or waning moon”
N., G. cûn adj. “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
⚠️G. cuptha- v. “to bend (tr).”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. gwed- v. “to wind, turn, bend (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. gwedhweg adj. “meandering, twisting, winding; intricate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !logweg “meandering, twisting, winding; intricate; (lit.) apt to bend”
⚠️G. gwedhwin n. “bend, loop”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûg “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
⚠️G. gwedhwion adj. “bending, looping”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^logren “curled, curly, *bending, looping”
⚠️G. loctha n. “twist, tendril, spiral, coil”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loeth “twist, tendril, spiral, coil”
⚠️G. loctha- v. “to curl (tr.), bend, wind, twine, tie knot, tangle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
ᴺS. [G.] ^loeth n. “twist, tendril, spiral, coil”
ᴺS. [G.] ^loetha- v. “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. log- v. “to curl (intr.), bend (intr.), wind (twine round anything), twine”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
ᴺS. !logra- v. “to stoop, bow, cower; to submit”
ᴺS. [G.] ^logren adj. “curled, curly, *bending, looping”
⚠️G. logrin adj. “curled, curly”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^logren “curled, curly, *bending, looping”
ᴺS. !logweg adj. “meandering, twisting, winding; intricate; (lit.) apt to bend”
ᴺS. [G.] lonc n. “curl”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lûg n. “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
⚠️G. lûgi n. “a wind, a twist; guile, deceit”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûg “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
⚠️G. naud adj. “bowed, bent; ashamed, abashed, bashful”; see instead:
N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
⚠️G. nud- v. “to incline head, bend face down”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nunna- “to incline head, bend face down, *nod; to assent, *agree”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nunna- v. “to incline head, bend face down, *nod; to assent, *agree”

9.16 to Bind

⚠️G. botheb- v. “to untie, undo, unloose”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dannod- “to untie, undo, unloose”
ᴺS. !dannod- v. “to untie, undo, unloose”
N. #gwedh- v. “to bind”
⚠️G. heb- v. “to bind, bind round”; see instead:
N. #gwedh- “to bind”
S. #heb- “to keep”
N. naud adj. “bound”
N. nod-² v. “to tie”
N. taetha- v. “to fasten, tie”
⚠️G. ther- v. “to tie”; see instead:
N. nod-² “to tie”
ᴺS. !ther- “to sew”

9.17 Bond

⚠️ᴱN. gaduin n. “bond, obstacle, hindrance”
N. gwedh n. “bond”
ᴺS. [G.] hemp n. “band, bond; ⚠️cord”
N. nûd n. “bond”

9.18 Chain

⚠️ᴱN. angath n. “fetters”; see instead:
N. angwedh “chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond”
N. angwedh n. “chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond”
S. nadha n. “fetter”

9.19 Rope, Cord

S. hithlain n. “mist thread, grey elvish rope”
⚠️N. hniof n. “noose, snare”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nŷw “noose, snare”
⚠️G. laim n. “thong, rope”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lath “thong (of leather)”
S. #raph “rope, strap”
⚠️G. lind n. “twine”; see instead:
S. lind¹ “song, chant, singing, ⚠️[N.] air, tune; [N. and S.] singer”
N. nordh adj. “cord”
ᴺS. [N.] ^nŷw n. “noose, snare”
S. #raph n. “rope, strap”

9.192 Knot

N. nardh n. “knot”
N. norn adj. “twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted”
⚠️G. thred n. “knot”; see instead:
N. nardh “knot”

9.21 to Hit, Strike, Beat

N. batha- v. “to trample”
N., ᴱN. dram n. “heavy stroke, heavy blow”
N. dringa- v. “to beat”
ᴺS. !lach- v. “to kick”
⚠️G. palta- v. “to beat”; see instead:
N. dringa- “to beat”
N. tamma- v. “to knock”
⚠️G. throsta- v. “to beat, splash”; see instead:
ᴺS. !felechia- “to splash”
N. dringa- “to beat”
⚠️G. throth n. “beat (of oars, wings, etc.)”

9.22 to Cut

S., N., G. criss n. “cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; ⚠️[N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine”
ᴺS. [G.] crista- v. “to slash, cut, slice”
⚠️G. fag- v. “to cut”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rista- “to cut; to rend, rip”
⚠️G. fagin adj. “cut”
⚠️G. fanc n. “cut”; see instead:
S. #rest “[N.] cut”
⚠️G. flinc n. “chip”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^techu “chip”
N. #osgar- v. “to cut round, amputate”
S. #rest n. “[N.] cut”
⚠️N. rhest n. “cut”; see instead:
S. #rest “[N.] cut”
⚠️N. rhista- v. “to cut”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rista- “to cut; to rend, rip”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rista- v. “to cut; to rend, rip”
ᴺS. [S.] ^techu n. “chip”
⚠️S. tewch n. “(?chip)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^techu “chip”

9.23 Knife (tool)

ᴺS. !cerf n. “knife”
⚠️G. crî n. “knife”; see instead:
N. sigil “dagger, knife”
N. sigil n. “dagger, knife”

9.25 Ax

⚠️ᴱN. dail n. “axe (blade)”; see instead:
S. hathol “axe”
N. hathel “broadsword-blade, axe-blade”
S. dail “beautiful, fine, delicate, lovely”
⚠️ᴱN. hant n. “a blow with an axe”; see instead:
N. hast “axe-stroke”
N. hast n. “axe-stroke”
S. hathol n. “axe”
⚠️ᴱN., G. peleg n. “axe”; see instead:
S. hathol “axe”

9.26 to Break

ᴺS. !estelia- v. “to hope for, trust in”
⚠️ᴱN. orthanc adj. “unbroken, without break or cleavage, united, continuous; masked”
⚠️G. ractha- v. “to shatter”; see instead:
ᴺS. rag- “to break (asunder), burst”
⚠️G. ractha n. “breach”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeth² “breach, *burst”
ᴺS. [G.] ^raeth² n. “breach, *burst”
ᴺS. [G.] rag- v. “to break (asunder), burst”
ᴺS. !ragui adj. “fragile, breakable”
⚠️G. ranc n. “burst, breach”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeth² “breach, *burst”
ᴺS. ^ranc “arm”

9.27 to Split

⚠️ᴱN. daila- v. “to cleave”; see instead:
N. hasta- “to hack through, *cleave”
⚠️G. †hanna- v. “to mow, cleave”; see instead:
N. hasta- “to hack through, *cleave”
ᴺS. ^salcha- “to scythe or mow”
N. hasta- v. “to hack through, *cleave”
ᴺS. !ress² adj. “cleft, cloven, separate”
S. riss n. “cleft, [N.] ravine; ⚠️cleft, cloven, separate”
ᴺS. !thaetha- v. “to split”
S., N., ᴱN. #thanc adj. and n. “forked, [N.] cleft, split, [ᴱN.] divided, cloven, bifurcated; [ᴱN.] cleft, break, breach”

9.28 to Tear

N. narcha- v. “to rend”
ᴺS. [G.] rov- v. “to tear”

9.29 to Flay, Skin

⚠️G. daf- v. “to strip, flay, peel skin”; see instead:
N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
⚠️G. dauth(r)a- v. “to strip, flay”; see instead:
N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
⚠️ᴱN. gwath- v. “to strip”; see instead:
N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
N. heltha- v. “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
⚠️G. pasta- v. “to skin, peel, flay”; see instead:
N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”

9.31 to Rub

ᴺS. [G.] gratha- v. “to rub, scratch, fray”
ᴺS. !run- v. “to rub, grind”

9.32 to Stretch

ᴺS. !lad- v. “to stretch, extend (in length)”
⚠️G. lenu- v. “to stretch, extend in length, trail; ?to approach”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lad- “to stretch, extend (in length)”
N. pelia- v. “to spread”

9.33 to Draw, Pull

⚠️G. cilt n. “jerk”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rinc “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
⚠️G. ciltha- v. “to tug, jerk (out)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ritha- “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
ᴺS. !etholtha- v. “to extract, make come out”
⚠️G. hal(a)- v. “to drag, draw, pull”; see instead:
ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
ᴺS. !thag- “to draw, pull”
⚠️G. halcha- v. “to drag on ground (roughly)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
⚠️G. halm n. “draught, draft, drawing (of fishes etc.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
ᴺS. !log- v. “to haul, drag”
⚠️N. rhinc n. “twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rinc “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
⚠️N. rhitha- v. “to jerk, twitch, snatch”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ritha- “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rinc n. “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
ᴺS. !ritha- v. “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
ᴺS. !thag- v. “to draw, pull”
ᴺS. !thagel adj. “pulling, luring”

9.342 to Press

ᴺS. [G.] gweltha- v. “to squeeze, press”

9.35 to Pour

⚠️G. gulta- v. “to pour out (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ol-¹ “to pour”
ᴺS. !ol-¹ v. “to pour”
⚠️G. ultha- v. “to pour out (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ol-¹ “to pour”

9.36 to Wash

⚠️G. fas- v. “to wash”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puida- “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
ᴺS. ^sov- “to wash clean, bathe”
⚠️G. fast¹ n. “wash, cleaning”; see instead:
ᴺS. !puidh “wash, cleaning”
N. fast “shaggy hair”
⚠️G. fôs n. “bath”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sûn “bath”
⚠️ᴱN. lhuv- v. “to wash”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puida- “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
ᴺS. ^sov- “to wash clean, bathe”
ᴺS. !puidh n. “wash, cleaning”
⚠️G. sô- v. “to wash clean, bathe”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^sov- “to wash clean, bathe”
⚠️G. soth n. “bath”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sûn “bath”
ᴺS. [G.] ^sov- v. “to wash clean, bathe”
ᴺS. !sûn n. “bath”

9.37 to Sweep

⚠️G. fwegra- v. “to sweep”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hwegra- “to sweep”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hwegra- v. “to sweep”

9.38 Broom

⚠️G. fweg n. “broom”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hweg “broom”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hweg n. “broom”

9.41 Craft, Trade

⚠️G. aurin adj. “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tavnen “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned”
S., N., ᴱN., G. curu n. “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
⚠️G. fimli n. “skill”; see instead:
S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
⚠️G. fimlios n. “skilfulness”
⚠️G. mabol adj. “skilful”; see instead:
S. maed² “handy, skillful, [N.] skilled”
S. maed² adj. “handy, skillful, [N.] skilled”
N. maen adj. “skilled, clever”
N. maenas n. “craft, handicraft, art”
⚠️N. moed adj. “handy, skilled”; see instead:
S. maed² “handy, skillful, [N.] skilled”
S. rovaed adj. “[most] skillful”
⚠️G. sôn² n. “craft, skill”; see instead:
S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
S. tavn n. “thing made by handicraft”
ᴺS. !tavnen adj. “made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned”

9.412 Art

S. maeron n. “artist”

9.413 Horn, Trumpet

⚠️ᴱN. hont n. “trumpet, trumpeting noise”; see instead:
S. rom “horn, trumpet”
⚠️G. ligin n. “curved horn, trump”; see instead:
S. rom “horn, trumpet”
⚠️G. ligindon n. “blare of trumps”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^romru “sound of horns”
⚠️N. rhom n. “horn, trumpet”; see instead:
S. rom “horn, trumpet”
⚠️N. rhomru n. “sound of horns”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^romru “sound of horns”
⚠️N. †rhû n. “loud sound, trumpet-sound”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^†rû “loud sound, trumpet-sound”
S. rom n. “horn, trumpet”
ᴺS. [N.] ^romru n. “sound of horns”
ᴺS. [N.] ^†rû n. “loud sound, trumpet-sound”

9.42 Artisan, Craftsman

ᴺS. !ceredis n. “crafter (f.)”
⚠️G. finweg n. “craftsman, man of skill”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maenor “craftsman”
ᴺS. !maenor n. “craftsman”
S., N. #tân n. “builder, smith, wright, artificer”

9.422 Tool

ᴺS. !carf n. “tool, implement, weapon”
⚠️G. gaig n. “weapon, tool”; see instead:
ᴺS. !carf “tool, implement, weapon”
N. gaud n. “device, contrivance, machine”

9.423 to Use

N. iuith n. “use”
N. iuitha- v. “to employ”
S. maetha- v. “to handle, wield, use, manage, treat, deal with”
N. tortha- v. “to wield, control”

9.43 Carpenter

N. thavron n. “carpenter, wright, builder”

9.44 to Build

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^adaba- v. “to build, erect, establish”
⚠️ᴱN. adag- v. “to build, erect, establish”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^adaba- “to build, erect, establish”
⚠️G. bada- v. “to build”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^adaba- “to build, erect, establish”
⚠️ᴱN. edebion n. “builder”; see instead:
N. thavron “carpenter, wright, builder”
⚠️ᴱN. edengion n. “builder”; see instead:
N. thavron “carpenter, wright, builder”
ᴺS. [G.] tag- v. “to fix, make firm, *fasten, ⚠️construct”

9.45 to Hew

N. drava- v. “to hew”
⚠️G. flig- v. “to hew”; see instead:
N. drava- “to hew”
⚠️G. pelectha- v. “to hew”; see instead:
N. drava- “to hew”

9.455 to Poke, Prick, Stab

⚠️G. aitha- v. “to prick, sting”; see instead:
S. eitha-¹ “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
S. eitha-¹ v. “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
⚠️ᴱN. eithra- v. “to prick, stab”; see instead:
S. eitha-¹ “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
⚠️G. elta- v. “to draw, tug, lug; to thrust, dig, poke (inward)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !log- “to haul, drag”
N. nasta- “to prick, point, stick, thrust”
N. erch n. “prickle”
N. ercha- v. “to prick”
⚠️G. ilta- v. “to stick in, prod, prick”; see instead:
N. nasta- “to prick, point, stick, thrust”
ᴺS. [G.] irtha- v. “to peck”
N. nasta- v. “to prick, point, stick, thrust”
⚠️G. piectha- v. “to pin, prick”
⚠️G. tigla- v. “to prick”

9.48 Saw

ᴺS. [G.] thar- v. “to saw (up)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tharf n. “saw”
⚠️G. tharm n. “saw”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tharf “saw”

9.49 Hammer

N. dam [nd-] n. “hammer”
N. damma- [nd-] v. “to hammer”
S., N. #dring n. “hammer, *beater”
⚠️G. odrum n. “hammer”; see instead:
S. #dring “hammer, *beater”

9.50 Nail, Peg

N. taes n. “nail”
N. taew n. “holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple”

9.51 Beam

ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. bang n. “staff”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gonnoth n. “pillar, stele, memorial”
⚠️G. gontha¹ n. “pillar, stele, memorial”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gonnoth “pillar, stele, memorial”
⚠️ᴱN. orvang adj. “staffless”
S. #tagol n. “post, mark”
⚠️ᴱN. taichr n. “prop, support”; see instead:
N. tulu “support, prop”
⚠️G. talp¹ n. “prop, support”; see instead:
N. tulu “support, prop”
⚠️G. talpon n. “a slender pillar”
⚠️G. taul n. “pillar”
⚠️N. thafn n. “post, wooden pillar”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thavn “post, wooden pillar”
ᴺS. [N.] ^thavn n. “post, wooden pillar”
N. tulu n. “support, prop”

9.52 Board

N. pân n. “plank, fixed board (especially in a floor)”
⚠️G. thrad n. “a plank, board, shelf”; see instead:
N. pân “plank, fixed board (especially in a floor)”

9.54 Brick

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^tehar n. “brick”
⚠️ᴱN. teiar n. “brick”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tehar “brick”
ᴺS. ^tehar “brick”

9.60 Smith

⚠️ᴱN. taglon n. “smith”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tagron “smith”
⚠️G. †tagor n. “smith”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tagron “smith”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^tagron n. “smith”
⚠️G. tagros n. “smith”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tagron “smith”
⚠️G. ûr n. “smith”; see instead:
S. #tân “builder, smith, wright, artificer”
S. *ûr “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”

9.61 to Forge

ᴺS. !maga- v. “to forge metal”

9.635 Metal

S. galvorn n. “type of dark metal devised by Eöl, *(lit.) shining-black”
ᴺS. [G.] ger n. “ore, [unrefined] metal”
⚠️G. gerin adj. “metallic”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tingen “metallic”
⚠️G. giltha n. “white metal”; see instead:
S. celeb “silver”
S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
ᴺS. !loph n. “nugget, (small) chunk, clump, tidbit”
ᴺS. !minol n. “ingot”
⚠️S. #raud² n. “metal”; see instead:
N. tinc “metal”
⚠️N. rhaud n. “metal”; see instead:
N. tinc “metal”
⚠️N. †rhoss² n. “polished metal”; see instead:
S. ross² “red-haired, copper-coloured”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^†ross n. “polished metal”; see instead:
S. ross² “red-haired, copper-coloured”
N. tinc n. “metal”
ᴺS. !tingen adj. “metallic”

9.64 Gold

⚠️N. côl n. “gold (metal)”; see instead:
S. malt “gold (as metal)”
⚠️G. †culu n. “gold”; see instead:
S. malt “gold (as metal)”
⚠️G. culwin adj. “golden”; see instead:
S. #glóriel “golden”
S. mallen “golden, ⚠️[N.] of gold”
S., N. glaur n. and adj. “gold [light or colour]”
S., N. glawar n. “gold (light or colour); [N.] sunlight, radiance (of Laurelin)”
⚠️ᴱN., G. glór n. “gold”; see instead:
S. glaur “gold [light or colour]”
S., N. #glóriel adj. “golden”
S., G. #glórin adj. “golden, ⚠️[G.] of gold”
⚠️G. glôriol adj. “golden, like gold”; see instead:
S. #glóriel “golden”
S., N. mallen adj. “golden, ⚠️[N.] of gold”
S., N. malt n. “gold (as metal)”
N. malthen adj. “of gold [metal]”

9.65 Silver

⚠️ᴱN. celaith adj. “of silver”; see instead:
N. celevon “*of silver”
S., N., ᴱN., G. celeb n. “silver”
⚠️N., ᴱN. celebren adj. “of silver, like silver”; see instead:
S. celebrin “like silver (in hue or worth), ⚠️[G.] of silver”
S., G. celebrin adj. “like silver (in hue or worth), ⚠️[G.] of silver”
⚠️G. celebriol adj. “like silver”; see instead:
S. celebrin “like silver (in hue or worth), ⚠️[G.] of silver”
⚠️G. celeptha adj. “silvern”; see instead:
N. celevon “*of silver”
N. celevon adj. “*of silver”
⚠️N. erceleb n. “*true-silver”; see instead:
S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
⚠️N. ithil n. “Moria-silver, true-silver”; see instead:
S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
S., N. mithril n. “Moria-silver, true-silver”
⚠️N. thilevril n. “*true-silver”; see instead:
S. mithril “Moria-silver, true-silver”
⚠️ᴱN. tlub n. “silver”; see instead:
S. celeb “silver”
⚠️ᴱN. urgeleb adj. “without silver”

9.66 Copper, Bronze

S. rust n. “copper”
S. rustui adj. “copper, *of copper, like copper”
⚠️G. tam n. “copper”; see instead:
S. rust “copper”
⚠️G. tambin adj. “of copper”; see instead:
S. rustui “copper, *of copper, like copper”
⚠️G. tambrin adj. “like copper”; see instead:
S. rustui “copper, *of copper, like copper”
⚠️ᴺS. !urun n. “copper”; see instead:
S. rust “copper”

9.67 Iron

S., N., ᴱN., G. ang n. “iron”
⚠️ᴱN. angeb adj. “like iron”
S., N., ᴱN. angren adj. “of iron”
⚠️G. angrin adj. “of iron, iron”; see instead:
S. angren “of iron”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gaes n. “steel”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gaesen adj. “of steel”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gaethren adj. “like steel”
⚠️G. gais n. “steel”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaes “steel”
⚠️G. gaisin adj. “of steel”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaesen “of steel”
⚠️G. gaithrin adj. “like steel”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaethren “like steel”
ᴺS. !thornang n. “steel, (lit.) hard-iron”

9.69 Tin, Tin-Plate

ᴺS. [G.] ladog n. “tin [metal]”
⚠️ᴺS. !thint n. “tin (metal)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ladog “tin [metal]”

9.71 Potter

⚠️G. arin(g) n. “kiln”
N. cennan n. “potter”
N. cevnas n. “earthenware”
⚠️N. cevnor n. “potter”

9.74 Glass

S. [Ilk.] ?bril n. “glass, crystal”
⚠️ᴱN. brin n. “dwarf-glass”
⚠️G. brin(in) n. “glassy substance”
⚠️G. celc n. “glass, a glass”; see instead:
S. heledh “glass”
⚠️ᴱN. celch n. “glass”; see instead:
S. heledh “glass”
⚠️G. celchin adj. “of glass”; see instead:
ᴺS. !heledhren “glassy, like glass, of glass”
⚠️G. celchwed adj. “glassy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !heledhren “glassy, like glass, of glass”
⚠️G. †celeg n. “glass”; see instead:
S. heledh “glass”
⚠️G. celegrin adj. “glassy, like glass”; see instead:
ᴺS. !heledhren “glassy, like glass, of glass”
S. glathralvas n. “flashing glass/crystal, *heliograph”
⚠️G. glint n. “crystal”; see instead:
S. silef “(white) crystal; ⚠️[N.] silver, shining white”
⚠️N. hele n. “glass”; see instead:
S. heledh “glass”
S. heledh n. “glass”
ᴺS. !heledhren adj. “glassy, like glass, of glass”
S., N. silef n. and adj. “(white) crystal; ⚠️[N.] silver, shining white”
S. silivren adj. “(white) glittering, crystalline”
⚠️G. sincli n. “crystal”; see instead:
S. silef “(white) crystal; ⚠️[N.] silver, shining white”

9.76 Basket

⚠️G. colc n. “chest, box”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^colch “box, chest”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^colch n. “box, chest”
⚠️ᴱN. cón n. “box”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^colch “box, chest”
ᴺS. !pôg n. “bag”

9.81 to Carve

⚠️G. cautha-² v. “to shave”; see instead:
ᴺS. thas- “to shave”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rhib- v. “to scratch”
ᴺS. [G.] rimp n. “shred, slice, sliver”
ᴺS. [G.] thas- v. “to shave”
⚠️G. thasc adj. “shaven”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thasg “shaven”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thasg adj. “shaven”
ᴺS. [G.] thasgim n. “razor, (lit.) shave-blade”
ᴺS. [G.] thast n. “shaving(s)”
⚠️G. thastril n. “razor”; see instead:
ᴺS. thasgim “razor, (lit.) shave-blade”
⚠️G. thathri n. “shavings, sawdust”
⚠️N. thrib- v. “to scratch”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rhib- “to scratch”

9.87 Painting, Picture

ᴺS. !em n. “picture, image”
ᴺS. !emmas v. “painting, drawing”
ᴺS. !mínem n. “movie, motion picture”

9.88 Paint

ᴺS. !emma- v. “to paint, draw (something)”

9.90 Thing

⚠️G. cith n. “affair, matter, thing”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^sith “affair, matter”
N., ᴱN., G. nad n. “thing”
⚠️G. nath n. “thing, affair, matter”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^sith “affair, matter”
N. nath “web”
S. rhû² n. “matter”
ᴺS. [G.] ^sith n. “affair, matter”

9.91 Be

⚠️S. dha v. “there is”
S., G. #na- v. “to be”
ᴺS. [G.] nast n. “being (used for both a creature and the state of existence)”
ᴺS. !nî- v. “was”
S. tho- v. “*will be”

9.92 Become

⚠️ᴺS. !ol-² v. “to become”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ola- “to become”
ᴺS. !ola- v. “to become”

9.93 Need, Necessity

N. baur [mb-] n. “need”
ᴺS. !baura- [mb-] v. “to need, require”

9.94 Ought, Must

ᴺS. [N.] ^boe [mb-] v. “must (impersonal), (lit.) *[it] needs”
⚠️N. bui [mb-] v. “must (impersonal), (lit.) *[it] needs”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^boe “must (impersonal), (lit.) *[it] needs”

9.943 Fitting, Suitable

ᴺS. !camma- v. “to make fit, suit, accommodate, adapt”
ᴺS. !cammui adj. “suitable, fitting, convenient”
⚠️G. tauga adj. “suitable, fitting, convenient”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cammui “suitable, fitting, convenient”

9.95 Can, May

⚠️G. og- v. “to be able, can”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pol- “can, to be (physically) able to”
⚠️G. ogor n. “might, power, ability”; see instead:
ᴺS. polodh “power, might, authority”
S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft, magic; [N.] cunning”
⚠️G. ogra prep. “able to”
⚠️G. ogriol adj. “possible”
ᴺS. !pol- v. “can, to be (physically) able to”
ᴺS. !poltha- v. “to (physically) enable”
⚠️G. tur- v. “can, to have power to”

9.96 Easy

S. ath- pref. “easy, easily”
S. athgar adj. “easy (easy to do)”
S. athgen adj. “easily seen”
⚠️S. rhae adj. “easy”; see instead:
S. athgar “easy (easy to do)”
S. rhanc “awkward, hard”
ᴺS. [G.] ^trog adj. “easy to handle; convenient, tractable, docile”
⚠️G. trug adj. “easy to handle; convenient, tractable, docile”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^trog “easy to handle; convenient, tractable, docile”

9.97 Difficult

⚠️G. arc adj. “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult”; see instead:
S. rhanc “awkward, hard”
⚠️G. archod n. “difficulty”; see instead:
N. tarias “stiffness, toughness, difficulty”
ᴺS. !dertha- v. “to complicate, (lit.) make difficult”
S. dîr² adj. “hard, difficult”
S. dirbedui adj. “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce”
⚠️G. diriol adj. “tedious”
S. gor-¹ pref. “hard, difficult”
S. gorbedui adj. “only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell”
S. gordh¹ adj. “difficult, laborious”
S. gornod(ui) adj. “hard to count”
S. rhanc adj. “awkward, hard”

9.98 to Try

S. dev- [nd-] v. “to try, *seek opportunity, experiment”
⚠️ᴺS. !rig-² v. “to try, strive”; see instead:
S. ritha- “to try, strive”
⚠️ᴺS. ^rítha- v. “to try, strive”; see instead:
S. ritha- “to try, strive”
S. ritha- v. “to try, strive”
ᴺS. !tasta- v. “to (put to the) test, *verify”

9.99 Try

ᴺS. !rîth n. “effort, endeavour”
ᴺS. !tastaith n. “test”

9.993 to Happen

⚠️ᴱN. garadros n. “opportunity”
ᴺS. !hída- v. “to (come to) pass, happen”
⚠️G. in n. “go, move, turn, occasion”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lúda- v. “to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur, *happen”
⚠️G. lûtha- v. “to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lúda- “to pass (of time); to come to pass, occur, *happen”
ᴺS. [G.] tunc n. “chance, occurrence; ⚠️arrival; hit at shooting; luck”

10. Motion and Transportation

10.11 to Move

ᴺS. !mîn n. “motion”

10.12 to Turn

ᴺS. [G.] ^drinna- v. “to turn, twist”
ᴺS. [G.] drint n. “twist, wrench, turn”
⚠️G. drintha- v. “to turn (tr.), twist”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^drinna- “to turn, twist”
⚠️ᴺS. !per- v. “to turn”; see instead:
ᴺS. !perna- “to turn”
ᴺS. !perna- v. “to turn”

10.13 to Turn Around

⚠️G. gwer- v. “to wind, turn, bend (tr.); to weave”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwir- “to weave”
ᴺS. ^loetha- “to curl, bend, wind, twine, ⚠️tie knot, tangle”
⚠️G. gwerb(e)lin n. “top, whirligig, *(lit.) wind-unwind”
⚠️G. gwert n. “a twist”; see instead:
ᴺS. drint “twist, wrench, turn”
ᴺS. ^lûg “bend, loop, wind, twist; guile, deceit”
ᴺS. !ostol- v. “to circumnavigate, come around”
N. pelthaes n. “pivot”
⚠️G. ponta- v. “to turn round, turn back, retrace”
⚠️G. rictha- v. “to contort, twist, confuse, disarrange, upset”; see instead:
ᴺS. rig-¹ “to twist, contort; *to confuse, disarrange, upset”
ᴺS. [G.] rig-¹ v. “to twist, contort; *to confuse, disarrange, upset”
ᴺS. [G.] rin- v. “to revolve, ⚠️return, come back; to do again”

10.14 to Wind, Wrap

ᴺS. [G.] cang adj. and n. “tangled, confused, mixed up, awry; tangle, confusion, mêllay”
ᴺS. [G.] canga- v. “to tangle; *to get tangled, [by extension] go wrong”
N. gonathra- v. “to entangle, enmesh”
N. gonathras n. “entanglement”
N. gwaeda- v. “to enfold”
ᴺS. !gwaef n. “wrap, binding”
⚠️N. gwî n. “net, web”; see instead:
N. nath “web”
S. rem “mesh, net (for catching)”
⚠️G. gwith n. “net”; see instead:
S. rem “mesh, net (for catching)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^gwoe n. “envelope”
S. raen¹ adj. “netted, enlaced”
S. raew n. “net”
S. rem n. “mesh, net (for catching)”
S. remmen adj. “meshed, netted, woven, (en)tangled”
⚠️N. ui² n. “envelope”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwoe “envelope”

10.15 to Roll

ᴺS. [G.] thol- v. “to roll”

10.21 to Rise

⚠️ᴱN., G. †amra- v. “*to rise; [G.] to go up and down; live in the mountains; roam, wander”; see instead:
N. eria- “to rise”
ᴺS. ^renia-¹ “to stray, wander”
S. brasta- v. “to tower up, loom”
N. eria- v. “to rise”
ᴺS. !eriad n. “rising”
⚠️G. oros n. “rising”; see instead:
ᴺS. !eriad “rising”
⚠️ᴱN. orost n. “[G.] rising”; see instead:
ᴺS. !eriad “rising”
ᴺS. !red- v. “to climb”
S. reth n. “*climber”
⚠️ᴱN. rhó- v. “to arise”; see instead:
N. eria- “to rise”
⚠️ᴱN. rhosta- v. “*to rise”; see instead:
N. eria- “to rise”
⚠️G. rosta n. “ascent, uprising, rising”

10.22 to Lift, Raise

N. #hal- v. “to lift”
S., N. #ortha- v. “to raise”
S. orthad n. “*raising”
N. orthannen adj. “raised”

10.225 to Hang, Dangle

N. gling- v. “to hang, dangle”

10.23 to Fall

ᴺS. !adlannas n. “downfall, ruin”
S. danna- v. “to fall”
ᴺS. !dannad n. “falling”
N. dannen adj. “fallen”
⚠️N. dant- v. “to fall”; see instead:
S. danna- “to fall”
S., N. dant n. “*fall”
⚠️G. dodri n. “falling”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dannad “falling”
⚠️G. dont n. “fall, bump, drop”; see instead:
S. dant “*fall”
ᴺS. !dúda- [nd-] v. “to lower [something]”
S. dúnad n. “descent”
⚠️G. lantha- v. “to fall onto, settle on, alight”; see instead:
S. danna- “to fall”
S. penna- v. “to come down (in a slant), fall”
N. talt adj. “slipping, falling, insecure”
ᴺS. !taltha- v. “to slip, slide down, collapse”

10.24 to Drop

ᴺS. [G.] dod- v. “to drop, ⚠️fall down”
⚠️G. glib¹ n. “drop of water”; see instead:
ᴺS. limig “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
⚠️G. lib n. “drop, gout”; see instead:
ᴺS. limig “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
⚠️G. lib- v. “to drip”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^liv- “to drip”
⚠️G. libli n. “small glass; small drop”; see instead:
ᴺS. limig “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] limig n. “[small] drop, ⚠️drop of water”
ᴺS. [G.] ^liv- v. “to drip”

10.25 to Throw

N., G. had- v. “to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw, ⚠️aim at”
N. hador n. “thrower (of spears and darts)”
N. hadron n. “thrower (of spears and darts)”
ᴺS. [G.] hant n. “throw, cast; turn or move in games”
⚠️G. hantha- v. “to fling, hurl, aim at, direct”; see instead:
N. had- “to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw, ⚠️aim at”
ᴺS. ^meitha- “to aim at, *have as a goal; ⚠️to intend, mean”
ᴺS. !hedril n. “thrower (f.)”

10.26 to Shake

⚠️G. cwas- v. “to shake, wag, nod, flap”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pasta- “to shake, wag, nod, flap”
⚠️G. cwast adj. “shaking”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^past “shaking”
⚠️G. cwathra- v. “to shake (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pasta- “to shake, wag, nod, flap”
S., N. #gir- v. “to shudder”
S., N. girith n. “shuddering; [N.] horror”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] gobab- v. “to shake”
⚠️G. paptha- v. “to tremble, quiver”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^potha- “to tremble, quiver”
ᴺS. [G.] ^past adj. “shaking”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pasta- v. “to shake, wag, nod, flap”
ᴺS. [G.] ^potha- v. “to tremble, quiver”

10.31 to Boil (intr.)

ᴺS. [G.] gwel- v. “to boil, bubble”
⚠️G. gwelaith n. “boil, bubble”; see instead:
ᴺS. gweleth “boil, bubble”
⚠️G. gwelc n. “bubble”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwelch “bubble”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gwelch n. “bubble”
ᴺS. [G.] gweleth n. “boil, bubble”

10.32 to Flow

⚠️G. celu- v. “to trickle”
S. dannen [nd-] n. “ebb, lowtide”
S. duinen n. “flood, high tide”
ᴺS. !ethiria- v. “to flow out”
⚠️G. golaudri n. “deluge, flood”; see instead:
S. duinen “flood, high tide”
⚠️G. gul- v. “to ooze, trickle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^olla- “to ooze, *trickle”
ᴺS. [G.] laud n. “tide, motion of the sea; ⚠️flood; high tide”
ᴺS. [G.] ^olla- v. “to ooze, *trickle”
⚠️G. olod n. “tide, motion of the sea”
⚠️N. rhib- v. “to flow like a (?torrent)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rib- “to flow like a torrent”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rib- v. “to flow like a torrent”
N. siria- v. “to flow”
ᴺS. [G.] siriol adj. “flowing, fluent, liquid, mellifluous”
S. sirith n. “flowing”
ᴺS. [Ilk.] ?thalos n. “torrent”
N. thórod n. “torrent”
⚠️G. ulna- v. “to ooze”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^olla- “to ooze, *trickle”
⚠️G. ûtha- v. “to emit; to issue”; see instead:
ᴺS. eithla- “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”

10.33 to Sink

⚠️ᴱN. dadnuin adj. “sinking (down)”; see instead:
S. annûn “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
⚠️ᴱN. dadnuv- v. “*to sink, go down”; see instead:
ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
ᴺS. !duia- [nd-] v. “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
⚠️N. dúven [nd-] n. “*sunken, western”; see instead:
S. annui “west[ern]”
ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
⚠️G. nalos n. “sinking, setting, descent, slope”; see instead:
S. pend “slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined”
⚠️ᴱN. nuin² n. “sinking, going down; west”; see instead:
S. annûn “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
⚠️G. num- v. “to sink, decline, slope down, descend”; see instead:
ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
ᴺS. ^adlanna- “to slope, slant”
⚠️ᴱN. #nuv- v. “to sink, set”; see instead:
ᴺS. !duia- “to descend, sink, set [of sun]”
ᴺS. !somma- v. “to dive, duck”
⚠️G. thug n. “[unglossed]”

10.34 to Float

⚠️ᴱN. lhid- v. “to float, sail”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loda- “to float”
⚠️N. lhoda- v. “to float”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loda- “to float”
ᴺS. [N.] ^loda- v. “to float”
⚠️G. lud- v. “to flow, stream, float”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^loda- “to float”

10.36 to Sail

ᴺS. [N.] ^renia-² v. “to sail, fly”
⚠️ᴺS. ^revia- v. “to fly, sail”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^renia-² “to sail, fly”
⚠️N. rhenia-² v. “to fly, sail”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^renia-² “to sail, fly”

10.37 to Fly

⚠️G. biltha- v. “to flutter, flit”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwilwa- “to flutter, flit”
⚠️G. duil¹ n. and adj. “flight, power of flight; having power of flight, fledged”
⚠️G. duila- v. “to fly”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwil- “to fly, ⚠️sail, float”
⚠️G. duileg adj. “having power of flight, fledged”
ᴺS. !gwelf n. “aircraft [general term]”
ᴺS. [G.] gwil- v. “to fly, ⚠️sail, float”
ᴺS. !gwilchair n. “airplane”
ᴺS. !gwilwa- v. “to flutter, flit”

10.38 to Blow

⚠️G. faf- v. “to puff, blow, pant”; see instead:
ᴺS. !faw- “to puff, blow, pant”
ᴺS. !faw- v. “to puff, blow, pant”
ᴺS. [G.] ^súda- v. “to blow (of wind)”
⚠️G. sûtha- v. “to blow (of wind)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^súda- “to blow (of wind)”
S. thos n. “puff (of air)”

10.43 to Jump, Leap

S., G. #cab- v. “to leap, [G.] jump”
⚠️ᴱN. hab- v. “to jump”; see instead:
S. #cab- “to leap, [G.] jump”
S. #laba- v. “to hop”

10.432 Leaping

S. cabed n. “leap”
⚠️ᴱN. cais n. “leap”; see instead:
S. cabed “leap”
⚠️G. camp n. “leap”; see instead:
S. cabed “leap”
N. thôr¹ adj. “swooping, leaping down”

10.44 to Dance

⚠️G. lalt n. “dance”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lilt “dance”
⚠️G. laltha- v. “to dance”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^liltha- “to dance”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lilt n. “dance”
ᴺS. [G.] ^liltha- v. “to dance”
⚠️G. tanta n. “a dance”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lilt “dance”
⚠️G. tinta- v. “to dance”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^liltha- “to dance”

10.45 to Walk

⚠️G. bactha- v. “to walk”; see instead:
N. batha- “to trample”
S. padra- “to walk”
S. pad- v. “to step, ⚠️walk”
S., G. padra- v. “to walk”
N. #trevad- v. “to traverse”

10.46 to Run

ᴺS. [G.] lob- v. “to gallop, *lope, ⚠️[G.] run”
ᴺS. [G.] lobrob n. “gallop; sound of horse’s feet”
S., N., G. nor- v. “to run (of men and animals using legs); [G.] to roll [of vehicles]”
ᴺS. !norweg adj. “often running”

10.47 to Go

N., G. *bad- v. “*to tread, ⚠️[G.] travel”
⚠️S. †ban- v. “?to go”; see instead:
S. #gwae- “to go [away], depart”
S. #men- “to go”
⚠️ᴺS. !bannen adj. “gone”; see instead:
S. gwanwen “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
⚠️ᴱN. gar v. “?to go”
S. #glenna- v. “*to travel, ⚠️go”
⚠️G. haitha- v. “to hie, go, fare, walk”; see instead:
S. #men- “to go”
S. padra- “to walk”
⚠️G. intha-² v. “to go (indefinite), fare, proceed”
N. #ledh- v. “*to go, fare, travel”
ᴺS. !lîdh n. “journey”
S. #men- v. “to go”

10.48 to Come

⚠️G. len adj. “come, arrived”; see instead:
ᴺS. !túliel “having come, having arrived”
⚠️G. lendriol adj. “coming, approaching”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tolol “coming, approaching”
⚠️G. lenthol adj. “coming, approaching”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tolol “coming, approaching”
⚠️G. lenthos n. “coming, arrival”; see instead:
ᴺS. !toled “coming, arrival”
S., N. #tol- v. “to come”
ᴺS. !toled n. “coming, arrival”
ᴺS. !tolol adj. “coming, approaching”
ᴺS. !túliel adj. “having come, having arrived”

10.49 to Depart, Go Away

S. ego interj. “be off!”
S. #gwae- v. “to go [away], depart”
S. gwanwen adj. “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
ᴺS. !haena- v. “to leave, depart, (lit.) be(come) distant”
⚠️G. hai³ interj. “go!, hence, begone, away”; see instead:
S. ego “be off!”
⚠️G. haithin adj. “gone, departed, lost”; see instead:
S. gwanwen “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
⚠️G. haiva interj. and adv. “hence!, begone, be off; (as av.) away, hence, off”
⚠️G. lith- v. “to go, depart, be over, finish, end, die”; see instead:
N. gwanna- “to die, depart”
⚠️G. lithin adj. “bygone, ended”
⚠️G. mútha- v. “to depart, go, leave; (c. gen.) to leave the place of or time of speaker; to go forward”
⚠️G. us- v. “to leave, depart”; see instead:
S. #gwae- “to go [away], depart”

10.50 to Fade

S. #pel- v. “*to fade, wane”
S. #peleth n. “waning, *fading”
⚠️N. #pelin n. “*fading”; see instead:
S. #peleth “waning, *fading”
N. thinna- v. “to fade, *(lit.) become grey”

10.51 to Flee

S. #drega- v. “to flee”

10.52 to Follow

S. aphad- v. “to follow”
S. #echil n. “follower”
⚠️ᴺS. !hil- v. “to follow”; see instead:
S. aphad- “to follow”
⚠️G. obra- v. “to follow; to succeed”; see instead:
S. aphad- “to follow”

10.53 to Pursue

⚠️G. rausta- v. “to hunt, chase, pursue (only in actual sense of following game)”; see instead:
N. fara- “to hunt”
ᴺS. !ruida- “to pursue, chase”
⚠️G. rautha- v. “hunt, chase, pursue”; see instead:
N. fara- “to hunt”
ᴺS. !ruida- “to pursue, chase”
ᴺS. !ruida- v. “to pursue, chase”

10.54 to Overtake

⚠️G. croctha- v. “to catch, snare, trap”; see instead:
N. gad- “to catch”
N. gad- v. “to catch”
ᴺS. !gadas n. “trap”
S. raeda- v. “to catch in a net”

10.55 to Reach, Arrive

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^raeth¹ n. “extent, reach, scope; ⚠️region, sphere, district”
ᴺS. [G.] ^raetha- v. “to reach at, reach for; to reach, extend (intr.)”
⚠️G. raith n. “extent, reach; region, sphere, district; scope”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeth¹ “extent, reach, scope; ⚠️region, sphere, district”
⚠️G. raitha- v. “to reach at, reach for; to reach, extend (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raetha- “to reach at, reach for; to reach, extend (intr.)”
⚠️ᴱN. rhaith n. “[G.] extent, reach; region, sphere, district; scope”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeth¹ “extent, reach, scope; ⚠️region, sphere, district”

10.56 to Approach

S. #anglenna- v. “to approach”
⚠️G. artha- v. “to approach”; see instead:
S. #anglenna- “to approach”
⚠️G. lentha- v. “to come towards speaker, approach, draw near”; see instead:
S. #anglenna- “to approach”
S. #tol- “to come”

10.57 to Enter

S., N. minna- v. “to enter, go in”
N. #neledh- v. “*to go in, enter”
N. #nestag- v. “to insert, stick in”
N. tre- pref. “through”
N. trî prep. “through”

10.61 to Bear, Carry

ᴺS. !col- v. “to bear, carry, wear”
ᴺS. !colron n. “bearer”
ᴺS. [G.] -iof suf. “-bearing”
⚠️G. tultha- v. “to lift, carry”; see instead:
N. toltha- “to fetch, *bring; [G.] to carry, ⚠️lift”

10.62 to Bring

N. tog- v. “to bring”
N. toltha- v. “to fetch, *bring; [G.] to carry, ⚠️lift”
⚠️G. tul- v. “to bring; to come to; †to support”; see instead:
S. #tol- “to come”

10.63 to Send

ᴺS. !menna- v. “to send, (lit.) make go”

10.64 to Lead

ᴺS. !ethog- v. “to lead out, *bring out”

10.645 to Wander, Stray

⚠️G. amraith n. “nomand, wanderer (f.)”; see instead:
S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
⚠️G. amrod adj. “wandering, living in wilds”
⚠️G. amrog n. “nomand, wanderer”; see instead:
S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
⚠️G. amrog-dorn n. “brown wanderer, gipsy”
⚠️G. gwada- v. “to wander, roam, travel (far)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^renia-¹ “to stray, wander”
⚠️G. gwadath(wen) n. “wandering, journey”
N. mist n. “error, wandering”
N. mista- v. “to stray about”
N. mistrad n. “straying, error”
S. rain n. “erratic wandering”
S. randir n. “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
ᴺS. !randis n. “wanderer (f.)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^raun adj. “errant”
ᴺS. [N.] ^renia-¹ v. “to stray, wander”
⚠️N. rhandir n. “wanderer, pilgrim”; see instead:
S. randir “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”
⚠️N. rhaun adj. “errant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raun “errant”
⚠️N. rhenia-¹ v. “to stray, wander”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^renia-¹ “to stray, wander”
ᴺS. !tenu n. “compass”

10.66 to Ride

S. north n. “riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop”
S., G. northa- v. “to make run (of horses and animals), *ride; [G.] to send rolling [as a vehicle], speed”
S. rochben n. “rider”
S. rochon n. “rider”
S. #talraph n. “stirrup”

10.67 to Push, Shove

ᴺS. !nista- v. “to press, thrust, force (in a given direction)”

10.71 Road

⚠️G. adhwen n. “approach, avenue”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^anwen “approach, avenue”
ᴺS. [G.] ^anwen n. “approach, avenue”
ᴺS. !goven n. “crossroads”
⚠️G. haig n. “way, road, path”; see instead:
S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
S. men² “road, way; ⚠️[N.] *place”
⚠️G. mal¹ n. “paved way, road”; see instead:
N. othlon “paved way”
S., N. men² n. “road, way; ⚠️[N.] *place”
N. othlon n. “paved way”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^othlonn n. “paved way”; see instead:
N. othlon “paved way”
S., N., G. pâd n. “a step; track, road, [N.] way; ⚠️ford”
⚠️G. paglant n. “a pavement, *paved road or way”; see instead:
N. othlon “paved way”
⚠️G. pagra- v. “to pave”
⚠️G. pagri n. “pavement”; see instead:
N. othlon “paved way”

10.72 Path

N., ᴱN., G. bâd n. “beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path”
⚠️G. dronn [nd-] n. “race, course, track”; see instead:
S. north “riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop”
S. rant “course, water-channel; lode, [N.] vein”
N. bâd “beaten track, pathway, [ᴱN.] way, [G.] path”
S. ?fû n. “path”
⚠️G. int¹ n. “way, path, track”; see instead:
S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
N. iôr n. “course”
⚠️ᴱN. lhant n. “path”; see instead:
S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
⚠️ᴱN. mailt n. “a path”; see instead:
S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
S., N. #râd n. “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
⚠️G. rada n. “track, path, way”; see instead:
S. #râd “path, pass, [N.] track, [G.] way”
S., N. rant n. “course, water-channel; lode, [N.] vein”
⚠️ᴱN. rhód n. “course, running; way, method”
⚠️G. taleg n. “(foot)path”; see instead:
ᴺS. !talvad “footpath”
ᴺS. !talvad n. “footpath”

10.73 Street

⚠️G. lant n. “(high) road, level way, street”; see instead:
S. men² “road, way; ⚠️[N.] *place”
N. ostrad n. “street”
ᴺS. !othrad n. “street”
S., N. rath n. “street, track; ⚠️[N.] course, river-bed”

10.74 Bridge

S. iant n. “bridge”
⚠️N. ianw n. “bridge”; see instead:
S. iant “bridge”
⚠️G. rantha n. “arch, bridge”; see instead:
S. iant “bridge”
⚠️G. tram n. “bridge”; see instead:
S. iant “bridge”

10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage

⚠️G. brada n. “wain, waggon, cart”; see instead:
S. rasg “wain, *wagon”
⚠️G. drogla n. “cart”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^drogol “cart”
ᴺS. [G.] ^drogol n. “cart”
S. rasg n. “wain, *wagon”

10.76 Wheel

ᴺS. [G.] drô n. “wheel track, rut”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. norn n. “[G.] wheel”

10.77 Axle

ᴺS. [G.] tholos n. “axle [of a wheel]”

10.78 Yoke

⚠️G. galt n. “yoke”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ialt “yoke”
ᴺS. [N.] ^ialt n. “yoke”
⚠️N. iant n. “yoke”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ialt “yoke”

10.81 Ship

S., ᴱN. cair n. “ship”
⚠️N. ceir n. “ship”; see instead:
S. cair “ship”
S., N. círdan n. “shipbuilder, shipwright”
N. ciriaeth n. “shipwright”
ᴺS. !cirias n. “fleet (of ships)”

10.82 Sailor

ᴺS. !cirion n. “sailor, shipman”

10.83 Boat

⚠️G. bent n. “small boat”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lunt “boat”
⚠️N. lhunt n. “boat”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lunt “boat”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lunt n. “boat”
⚠️G. lunta n. “ship”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lunt “boat”

10.84 Raft

ᴺS. !lothalan n. “raft, (lit.) floating platform”

10.85 Oar

ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. plador n. “[G.] oar; ⚠️[ᴱN.] surf, land’s edge”

10.87 Mast

ᴺS. !tolf n. “mast”

10.88 Sail

ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. belon n. “[G.] sail”

10.90 Port, Harbor

N. cirban n. “[ship] haven”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^círbann n. “[ship] haven”; see instead:
N. cirban “[ship] haven”
⚠️G. gobos n. “haven”; see instead:
N. hobas “harbourage”
N. hobas n. “harbourage”
⚠️N. lhorn¹ n. “haven, quiet water, anchorage, harbour”; see instead:
S. lond “(land-locked) haven; ⚠️[N.] narrow path, strait, pass”
S. lond n. “(land-locked) haven; ⚠️[N.] narrow path, strait, pass”
S. #lonnas n. “harbourage”

11. Possession and Trade

11.11 to Have

S. #sav- v. “to have”

11.12 to Own, Possess

ᴺS. !garnen adj. “own, held, possessed”
⚠️G. gôtha- v. “to possess, have, hold”; see instead:
N. gar- “to hold, have, *possess”
⚠️G. guin² adj. “own, held, possessed”; see instead:
ᴺS. !garnen “own, held, possessed”
⚠️G. guinoth n. “property”; see instead:
N. garn “‘own’, property”
⚠️G. guira- v. “to possess”; see instead:
N. gar- “to hold, have, *possess”

11.13 to Take

ᴺS. !haeda- v. “to remove, (lit.) make distant”
ᴺS. [G.] nab- v. “to take, lay hold of”

11.14 to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of

⚠️G. clamfa- v. “to grab, claw at”
⚠️G. gen n. “closed hand, grip”
⚠️G. gentha- v. “to grip, seize, lay hold of”
ᴺS. [ON.] ^mab- v. “to seize, *grasp, grab; ⚠️to take away by force”
ᴺS. [G.] manc n. “grip, grasp, hold”
⚠️G. manca- v. “to grab, seize”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mab- “to seize, *grasp, grab; ⚠️to take away by force”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nabas n. “seizure”
⚠️G. nabos n. “seizure”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nabas “seizure”
⚠️G. naptha- v. “to seize”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mab- “to seize, *grasp, grab; ⚠️to take away by force”

11.15 to Hold

⚠️ᴱN., G. bail n. “sheath, [G.] case, cover; pod”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwael “sheath, case, cover; pod”
⚠️G. fâ- v. “to have, hold, possess”; see instead:
N. gar- “to hold, have, *possess”
N. gar- v. “to hold, have, *possess”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^gwael n. “sheath, case, cover; pod”
⚠️G. halthi n. “sheath”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwael “sheath, case, cover; pod”
⚠️G. rôn¹ n. “embrace, clasp”
⚠️G. rôtha- n. “embrace”

11.16 to Get, Obtain

ᴺS. !cav- v. “to receive, *accept”
ᴺS. !cavren adj. “acceptable”
ᴺS. !ged- [ng-] v. “to get, catch, obtain, take”
⚠️ᴱN. tû ? “[unglossed]”
⚠️G. tû- v. “to get, receive, take; to become”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cav- “to receive, *accept”
⚠️G. tuvrin adj. “acceptable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cavren “acceptable”

11.17 to Keep, Retain

S. #heb- v. “to keep”

11.21 to Give

S. ann¹ n. “gift”
S., N. #anna- v. “to give, †add to”
ᴺS. !anneth n. “(act of) giving”
⚠️N. ant n. “gift”; see instead:
S. ann¹ “gift”
⚠️G. antha- v. “to give”; see instead:
S. #anna- “to give, †add to”
⚠️G. ôn² n. “gift”; see instead:
S. ann¹ “gift”
S. oneth n. “*giving”

11.22 to Return, Give Back

⚠️G. abod adv. “again; in return, in exchange; back”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️S. dadwen- [nd-] v. “to return, go back”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dammen- “to return, go back”
ᴺS. [S.] ^dammen- [nd-] v. “to return, go back”
ᴺS. !dananna- [nd-] v. “to give back, return [something]”
S. dandol- [nd-] v. “to return, come back”
⚠️G. had- pref. “for-, in return for, back, instead of”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
ᴺS. !radh- v. “to return (intransitive)”
⚠️G. raina- v. “to return”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dammen- “to return, go back”
ᴺS. !redhia- v. “*to return (transitive)”
⚠️G. rinta- v. “*to return”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^dammen- “to return, go back”

11.23 to Restore

⚠️ᴱN. bodamros adj. “that lives again, renewed, renovated”; see instead:
S. cŷr “renewed”
S. cŷl n. “*renewal”
S. cŷr adj. “renewed”
S. cýra- v. “to renew”
ᴺS. !laeda- v. “to refresh, revive”
⚠️G. lauthra- v. “to refresh; to revive (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !laeda- “to refresh, revive”

11.24 to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe

⚠️ᴱN. alaith n. “shielding, warding off, protect(ion)”
⚠️ᴱN. alanc adj. “*shielded, protected”
ᴺS. !barn adj. “safe, protected, secure”
N. beria- v. “to protect”
⚠️ᴱN. elaig- v. “to shield, ward off, protect”
ᴺS. [N.] gartha- v. “to defend, ⚠️keep”
⚠️G. gretha- v. “to save, rescue, preserve”; see instead:
ᴺS. !reitha- “to rescue, save (from ruin, peril, loss)”
S. natha- “to bring help to, save, rescue”
⚠️G. grethron n. “saviour”; see instead:
ᴺS. !reithron “rescuer, saviour”
⚠️G. gwareth n. “watch, guard, ward; vigilance”
⚠️G. gwarieg n. “watchman, warden”
⚠️G. muin¹ adj. “safe, secure”; see instead:
ᴺS. !barn “safe, protected, secure”
⚠️G. muinos n. “security”
ᴺS. [G.] osta- v. “to surround with walls, build up, fortify, protect; to surround”
⚠️G. rest¹ n. “aid, support, help”; see instead:
ᴺS. grest “aid, support, help, succour, ⚠️salvation”
⚠️G. uchirin adj. “secure”

11.25 to Save, Rescue

S. edraith n. “rescue, saving”
S. natha- v. “to bring help to, save, rescue”
ᴺS. !reitha- v. “to rescue, save (from ruin, peril, loss)”
ᴺS. !reithron n. “rescuer, saviour”

11.27 to Destroy

S. dangar- [nd-] v. “to undo”
⚠️G. fectha- v. “to destroy, ruin, spoil”; see instead:
ᴺS. tertha- “to destroy, *ruin, †(orig.) to make pierced; ⚠️to devour”
⚠️G. †fecthir n. “destroyer, slayer; bane”; see instead:
S. dagnir “slayer, bane”
⚠️G. teraith n. “waste, ruin, destruction”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^terthaith “waste, ruin, destruction”
ᴺS. [G.] tertha- v. “to destroy, *ruin, †(orig.) to make pierced; ⚠️to devour”
ᴺS. [G.] ^terthaith n. “waste, ruin, destruction”

11.29 to Spoil

⚠️G. cwel- v. “to fade, wither”; see instead:
S. #pel- “*to fade, wane”
⚠️G. cweloth n. “fading”; see instead:
S. #peleth “waning, *fading”
⚠️G. drib- [nd-] v. “to rot, decay, wear out”
⚠️G. faltha- v. “to strip, despoil, rob, make bare”; see instead:
N. heltha- “to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare”
⚠️G. hesc adj. “withered, dead; chilled, chill”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hesg “withered, ⚠️dead; chilled, chill”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hesg adj. “withered, ⚠️dead; chilled, chill”
⚠️G. narcos n. “rot, decay”
⚠️G. narp adj. “rotten, decayed, corrupt; overripe”; see instead:
N. thaw “corrupt, rotten”
S. saur adj. “bad (of food), putrid”
N. thaw adj. “corrupt, rotten”

11.31 to Seek

⚠️ᴱN. #argen- v. “?to search over”
ᴺS. !cesta- v. “to seek, search for, look for”
ᴺS. !cestaed adj. “curious, seeking, inquisitive”
ᴺS. !cestaedas n. “curiosity”
ᴺS. !ceth- v. “to examine, search, interrogate”

11.32 to Find

ᴺS. !hir- v. “to find, *light on, chance on”
N. rada- v. “to make a way, find a way”
⚠️G. tug- v. “to hit, reach mark; to light on, chance on, find; to arrive; to chance, occur; to suit, fit, be convenient, ‘do’”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hir- “to find, *light on, chance on”
N. tog- “to bring”

11.33 to Lose

⚠️G. #laith² adj. “*lost”
⚠️G. laith(r)a- v. “to let slip, lose, mislay, forget; (intr.) to be lost”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lítha- “to let slip, lose, mislay; (intr.) to be lost; forget”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lítha- v. “to let slip, lose, mislay; (intr.) to be lost; forget”

11.34 to Release

⚠️N. †#adleg- v. “*to release”; see instead:
S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
⚠️N. adleitha- v. “*to release”; see instead:
S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
⚠️N. adleithian n. “*release, freeing”; see instead:
S. leithian “release from bondage, [N.] release, freeing”
⚠️G. blid- v. “to free, rid”
N. breitha- v. “to break out suddenly”
⚠️G. labra adj. “loose, lax, flapping; weak”
⚠️G. laptha- v. “to relax, loosen”
S., ᴱN., N. #leithia- v. “to release, [N.] set free”
S., ᴱN., N. leithian n. “release from bondage, [N.] release, freeing”
⚠️N. lheithia- v. “to release, set free”; see instead:
S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
⚠️N. lheithian n. “release from bondage, release, freeing”; see instead:
S. leithian “release from bondage, [N.] release, freeing”
ᴺS. [G.] ^othra- v. “to get away, escape”
⚠️ᴱN. rhoidia- v. “to let go”
⚠️G. usfeg- v. “to release”; see instead:
S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
⚠️G. uthra- v. “to get away, escape”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^othra- “to get away, escape”
ᴺS. [G.] uthwen n. “escape, way out, exit”

11.41 Property

N. garn n. “‘own’, property”
⚠️G. guig n. “piece of property”; see instead:
N. garn “‘own’, property”
⚠️ᴱN. moir n. “goods”
S. said adj. “private, separate, not common, excluded”

11.42 Wealth, Riches

S. maelig n. “wealth, abundance”
⚠️G. sâd n. “riches, wealth”; see instead:
S. maelig “wealth, abundance”

11.43 Money

S. mirian n. “Gondorian coin”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] pant n. “money”

11.44 Coin

⚠️ᴱN. panthig n. “coin”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pennig “coin”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pennig n. “coin”

11.46 Treasure

⚠️G. fô(tha) n. “hoard”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
⚠️G. fuis n. “hoard”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
⚠️G. fûn n. “hoard”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
⚠️G. fund n. “hoard”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mírad “treasury, hoard”
⚠️G. idri n. “treasure, thing of great worth, jewel”; see instead:
S. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
S. maen n. “a treasure”
ᴺS. !mírad n. “treasury, hoard”
ᴺS. !mirtha- v. “to value, esteem, treasure, cherish”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^nabor n. “booty”
⚠️ᴱN. nabru n. “booty”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nabor “booty”
⚠️ᴱN. naud n. “treasure”

11.48 Heir

S. advir n. “heirloom”
⚠️ᴺS. !dŷr [nd] n. “successor”; see instead:
S. dŷr “mistaken, off point, not right”
S. #hîl “heir”
S. #hîl n. “heir”
⚠️G. hilming n. “inheritance, heritage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hilvias “inheritance, heritage”
⚠️G. hilmir n. “heir (m. or f.)”; see instead:
S. #hîl “heir”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hilvias n. “inheritance, heritage”

11.51 Rich

⚠️G. ausin adj. and n. “rich; fortune”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
S. maelig “wealth, abundance”
⚠️ᴱN. awes adj. “rich”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
ᴺS. !maeligeb adj. “wealthy, rich”
⚠️G. malc¹ adj. “rich, powerful”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maeligeb “wealthy, rich”
⚠️G. modron¹ adj. “rich man”

11.56 to Steal

⚠️G. er(e)tha- v. “to isolate, rob, deprive”; see instead:
S. #ertha- “to unite”
S. #neitha- “to wrong, deprive”
⚠️G. nig- v. “to steal, creep, do or go by stealth”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhig- “to creep, sneak, do or go by stealth”
⚠️G. nigla- v. “to thieve, pilfer”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pil- “to steal, rob, thieve”
ᴺS. !pil- v. “to steal, rob, thieve”
ᴺS. !pilu n. “stealing, robbery, theft”
ᴺS. !raph- v. “to snatch, seize, steal”

11.57 Thief

ᴺS. !pîl n. “robber, thief”

11.66 Account, Reckoning

S. #genedia- v. “to reckon”
S. genediad n. “reckoning”
N., ᴱN. gonod- v. “to count (up)”
ᴺS. !gonoded n. “counting, accounting; ⚠️reckoning”
S., N. #nedia- v. “to count”
S., N., ᴱN. #nod- v. “to count”
⚠️G. tath- v. “to count”; see instead:
S. #nedia- “to count”
⚠️G. tathna- v. “to number, count, reckon”; see instead:
S. #nedia- “to count”

11.73 Gain, Profit

⚠️G. gam(m)a- v. “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ganna- “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ganna- v. “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”

11.79 to Earn

ᴺS. !ammuia- v. “to work (hard) for, to earn”

11.82 to Sell

⚠️ᴱN., G. bag- v. “to sell, trade”; see instead:
N. banga- “to trade, *sell”

11.83 to Trade

⚠️ᴱN. bagod n. “trade, trading”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bangad “trade, trading”
⚠️G. banc n. “trade”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bangad “trade, trading”
N. banga- [mb-] v. “to trade, *sell”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bangad n. “trade, trading”

11.84 Merchant, Tradesman

N. bachor [mb-] n. “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
⚠️G. badweg n. “traveller; pedlar”; see instead:
N. bachor “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
⚠️G. bagron n. “trader”; see instead:
N. bachor “pedlar, *trader, merchant”
⚠️ᴱN. be(i)gion n. “trader”; see instead:
N. bachor “pedlar, *trader, merchant”

11.85 Market (place)

N. bach [mb-] n. “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
⚠️ᴱN. bagarth n. “market”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bangath “market”
⚠️G. bageth n. “market”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bangath “market”
⚠️G. bagri n. “wares”; see instead:
N. bach “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
⚠️ᴱN. bagru n. “wares”; see instead:
N. bach “article (for exchange), ware, thing”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bangath n. “market”

11.87 Price

ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^bauch [mb-] n. “price, cost”
⚠️ᴱN. bog n. “price, cost”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bauch “price, cost”
⚠️ᴱN. orvog adj. “priceless”

11.88 Dear, Expensive

⚠️G. bâl adj. “worthy, important; great, mighty”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ball “worthy, important; ⚠️great, mighty”
ᴺS. !baladh n. “worth, importance”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ball adj. “worthy, important; ⚠️great, mighty”
ᴺS. !balla- v. “to matter; to be of significance, worth, moment”
⚠️ᴱN. bogodog adj. “dear, *expensive”
ᴺS. !coltha- v. “to bear up; to weigh, balance it on scales; to be worth, value or be equivalent to; ⚠️to endure”
⚠️G. idra- v. “to value, prize”
⚠️G. idra adj. “dear, valued, precious”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mair “precious”
N. muin¹ “dear”
⚠️G. idreth n. “value, dearness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !meiras “value, preciousness”
ᴺS. !mair adj. “precious”
ᴺS. !meiras n. “value, preciousness”
ᴺS. !meru adj. “valuable, worthy”

11.89 Cheap

⚠️ᴱN. bogligen adj. “cheap”
⚠️ᴱN. dammog adj. “valueless”

12. Spatial Relations

12.11 Place

⚠️ᴱN., G. garth n. “place, [G.] district”; see instead:
S. sad “place, spot”
S. gardh “region”
N. garth “fort, fortress”
⚠️ᴱN. garthad n. “open place, square”; see instead:
S. sad “place, spot”
ᴺS. !canthil “square”
⚠️G. lâ n. “space, room, place”; see instead:
S. sad “place, spot”
N. tham “hall”
ᴺS. !osgaef n. “surroundings, environs, milieu”
S., N. sad n. “place, spot”

12.12 to Put, Place, Set, Lay

⚠️ᴱN. gartha- v. “to set, put in position, appoint”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
ᴺS. gartha- “to defend, ⚠️keep”
⚠️G. pâ- v. “to put”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pan- v. “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
ᴺS. !pannen adj. “arranged, settled, done”
⚠️G. panta- v. “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
N. panna- “to open, enlarge”
ᴺS. !panu n. “arrangement, plan; structure, ordering; (musical) theme”
ᴺS. [ON.] ^partha- v. “to arrange, compose”
N. penia- v. “to fix, set”
⚠️G. sam- v. “to arrange, put together, adjust, settle, reconcile”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
⚠️G. samin adj. “arranged, settled, done”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pannen “arranged, settled, done”
⚠️ᴺS. !sasta- v. “to put, place”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pan- “to arrange, order, settle; to set, put, place; to write a book”
ᴺS. !sesta- v. “to set, (lit.) to make rest (on)”

12.13 to Sit

ᴺS. [N.] hadh- v. “to sit”
S. hadhwa- v. “to seat”
⚠️N. haf- v. “to sit”; see instead:
ᴺS. hadh- “to sit”
⚠️G. hag- v. “to sit, sit down”; see instead:
ᴺS. hadh- “to sit”
⚠️G. hagra adj. “seated”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hannen “seated”
ᴺS. !hannen adj. “seated”

12.14 to Lie, Recline

ᴺS. [N.] ^adlanna- v. “to slope, slant”
⚠️N. atlanna- v. “to slope, slant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^adlanna- “to slope, slant”
ᴺS. !caeda- v. “to lie; to lay (down)”
⚠️G. cum- v. “to lie (down)”; see instead:
ᴺS. haw- “to lie”
ᴺS. !dov- v. “to lie heavy”
⚠️G. hautha- v. “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hoda- “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
ᴺS. [G.] haw- v. “to lie”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hoda- v. “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
ᴺS. [G.] ^noden adj. “prone, face down”
⚠️G. nûda adj. “prone, face down”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^noden “prone, face down”
⚠️G. nudin adj. “prone”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^noden “prone, face down”

12.15 to Stand

⚠️G. daltha- v. “to erect, set up”
⚠️G. fast² n. “holder, stand”
⚠️N. har- v. “to stand”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tar- “to stand”
ᴺS. !tair adj. “vertical, (lit.) standing”
⚠️G. talc adj. “upright”
ᴺS. !tar- v. “to stand”

12.16 to Stay, Wait, Remain

N. dartha- v. “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
⚠️G. hadha- v. “to cling, cleave to; to wait on, wait for, abide with patience”; see instead:
N. dartha- “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
ᴺS. !hinia- “to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by”
S. reth- v. “to remain in same place”
⚠️G. rô- v. “to remain, stay, stand; to endure”; see instead:
N. dartha- “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
⚠️G. rô¹ adj. “enduring, long suffering; quiet, gentle, docile”; see instead:
ᴺS. !andrethui “patient, long suffering”
ᴺS. muig² “soft, gentle”
ᴺS. !sedh- v. “to rest”
S. #send n. “?rest”

12.18 to Leave, Relinquish

N. awarth n. “abandonment”
N. awartha- v. “to forsake”

12.19 Quiet

⚠️G. cwîl adj. “quiet, peaceful, gentle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pell “still, quiet, hushed”
ᴺS. !sídheb “peaceful, full of peace”
ᴺS. muig² “soft, gentle”
S. dîn n. and adj. “silence; silent, quiet”
S., N. dínen adj. “silent”
⚠️G. gwîl n. “cessation, quiescence, leaving off; peace”; see instead:
ᴺS. !postad “stopping, cessation, leaving off”
⚠️G. gwilb adj. “quiet, peaceful, full of peace”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sídheb “peaceful, full of peace”
⚠️G. gwilm n. “peace, quiet, rest; cessation”; see instead:
S. îdh “rest, repose, peace, tranquility”
⚠️G. ilrimog adj. “uneasy”
⚠️G. maug adj. “silent”; see instead:
S. dínen “silent”
⚠️G. mugol adj. “taciturn”
⚠️G. munc n. “shut mouth, silence, secretiveness; (aj.) mum”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pell adj. “still, quiet, hushed”
⚠️G. rim² n. and adj. “peace, quietness, calm; quiet, calm, peaceful”
⚠️G. rimin² adj. “quiet, calm, peaceful”
⚠️G. susc adj. “hushed, quiet; abashed”
⚠️G. suss¹ interj. “hush”
⚠️G. suss² n. “hush, sudden quiet”

12.195 Whisper

⚠️G. cwira- v. “to rustle”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
⚠️G. cwitha- v. “to murmur, whisper”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
⚠️G. cwithri n. “whisper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhoss
⚠️N. floss n. “whispering or rustling sound”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhoss
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhoss n.
ᴺS. !lhossa- v. “to whisper, rustle”
⚠️ᴱN. pis- v. “to whisper”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
⚠️G. rui n. “whisper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhoss
ᴺS. ^rui “hunt, hunting, *chase”
⚠️G. ruitha- v. “to whisper, rustle”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhossa- “to whisper, rustle”
⚠️N. thross n. “whispering or rustling sound”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhoss

12.21 to Gather, Collect

⚠️G. crib- v. “to gather, pluck”; see instead:
ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”
ᴺS. leb- “to pick, pluck, take or feel or touch with fingers, cull”
⚠️G. golesta- v. “to gather (intr.)”; see instead:
S. cova- “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble”
ᴺS. [G.] hosta- v. “to gather, collect”
⚠️G. lactha- v. “(tr.) gather together, collect, amass”; see instead:
ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”
⚠️G. lag- v. “to gather up, pick up, get”; see instead:
ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”
⚠️G. lesta- v. “to gather, assemble, meet (intr.)”; see instead:
S. cova- “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble”
⚠️G. lim² n. “sheaf, bundle”

12.22 to Join, Unite

S. #adertha- v. “to reunite”
S., N. aderthad n. “reuniting”
⚠️G. arthaid- v. “to join”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ianna- “to join, connect”
S. #ertha- v. “to unite”
ᴺS. !erthad n. “union, uniting”
⚠️G. fedhra- v. “to unite in a band”; see instead:
S. #ertha- “to unite”
⚠️G. gad(a) n. “joint, link; small lane, track; isthmus”; see instead:
S. #lîf “link, *joint”
⚠️G. gada- v. “to join, connect, unite”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ianna- “to join, connect”
S. #ertha- “to unite”
⚠️G. gadr n. “joint, link of chain”; see instead:
S. #lîf “link, *joint”
⚠️G. gadu adj. “joined, connected”; see instead:
ᴺS. !iannen “joined, connected”
⚠️G. gadweth n. “union, joining; wedding”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bestad “wedding, (lit.) a marrying”
⚠️G. gôd n. “joint, link of chain”; see instead:
S. #lîf “link, *joint”
⚠️G. godra adj. “joined, united, joint”; see instead:
ᴺS. !iannen “joined, connected”
⚠️G. gofedhin adj. “united, allied, ‘friends’”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwedhen “oath-bound, allied”
⚠️G. gofedhra- v. “to unite in a band”; see instead:
S. #ertha- “to unite”
ᴺS. !goianna- v. “to join with, add to”
ᴺS. !golain n. “connection, relation, context, (lit.) threadage”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ialtha- v. “to yoke, ⚠️join”
ᴺS. !ianna- v. “to join, connect”
ᴺS. !iannen adj. “joined, connected”
⚠️G. ilt- v. “to yoke, join”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ialtha- “to yoke, ⚠️join”
ᴺS. !ianna- “to join, connect”
S. #lîf n. “link, *joint”

12.221 Together

⚠️G. carpa adv. “together, in a bunch, bunched-up”
⚠️G. criptha adj. and adv. “together, in a bunch, bunched-up”
S., N., ᴱN., G. go- pref. “together, co-, com-”
⚠️N. godrebh adv. “abreast; *together-through”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^godref “abreast; *together-through”
ᴺS. [N.] ^godref adv. “abreast; *together-through”
⚠️G. gomintha adv. “together”
ᴺS. !gu prep. “(together) with”
⚠️G. mintha adj. “ūna, in one place, together”

12.222 And

S., N. a¹ conj. “and; †by, near, beside”

12.223 Also

⚠️ᴺS. !aich adv. “also”; see instead:
S. eithro “*also”
⚠️G. arthi adv. “also, as well, besides, too”; see instead:
S. eithro “*also”
S. eithro adv. “*also”

12.23 to Separate

S. edregol adv. “in especial, *especially”
⚠️G. far- v. “to separate, sever, divide; to depart, leave”
⚠️G. fartha- v. “to divide (tr.)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lhid- v. “to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lhîd n. “sieve”
S. seidia- v. “to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner”
⚠️G. thlid- v. “to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhid- “to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate”
⚠️G. thlid n. “sieve”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhîd “sieve”

12.24 to Open

ᴺS. [G.] ^belen adj. “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”
⚠️G. belin adj. “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^belen “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”
ᴺS. [G.] beltha- v. “to open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sail”
⚠️G. belu- v. “to unroll, unfurl (intransitively), belly (of sails), swell”; see instead:
ᴺS. beltha- “to open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sail”
S., N. edra- v. “to open (out)”
ᴺS. !ledia- v. “to open; unlock (transitive)”
N. panna- v. “to open, enlarge”

12.25 to Shut, Close

⚠️N. davnan adj. “?closed”; see instead:
S. hollen “closed, shut”
⚠️N. forn(en) adj. “closed”; see instead:
S. hollen “closed, shut”
S. #hol- v. “to close, shut”
S. hollen adj. “closed, shut”

12.26 to Cover

⚠️G. muthra- v. “to veil”
ᴺS. [G.] telt n. “lid”
⚠️G. teltha- v. “cover in”; see instead:
N. toba- “to cover, roof over”
⚠️G. telthion adj. “roofed in, sheltered, protected”
N. toba- v. “to cover, roof over”
⚠️G. tub- v. “to cover”; see instead:
N. toba- “to cover, roof over”

12.27 to Hide, Conceal

N. delia- v. “to conceal”
N. doltha- v. “to conceal”
S. *fanna- v. “to veil, cloak”
⚠️G. fuitha-¹ v. “to hide (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tobla- “to hide”
N. haltha- v. “to screen”
⚠️ᴺS. !hauda- v. “to cover up, hide away, lay in store, hoard, save, record; to bury”; see instead:
ᴺS. !haudha- “to lay in store; to hoard, save, record; to bury”
ᴺS. ^hoda- “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
ᴺS. !haudha- v. “to lay in store; to hoard, save, record; to bury”
ᴺS. !lhig- v. “to creep, sneak, do or go by stealth”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tobla- v. “to hide”
⚠️G. tubla- v. “to hide (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tobla- “to hide”

12.272 Hidden, Concealed

S., N. dolen adj. “hidden, [N.] secret”
⚠️G. furion adj. “secret, concealed, hidden”; see instead:
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nigren adj. “stealthy, (orig.) mouse-like”
⚠️G. nigrin adj. “stealthy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nigren “stealthy, (orig.) mouse-like”
⚠️S. torn² adj. “hidden, secret”; see instead:
S. dolen “hidden, [N.] secret”
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
⚠️G. tubrin adj. “hidden”; see instead:
S. dolen “hidden, [N.] secret”

12.31 High

⚠️ᴱN. aig adj. “high, steep”; see instead:
S. #aeg “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”
N. baradh “steep”
⚠️G. alw(eg) adj. “lofty (of living things, trees, men)”; see instead:
S. *alu “wholesome, *healthy”
S. taer “lofty, *high”
⚠️ᴱN. amros adj. “rising, soaring, lofty”; see instead:
S. taer “lofty, *high”
⚠️G. annor(in) adj. “lofty”; see instead:
S. taer “lofty, *high”
⚠️G. anthor(in) adj. “lofty (of mountains)”; see instead:
S. taer “lofty, *high”
⚠️ᴱN., G. dâ adj. “high”; see instead:
S. taer “lofty, *high”
⚠️G. dara adj. “lofty”; see instead:
S. taer “lofty, *high”
N. hall² adj. “exalted, high”
ᴺS. !hallas n. “height”
⚠️G. ôl² n. “height, stature”
⚠️G. ront adj. “high, steep”; see instead:
N. baradh “steep”
S. taer adj. “lofty, *high”

12.32 Low

⚠️G. hamra adj. “lowly, lowlying; base”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tovn “lowlying, deep, low”
ᴺS. [G.] haug adj. “low”
⚠️G. haugrin adj. “lowly, humble, mean”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hogren “lowly, humble, mean”
ᴺS. [G.] ^hogren adj. “lowly, humble, mean”
⚠️N. tofn adj. “lowlying, deep, low”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tovn “lowlying, deep, low”
ᴺS. [N.] ^tovn adj. “lowlying, deep, low”
⚠️G. um² adj. “lowlying”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tovn “lowlying, deep, low”

12.33 Top

⚠️ᴱN. câ n. “top”; see instead:
N. caw “top”
N. caw n. “top”
⚠️G. ôn¹ n. “crown of head, top”

12.34 Bottom

⚠️G. clib- v. “to uphold, support; to lean”
⚠️G. fod n. “end, butt, bottom”; see instead:
S. methed “end”
S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
⚠️G. hôm n. “ground, base, bottom, seabed”; see instead:
N. talaf “ground, floor”
S. thond “root, [N.] base; ⚠️root-word”
S. tâl “foot; [lower] end”
⚠️G. hum adv. “(right) down, (lit.) to bottom”; see instead:
N. dad “down”

12.35 End

ᴺS. [G.] laph n. “loose-end, end of rope, hem of robe”
S. methed n. “end”

12.352 Point

N. #caraes n. “*jagged hedge of spikes”
N. carag n. “spike, tooth of rock”
S., N. ceber n. “stake, spike; ⚠️[N.] ?limestone, -rock”
⚠️ᴱN., G. daroth n. “top, peak, point, tip, spike, [G.] summit”; see instead:
N. taen¹ “height, summit of high mountain”
ᴺS. ^aegas “mountain peak”
⚠️N. ecthel n. “?point (of spear)”; see instead:
N. thela “point (of spear)”
S. naith “spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow prominitory; angle”
N. ment n. “point”
N. nass n. “point, (sharp) end; angle, corner”
⚠️G. nel n. “point, end, tip, jutting end”
⚠️G. pleg n. “hedge-stake, stake”; see instead:
S. ceber “stake, spike; ⚠️[N.] ?limestone, -rock”
⚠️G. teb n. “point, nib, neb, nose”
⚠️G. teg n. “point, dot, spot”; see instead:
N. peg “dot, small spot”
S., N. till n. “point, spike, (sharp) horn, tine, ending”
S. trunc n. “great stake”

12.353 Edge

⚠️ᴱN. cant n. “edge”; see instead:
S. #cant “shape; [N.] outline”
S. lanc¹ “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end”
S. glân² “hem, border”
⚠️G. cilm n. “rim, brink, edge”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rîw “brink, brim”
S. glân² n. “hem, border”
S. lanc¹ n. “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end”
⚠️G. raim n. “edge, border-line”
ᴺS. [N.] rhîf n. “brink, brim”
⚠️ᴺS. ^rîw n. “brink, brim”; see instead:
ᴺS. rhîf “brink, brim”
ᴺS. [G.] tast n. “border, fringe”

12.37 Middle

⚠️S. enaid adj. “central, middle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^enaidh “central, middle”
ᴺS. [S.] ^enaidh adj. “central, middle”
S., N. enedh n. “centre, middle; [N.] core”
ᴺS. !enedhren adj. “central, essential”
N. nedh- pref. “mid-”
ᴺS. !nepheg n. “mid-point, (lit.) mid-spot”
⚠️G. seg n. “point, middle point”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nepheg “mid-point, (lit.) mid-spot”
⚠️G. segrin adj. “middle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^enaidh “central, middle”
⚠️G. segron adj. “midmost”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^enaidh “central, middle”

12.371 Between

S. im² prep. “between”
ᴺS. !mîg prep. “among”
S. mîn prep. and n. “between; gap, space, barrier; anything intervening between two other things”

12.38 Center

⚠️ᴱN. gir n. “interior, inwards, centre, inner parts, inside, heart”
N. nest n. “?heart, core”
⚠️G. sectha n. and adj. “centre”; see instead:
S. enedh “centre, middle; [N.] core”

12.391 In, Inside

⚠️G. a(d) prep. “into”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mî “(to the) inside; into”
⚠️G. ba prep. “in”; see instead:
S. mi “*in”
⚠️G. bi prep. “in”; see instead:
S. mi “*in”
⚠️G. bir prep. “in, within, inside”
ᴺS. !ivil n. “inside”
S. mi prep. “*in”
ᴺS. !mî adv. and prep. “(to the) inside; into”
N. #ne- pref. “in”

12.392 Out, Outside

S., N. ed¹ prep. and pref. “out, out of, [N.] forth”
⚠️G. edh prep. “outside, near borders of, near, hard by, beside”; see instead:
S. ed¹ “out, out of, [N.] forth”
ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
ᴺS. !edren adj. “outer”
ᴺS. !eth adj. and adv. “outside”
⚠️G. uf¹ prep. “out of, forth, from”; see instead:
S. ed¹ “out, out of, [N.] forth”
⚠️G. ufra adj. “outer”; see instead:
ᴺS. !edren “outer”
⚠️G. ûthi n. “outside”; see instead:
ᴺS. !eth “outside”

12.393 Across, Athwart

⚠️N. ad prep. “*against”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️G. adr prep. and adv. “across, athwart”; see instead:
S. thar “across, athwart, over”
⚠️G. adr(a) adj. “lying athwart; situated on far side”; see instead:
S. thar “across, athwart, over”
⚠️G. adros n. “crossing, ford”; see instead:
S. athrad “ford, crossing”
⚠️N. ath- pref. “on both sides, across”; see instead:
S. thar “across, athwart, over”
S. athra-¹ v. “to cross (to and fro)”
S., N. athrad n. “ford, crossing”
N. athrada- v. “to cross, traverse”
ᴺS. !dadhren [nd-] adj. “opposing, facing, opposite”
⚠️G. had prep. “facing, opposite, over against; (c. allative) against, instead of, in return for, for, as”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️G. hadra- v. “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dadhra- “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”
⚠️G. hadra adj. “opposing, facing, opposite; equivalent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dadhren “opposing, facing, opposite”
⚠️G. hadron prep. and adv. “opposite”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dadhren “opposing, facing, opposite”
N. hadron “thrower (of spears and darts)”
S. #iach n. “ford”
⚠️N. iath prep. “across”; see instead:
S. thar “across, athwart, over”
⚠️N. iathrad n. “crossing, ford”; see instead:
S. athrad “ford, crossing”
S., N. thar prep. and pref. “across, athwart, over”
⚠️G. trath n. “passage, ford”; see instead:
S. athrad “ford, crossing”

12.394 Up, Above, Over

S., N., ᴱN., G. #am adv. “up, [G.] upwards, ⚠️towards head of, above”
⚠️G. amon² adv. “uphill, against stream”; see instead:
N. amben “uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome”
⚠️G. antha adj. “upper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^orth “upper”
⚠️G. anthos adv. “up, above”; see instead:
N. or “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
S. bo prep. “*on”
⚠️ᴱN. han n. “above”
⚠️ᴱN. oga prep. “above, on top of”; see instead:
N. or “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
N., G. or prep. “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
⚠️G. or- pref. “on, onto, up, in addition to”; see instead:
N. or “above; [G.] onto, ⚠️on top, on”
ᴺS. [G.] ^orth adj. “upper”
⚠️G. ortha adj. “upper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^orth “upper”
⚠️G. orthi adv. “up”; see instead:
S. #am “up, [G.] upwards, ⚠️towards head of, above”

12.395 Down, Below, Beneath

N., ᴱN. dad adv. “down”
N. dadben adj. and adv. “downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”
⚠️ᴱN. dadvenn adj. and adv. “downhill; (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”; see instead:
N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”
⚠️ᴱN. dadvinn n. “downhill slope; rash course, impetus, path to destruction”; see instead:
N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous”
S., N. di¹ [nd-] prep. “beneath, under; ⚠️[N.] in”
⚠️G. nal² adv. “down, downwards”; see instead:
N. dad “down”
⚠️G. naldron adj. “lower down”; see instead:
N. dad “down”
⚠️G. naltha adj. “downward, lower, lower-down; (av.) below, beneath”; see instead:
N. dad “down”
S. nu “under”
⚠️N. no prep. “under”; see instead:
S. nu “under”
⚠️ᴱN. nofn adj. “down, set”; see instead:
N. dad “down”
S. nu prep. “under”
⚠️G. nunthi adv. “downward”; see instead:
N. dad “down”

12.3955 In Front

⚠️ᴱN., G. ant n. “face, front, forward surface; [G.] cheek”; see instead:
N. nîf “front, face”
N. crann “ruddy (of face); blush, the cheeks, ⚠️face”
N. ant “gift”
⚠️G. gwintha- v. “to face”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nevra- “to face, go forward”
ᴺS. [Ilk.] ^nevra- v. “to face, go forward”
N. nîf n. “front, face”
⚠️G. nod adv. “forward, on, in advance”

12.396 Behind, At the Rear

⚠️G. abont adv. “back; backwards”
ᴺS. [G.] ^abor² adj. “following, succeeding, close behind (of place), next behind or after (time or place)”
N. adel prep. “behind, in rear (of)”
⚠️ᴱN. bod adv. “back”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️G. bod adv. “behind, back, of time ago, ‘a while back’”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️ᴱN., G. bod- pref. “back, [G.] again; un- (= backwards)”; see instead:
S. #ad- “back, again, re-”
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️G. bodra adj. “back(ward), hinder, rear”
⚠️G. bodron adv. “behind, further back”
⚠️ᴱN. bôn n. “back”
⚠️G. bont adv. “back(wards)”
⚠️G. obra adj. “close behind (of place), following, succeeding, next behind or after (time or place)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^abor² “following, succeeding, close behind (of place), next behind or after (time or place)”
⚠️ᴱN. poi n. “aft (on a ship)”
⚠️ᴱN. poiant n. “stern”
⚠️G. pont n. “the back, reverse or far side”
N. tele n. “end, rear, hindmost part”

12.397 Beyond

⚠️G. adron adv. “further, beyond, over; on other side”; see instead:
N. athan “beyond”
N. athan prep. “beyond”

12.398 To, Towards

⚠️G. ar¹ prep. “at; to, towards”
⚠️ᴱN. athra- v. “to face, look in a certain direction, oppose”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dadhra- “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”
ᴺS. ^nevra- “to face, go forward”
S. athra-¹ “to cross (to and fro)”
⚠️G. cint adv. “hither”; see instead:
S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
⚠️G. hant¹ adv. “thither”; see instead:
S. taw² “thither”
S. na¹ prep. “to, towards, at”
⚠️ᴱN. ven n. “towards”

12.399 From, Away

⚠️G. a¹ prep. “from”; see instead:
S. o “from, of”
⚠️G. bâ adv. “away, off”
⚠️G. baron¹ [mb-] adv. “from home, out, away, abroad”; see instead:
S. palan “afar, abroad, far and wide”
⚠️S. go-² pref. “*away”; see instead:
N. #gwa-² “*away”
N. #gwa-² pref. “*away”
ᴺS. [S.] ^gwachae adj. “far away”
⚠️S., N. #gwahae adj. “*far away”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwachae “far away”
⚠️ᴱN. hin prep. “from”
⚠️G. mu¹ prep. “[?] flow; from”
⚠️G. redhos n. “land”
⚠️G. restu adj. “out of land, abroad, away from home”; see instead:
S. palan “afar, abroad, far and wide”

12.41 Right (vs. Left)

⚠️N. feir² adj. “right (hand)”; see instead:
ᴺS. fuir “[N.] right (hand); ⚠️north”
⚠️G. fim adj. “clever, right hand”; see instead:
N. maen “skilled, clever”
⚠️N. forgam adj. “righthanded”; see instead:
S. forvo “right hand, right side”
S. forvo n. “right hand, right side”
ᴺS. [S.] fuir adj. “[N.] right (hand); ⚠️north”

12.42 Left (vs. Right)

⚠️N. crom adj. “left”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hair “left (hand)”
⚠️N. crum n. “left hand”; see instead:
S. harvo “left hand, left side”
⚠️N. crumui adj. “left-handed”; see instead:
N. harwed “left-handed”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hair n. and adj. “left (hand)”
⚠️N. hargam adj. “left-handed”; see instead:
S. harvo “left hand, left side”
S. harvo n. “left hand, left side”
⚠️N. harwed adj. “left-handed”; see instead:
S. harvo “left hand, left side”
⚠️N. heir n. and adj. “left (hand)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hair “left (hand)”

12.43 Near

S., N., G. ar- pref. “[N.] outside; [S.] without; ⚠️by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with”
⚠️G. art adv. “beside, along side of”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
⚠️G. artha prep. “alongside (of)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
⚠️G. cî adv. “here”
⚠️G. ed prep. “close by”; see instead:
S. ed¹ “out, out of, [N.] forth”
S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
⚠️G. edhos prep. “just without, close by”; see instead:
ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
⚠️G. hath- pref. “close to, by, beside, touching”
⚠️G. lent adv. “near, close to, up by, along side of; (c. dat.) at, towards, up to side of; therewith, with it, withal”; see instead:
S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
ᴺS. !sa² “beside, alongside, next (to)”
S. na¹ “to, towards, at”
ᴺS. !nabant adv. “almost, (lit.) towards full”
⚠️ᴱN. neb adv. “near”; see instead:
S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
S. nef prep. “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”
⚠️ᴱN. neibio adv. “nearly, almost”
ᴺS. !nevui adj. “nearly”
ᴺS. !pela(h) prep. “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”
S., G. sí adv. “here, in this place (of speaker)”
⚠️G. sith adv. “hither”; see instead:
S. nef “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]; *near”

12.44 Far

⚠️G. annai adv. “far away”; see instead:
S. hae “far, (very) far away”
⚠️ᴱN. ech adv. “far away”; see instead:
S. hae “far, (very) far away”
⚠️ᴱN., G. eg adv. “far, †wide; [G.] far away, wide, distant, far off”; see instead:
S. hae “far, (very) far away”
⚠️G. egiont adj. “further, farther”
⚠️ᴱN. egos n. “distance”; see instead:
S. haered “remoteness, (remote) distance”
⚠️G. egra adj. “distant, far away”; see instead:
S. haer “remote, *distant”
⚠️ᴱN. egren adj. “distant”; see instead:
S. haer “remote, *distant”
⚠️G. egros adv. “distant, far away”; see instead:
S. hae “far, (very) far away”
⚠️G. egwed adj. “far, distant”; see instead:
S. haer “remote, *distant”
S. ennas adv. “there”
⚠️G. entha adv. “there by you, thither”
S., N. hae adj. and adv. “far, (very) far away”
S. haer adj. “remote, *distant”
S. haered n. “remoteness, (remote) distance”
S. haeron adj. “*distant”
⚠️G. hai¹ adv. “there (by him)”
⚠️G. lenc adj. and adv. “far, distant”; see instead:
S. hae “far, (very) far away”
⚠️G. lenchos n. “distance”; see instead:
S. haered “remoteness, (remote) distance”
S. palan adv. “afar, abroad, far and wide”
S. palan-díriel n. “far-gazer”
S. taw² adv. “thither”

12.45 East

⚠️N. †rhufen adj. “east”; see instead:
S. rhúnen “eastern”
S., N. rhûn n. “east, [N.] eastern; †rising”
S. rhúnen adj. “eastern”

12.46 West

S. annui adj. “west[ern]”
S., N. dûn [nd-] n. “west”
ᴺS. !dúnen adj. “western”
⚠️G. nûmin adj. “the west, sinking”; see instead:
S. annûn “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
⚠️ᴱN. #núnad- v. “to wester”
⚠️ᴱN. núnadol n. “westering”

12.47 North

⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^fervain adj. “northern”; see instead:
N. forodren “northern”
⚠️N. fervein adj. “northern”; see instead:
N. forodren “northern”
S. for- pref. “north”
ᴺS. !fordûn n. “northwest”
ᴺS. !fordúnen adj. “northwestern”
S., N. forn adj. “north, [N.] right”
S., N. forod n. “north”
N. forodren adj. “northern”
ᴺS. !forrûn n. “northeast”
ᴺS. !forrúnen adj. “northeast”
⚠️N. forven n. “north”; see instead:
S. forod “north”

12.48 South

S., N. harad n. “south”
N. haradren adj. “southern”
ᴺS. !hardûn n. “southwest”
ᴺS. !hardúnen adj. “southwestern”
⚠️N. harfen n. “*south-region”; see instead:
S. harad “south”
S., N., ᴱN. harn adj. “south, southern”
ᴺS. !harrûn n. “southeast”
ᴺS. !harrúnen adj. “southeast”

12.51 Form, Shape

⚠️G. benn² n. “shape, cut, fashion, shapeliness”; see instead:
S. #cant “shape; [N.] outline”
S. #rest “[N.] cut”
⚠️G. bentha- v. “to cut, fashion, shape”; see instead:
S. echad- “to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”
⚠️ᴱN. cadog adj. “?shapely”; see instead:
N. cadwor “shapely”
ᴺS. [N.] ^cadu adj. “shaped, formed”
⚠️N. cadw adj. “shaped, formed”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cadu “shaped, formed”
N. cadwor adj. “shapely”
S. #cannas n. “[abstract] shape”
S., N. #cant n. “shape; [N.] outline”
S., N. echad- v. “to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”
⚠️G. tab- v. “to cut to shape, fashion”; see instead:
S. echad- “to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out”
⚠️G. tôb(a) n. “shape, cut, fashion”; see instead:
S. #cant “shape; [N.] outline”

12.53 to Grow

⚠️G. altha- v. “to shoot up, grow (high)”
⚠️G. calon adj. “grown (of plants), budd[ing], in blade (of corn)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^galen “grown (esp. of plants)”
⚠️G. caltha- v. “to wax, grow, flourish”; see instead:
S. gala- “to grow”
S. theria- “to be vigorous, flourish”
⚠️G. calwed adj. “flourishing, adolescent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !theriol “flourishing”
ᴺS. !gwidhren “adolescent, pre-adult”
S., N. gala- v. “to grow”
ᴺS. [G.] ^galen adj. “grown (esp. of plants)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gannan adj. “waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large”
⚠️G. ganthan adj. “waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gannan “waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large”
⚠️G. -loth suf. “-grown”
S. theria- v. “to be vigorous, flourish”
ᴺS. !theriol adj. “flourishing”

12.54 to Measure

S. daur n. “league; †stop, pause”
⚠️N. daur adj. “great, large”; see instead:
S. daer¹ “great, large”
S. daur “league; †stop, pause”
⚠️G. modra- v. “count, measure”
⚠️G. modri n. “measurement”
ᴺS. [N.] ^raew n. “fathom”
⚠️N. rhaew n. “fathom”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raew “fathom”

12.55 Big, Large, Great

S., N., ᴱN., G. beleg adj. “great, mighty; large, big, [ᴱN.] huge”
S. daer¹ adj. “great, large”
⚠️G. gwen(n) adj. “big, large; fine”; see instead:
S. daer¹ “great, large”
S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
⚠️G. ûmi adj. “large”

12.56 Small, Little

⚠️G. inc adj. “little”; see instead:
S. #pîn “little”
⚠️G. inig adj. “small”; see instead:
S. #pîn “little”
N. mîw adj. “small, tiny, frail”
ᴺS. !nítha-² v. “to reduce, make small”
ᴺS. !níthannen v. “reduced, minor”
N. pigen adj. “tiny”
S. #pîn adj. “little”
⚠️G. pinig adj. “tiny, little”; see instead:
N. pigen “tiny”
S. #pîn “little”
N. tithen adj. “little, tiny”

12.565 Bit, Small Thing

N. peg n. “dot, small spot”
⚠️G. pî n. “anything very small, a bit, mote”; see instead:
N. peg “dot, small spot”

12.57 Long

S., N. anann adv. “(for) long”
S. and adj. “long”
ᴺS. !annas n. “length”
⚠️G. dîr adj. “long (of time)”
⚠️G. in(d)ra adj. “long (also used of time)”; see instead:
S. and “long”
⚠️G. lenwi n. “length, distance”; see instead:
ᴺS. !annas “length”
⚠️G. sûr adj. “long, trailing”
N. taen² adj. “long (and thin)”

12.58 Tall

N. baradh adj. “steep”
S., N. brand¹ adj. “towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine”
S., N. orchal adj. “tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
ᴺS. [Ilk.] ?thall adj. “steep, falling steeply (of river)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^tond adj. “tall”
⚠️N. tonn adj. “tall”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tond “tall”

12.59 Short

S. esten(t) adj. “short”
ᴺS. !thennas n. “shortness”
S., N. thent adj. “short”
⚠️N. thinnas n. “shortness, shortening”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thennas “shortness”

12.61 Wide, Broad

⚠️ᴱN. egall adj. “very broad”; see instead:
S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
⚠️ᴱN. eglann adj. “very wide”; see instead:
S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
⚠️G. egrin adj. “wide, vast, broad; far”; see instead:
S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
⚠️ᴱN. gall adj. “wide, broad”; see instead:
S. #land “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
⚠️S. iand adj. “wide”; see instead:
S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
S. iaun adj. “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
S., G. #land adj. “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
⚠️N., ᴱN. lhann adj. and n. “wide, [ᴱN.] broad; shire”; see instead:
S. #land “wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”
N. pann¹ adj. “wide”
⚠️N. ûr² adj. “wide”; see instead:
S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
S. *ûr “fire; ⚠️[ᴱN.] sun”

12.62 Narrow

N. agor adj. “narrow”
⚠️G. fing adj. “narrow”; see instead:
N. agor “narrow”
S. fing “lock of hair”
⚠️G. fingli n. “narrow place, straits, sound, pass in mountains”; see instead:
S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
S. úlan(n) adj. “narrow, (lit.) not broad”

12.63 Thick (in Dimension)

⚠️ᴱN. dolch adj. “stout, thick”; see instead:
N. tûg “thick, fat”
⚠️G. fabwed adj. “corpulent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !túgomui “corpulent, (lit.) having a fat belly”
⚠️G. lubi adj. “corpulent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !túgomui “corpulent, (lit.) having a fat belly”
⚠️G. polc adj. “thick, fat”; see instead:
N. tûg “thick, fat”
N. tûg adj. “thick, fat”
ᴺS. !túgom adj. “fat-bellied”
ᴺS. !túgomui adj. “corpulent, (lit.) having a fat belly”

12.64 Thick (in Density)

ᴺS. [S.] delch [nd-] adj. “dense”

12.65 Thin (in Dimension)

S. fim adj. “slender, slim”
⚠️G. glen(d)rin adj. “slender”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhind “fine, slender”
⚠️G. glen(d)rinios n. “slenderness”
⚠️G. glen(n) adj. “thin, fine, slender”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhind “fine, slender”
⚠️G. glenweth n. “thinness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhinnas “slenderness, thinness”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lhind adj. “fine, slender”
ᴺS. !lhinnas n. “slenderness, thinness”
⚠️ᴱN. minedh adj. “fine, slender, thin, small”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nind “slender”
ᴺS. [N.] ^nind adj. “slender”
⚠️N. ninn adj. “slender”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nind “slender”
⚠️N., G. thlinn adj. “fine, slender”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhind “fine, slender”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thriben adj. “lean”
⚠️G. thribin adj. “lean”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thriben “lean”
⚠️ᴱN. tlui adj. “slender”; see instead:
N. trîw “fine, very slender”
N. trîw adj. “fine, very slender”

12.66 Thin (in Density)

ᴺS. [N.] ^lhain adj. “lean, thin, meagre”
⚠️N. thlein adj. “lean, thin, meagre”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lhain “lean, thin, meagre”

12.67 Deep

⚠️G. dolc [nd-] adj. “deep”; see instead:
N. nûr² “deep”
N. nûr² adj. “deep”

12.71 Flat

⚠️G. amlad n. “surface”; see instead:
N. palath¹ “surface”
⚠️G. blant adj. “flat, open, expansive, candid, blunt (of words)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^plant “flat, open, expansive; candid, blunt (of words)”
⚠️N. dalw adj. “flat”; see instead:
S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
⚠️G. engri n. “flat surface, level, plane”; see instead:
N. palath¹ “surface”
S., N. #laden adj. “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
⚠️G. ladin adj. “level, smooth; fair, equitable”; see instead:
S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
N. path “smooth”
S. fael² “fair-minded, just, generous”
ᴺS. !laidh adj. “horizontal, (lit.) lying flat”
⚠️N., ᴱN. lhaden adj. “flat (and wide); open, cleared; [ᴱN.] smooth”; see instead:
S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
N. palath¹ n. “surface”
ᴺS. [G.] ^plant adj. “flat, open, expansive; candid, blunt (of words)”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^talu adj. “flat”; see instead:
S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
⚠️ᴱN. thain adj. “level, even”

12.72 Hollow, Concave

S. coll² adj. “hollow”
⚠️G. cub adj. “hollow”; see instead:
S. coll² “hollow”
⚠️G. dûl [nd-] adj. “hollow”; see instead:
S. coll² “hollow”
S. †naw adj. “hollow”
ᴺS. [N.] ^raudh adj. “hollow, cavernous”
⚠️N. rhaudh adj. “hollow, cavernous”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
⚠️G. rothrin adj. “hollow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
⚠️G. rûdin adj. “hollow, cavernous”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
⚠️G. tum n. “hollow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”
⚠️G. tumbol adj. “valley-like, hollow, excavated”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raudh “hollow, cavernous”

12.73 Straight

N. taer adj. “straight”
⚠️ᴱN. tain² adj. “straight”; see instead:
N. taer “straight”
N., G. tîr adj. “straight, right; [G.] upright, honest; esteem, regard, honour”
ᴺS. !tírad(a)- n. “to correct, straighten, rectify”

12.74 Crooked

⚠️G. craig adj. “crooked”; see instead:
ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
⚠️G. fant adj. “crooked, bent, bowed”; see instead:
ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
⚠️ᴱN. gaug adj. “crooked”; see instead:
ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
⚠️G. gwegla adj. “crooked”; see instead:
ᴺS. rhaen “crooked”
ᴺS. [N.] rhaen adj. “crooked”

12.75 Hook, Crook

⚠️G. crog n. “hook”; see instead:
S. gamp “hook, crook; [N.] claw”
⚠️G. crogin adj. “hooked”
S., N. gamp n. “hook, crook; [N.] claw”

12.76 Angle, Corner

N. bennas n. “angle”
S., N. naith n. “spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow prominitory; angle”
N. nelthil n. “triangle”
⚠️G. og² n. “sharp corner”

12.77 Cross

ᴺS. [G.] taru n. “cross, *crucifix; ⚠️crossing”
⚠️G. tranc adj. “criss-cross, crossed; cross, at cross purpose, perverse”
⚠️G. trantha- v. “to cross (tr. & intr.); to mark with a cross”; see instead:
S. athra-¹ “to cross (to and fro)”
⚠️G. †trôn n. “a cross; a crossing”; see instead:
ᴺS. taru “cross, *crucifix; ⚠️crossing”

12.78 Square

ᴺS. !canthil n. “square”
⚠️G. cantrib n. “square”; see instead:
ᴺS. !canthil “square”

12.81 Round

N. corn adj. “round, globed”
⚠️G. corol adj. “round, circular; rolling”; see instead:
N. corn “round, globed”
ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
⚠️ᴱN. crigen adj. “circular”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
⚠️G. crithog adj. “circular”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
⚠️ᴱN. crithui adj. “circular”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
⚠️G. crôl adj. “round”; see instead:
N. corn “round, globed”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rend¹ adj. “circular”
⚠️N. rhenn adj. “circular”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”

12.82 Circle

S. cor n. “ring, circle”
⚠️G. corm n. “ring, circle, disc”; see instead:
S. cor “ring, circle”
S. *corod n. “circle”
⚠️ᴱN. craith n. “circle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
⚠️G. crithla- v. “to encircle; to circle, go round”
⚠️ᴱN., G. crithos n. “ring; [G.] circle”; see instead:
S. cor “ring, circle”
⚠️G. †drinn n. “ring, disc”; see instead:
S. cor “ring, circle”
S. echor n. and adj. “outer circle; encircling”
⚠️G. gorin n. “circle of trees”; see instead:
S. cerin “circular mound, artificial hill; [N.] round enclosure”
⚠️G. grail n. “ring, circle, circlet”; see instead:
S. cor “ring, circle”
⚠️G. grileg adj. “ringed, hooped shape”
⚠️ᴱN. gwerin n. “enclosure”; see instead:
S. cerin “circular mound, artificial hill; [N.] round enclosure”
⚠️ᴱN. rhim n. “ring, circle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
⚠️N. rhingorn n. “circle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ringorn “circle”
⚠️N. rhinn n. “circle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
⚠️G. rinc adj. and n. “circular; disc, rondure”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rend¹ “circular”
ᴺS. ^rind “circle”
ᴺS. ^rinc “twitch, jerk, sudden move”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rind n. “circle”
ᴺS. [N.] ^ringorn n. “circle”
ᴺS. [G.] rod n. “tube, stem, *pipe”
⚠️G. rodrin adj. “cylindrical”

12.83 Sphere

⚠️ᴱN. corn¹ n. “round ball”; see instead:
N. coron “globe, ball”
N. corn “round, globed”
N. coron n. “globe, ball”
⚠️G. cross n. “ball”; see instead:
N. coron “globe, ball”
⚠️G. crost n. “lump, ball, cake”; see instead:
N. coron “globe, ball”
N. basgorn “loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake”

12.84 Line

⚠️N. lhîr¹ n. “row”; see instead:
S. #lîr “line, [N.] row”
S. #lîr n. “line, [N.] row”
ᴺS. !narth n. “list, (lit.) product of recitation”
ᴺS. [G.] ^raeb adj. “scored, striped”
⚠️G. raib adj. “scored, striped”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeb “scored, striped”
ᴺS. [G.] rib n. “stripe, line; ⚠️shore; border, fringe”
ᴺS. [G.] ribin adj. “striped, edged”
⚠️G. rimin¹ adj. “striped, edged”
N., G. tê n. “line, way, ⚠️[G.] track, path; mark”
⚠️G. tion n. “a straight line”; see instead:
N. tî “line, row; ⚠️[G.] straight”

12.85 Hole

N. dath n. “hole, pit; steep fall, abyss”
⚠️G. dolm [nd-] n. “pit”; see instead:
N. dath “hole, pit; steep fall, abyss”
N. gas n. “hole, gap”
⚠️G. ôth n. “hole, opening”; see instead:
N. gas “hole, gap”
⚠️G. sauth n. “a hole, tunnel”; see instead:
N. dath “hole, pit; steep fall, abyss”
S. fela “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; ⚠️minor excavations, den; [N.] cave”
N. tess n. “fine pierced hole”
⚠️ᴱN. tonn n. “(bored) hole, perforation”
⚠️ᴱN. tunneb adj. “full of holes, riddles”

12.91 Equal, Alike

⚠️ᴺS. !aif adj. “same”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ain “same, identical”
ᴺS. !ain adj. “same, identical”
⚠️G. argulthion adj. “equal, equivalent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !asgolui “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
ᴺS. !asgolui adj. “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
ᴺS. !bíleb adj. “equal”
ᴺS. !bilebra- v. “to equal”
ᴺS. !bilebren adj. “equable”
ᴺS. !bileutha- v. “to make equal, equalize”
⚠️G. felectha- v. “to make equal, equalize”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bileutha- “to make equal, equalize”
⚠️G. feleg adj. “equal”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bíleb “equal”
S. feleg “cave, ⚠️mine, underground dwelling”
⚠️G. felegra- v. “to equal”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bilebra- “to equal”
⚠️G. felegrin adj. “equable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bilebren “equable”
⚠️G. felweg n. “one’s fellow or equal, rival”
⚠️G. gofel adj. and adv. “exactly alike”; see instead:
ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
⚠️G. gofelthi n. “exact similarity”
⚠️G. gofelweg n. “one’s fellow or equal, rival”
⚠️G. inco pron. “the same, the identical”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ain “same, identical”
S. im¹ “I, I myself; reflexive, self(same)”
⚠️G. ladinios n. “equity”; see instead:
ᴺS. !faelas “fairness, equity”

12.92 Like, Similar

⚠️ᴱN. a prep. “like”; see instead:
S. #be “as, like; ⚠️in”
S. #be prep. “as, like; ⚠️in”
ᴺS. !bída- v. “to compare, liken”
ᴺS. !bîl n. “likeness, similarity”
ᴺS. !bilthadren adj. “probable”
⚠️G. fel prep. and adv. “like; (as av.) as, like”; see instead:
S. #be “as, like; ⚠️in”
ᴺS. !bîl “likeness, similarity”
⚠️G. feltha adj. “similar, like”; see instead:
ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
⚠️G. felthadrin adj. “probable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bilthadren “probable”
⚠️G. gofeltha adj. “*similar, like”; see instead:
ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
⚠️ᴱN. goneb adj. “similar”; see instead:
ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
⚠️ᴺS. !gothiol adj. “similar”; see instead:
ᴺS. !govai “alike, similar”
ᴺS. !govai adj. and adv. “alike, similar”

12.925 Different, Other

ᴺS. !egel adj. “other”
ᴺS. !egelren adj. “different, strange”
ᴺS. [G.] ^egol adv. and n. “else, something else”
⚠️ᴺS. !eithor adj. “other, another”; see instead:
ᴺS. !egel “other”
⚠️G. elc adv. and n. “else, something else”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^egol “else, something else”
⚠️ᴺS. [G.] ^elch adv. and n. “else, something else”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^egol “else, something else”
⚠️ᴺS. [G.] eleg adj. “other, else”; see instead:
ᴺS. !egel “other”
⚠️ᴺS. [G.] ^elegren adj. “different, strange”; see instead:
ᴺS. !egelren “different, strange”
⚠️G. elegrin adj. “different, strange”; see instead:
ᴺS. !egelren “different, strange”
⚠️G. elfel adj. “different, like something else”; see instead:
ᴺS. !egelren “different, strange”
⚠️G. prind n. “distinction”
S. sennui adv. “?rather, instead”

12.93 to Change

⚠️G. bart¹ n. “change”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwist “change”
⚠️G. bartha- v. “to change, exchange, alter”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwista- “to change, alter, vary”
N. bartha- “to doom”
⚠️G. bridol adj. “changing, varying, variable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwistol “changing, varying, variable”
⚠️G. brigla- v. “to change, vary”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwista- “to change, alter, vary”
⚠️G. brigli n. “variation”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwistanneth “alteration, variation”
⚠️G. elt¹ n. “change”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwist “change”
⚠️G. eltha- v. “to alter, change”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwista- “to change, alter, vary”
ᴺS. !gwist n. “change”
ᴺS. !gwista- v. “to change, alter, vary”
ᴺS. !gwistanneth n. “alteration, variation”
ᴺS. !gwistol adj. “changing, varying, variable”
N. presta- v. “to affect, trouble, disturb”
N. prestannen adj. “affected (of vowels), mutated”
N. prestanneth n. “affection (of vowels), mutation”

13. Quantity and Number

13.11 Amount, Quantity

S., N. arnediad adj. “unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
S., N. †arnoediad adj. “unnumbered, without reckoning”
⚠️N. aronoded adj. “innumerable, countless, endless”; see instead:
S. arnediad “unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
⚠️ᴱN. inathui adj. “innumerable”; see instead:
S. arnediad “unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
⚠️ᴱN. ornoth adj. “innumerable, without number, countless, numberless”; see instead:
S. arnediad “unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
S. pennod adj. “without count”
S. pennoediad adj. “innumerable”
⚠️G. tast² n. “total, amount”
⚠️G. udathnarol adj. “countless, innumerable”; see instead:
S. arnediad “unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
⚠️G. udathriol adj. “countless”; see instead:
S. arnediad “unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
S. únodui adj. “countless”

13.12 Number

N. gwanod n. “number, ⚠️tale”
⚠️G. mod n. “a number, figure”
⚠️G. modwen adj. “a large number”
ᴺS. !nodui adj. “some, few, several”
⚠️ᴱN. noth n. “number”; see instead:
N. gwanod “number, ⚠️tale”
⚠️ᴺS. !noth n. “number”; see instead:
N. gwanod “number, ⚠️tale”
⚠️G. tant n. “a number”; see instead:
N. gwanod “number, ⚠️tale”
⚠️G. tathn n. “number”; see instead:
N. gwanod “number, ⚠️tale”

13.13 Whole

S. #pân adj. “all, *complete, entire, full, the whole”

13.14 All, Every

⚠️G. gôr adj. “each, all”
⚠️G. gor-¹ [ng-] pref. “all, altogether, quite”
S. il adj. “*all”
ᴺS. !ilhad pron. “everywhere”
ᴺS. !illad n. “everything”
ᴺS. !ilnad pron. “everything”
ᴺS. !ilphen pron. “everyone”

13.15 Much, Many

⚠️G. egriol adj. “excessive”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lae n. “great number”
ᴺS. [N.] ^laew adj. “frequent, many”
⚠️N. lhae n. “great number”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lae “great number”
⚠️N. lhaew adj. “frequent, many”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laew “frequent, many”
⚠️ᴱN. lhî n. “many, a number”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lae “great number”
⚠️G. lim¹ adj. “many”; see instead:
S. rim “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”
⚠️ᴱN. odog adj. “much, abundant; large in quantity”
⚠️G. odog adj. “mighty, great; violent, excessive, exceeding, very”
⚠️G. odrim adj. “(very) many”
ᴺS. !othovor adj. “too much, (lit.) abundant in a bad way”
N. ovor adj. “abundant”
N. ovra- v. “to abound”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rem adj. “frequent, numerous”
⚠️N. rhem adj. “frequent, numerous”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rem “frequent, numerous”

13.16 More

ᴺS. !am adv. and adj. “more”
ᴺS. [N.] dae adv. “very”
⚠️G. dai² adv. “very, exceedingly”; see instead:
ᴺS. dae “very”
⚠️ᴱN. diant adv. “most”
⚠️G. ga- pref. “very, more”; see instead:
ᴺS. gant “larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased”
⚠️G. gaid adv. “more”; see instead:
ᴺS. gant “larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased”
ᴺS. [G.] gant adv. “larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased”
⚠️G. gantha adv. “more”; see instead:
ᴺS. gant “larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased”
⚠️ᴱN. goriad adj. “greater”
⚠️S. íd adv. “extremely, very”; see instead:
ᴺS. dae “very”
⚠️G. odra adv. “very”
S. ro- pref. “*superlative”

13.165 to Add, Increase

ᴺS. [N.] ^galu n. “increase, growth; ⚠️good fortune, blessedness, blessings”
⚠️N. galw n. “?increase, growth”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^galu “increase, growth; ⚠️good fortune, blessedness, blessings”
ᴺS. !alvar “(good) luck, fortune”
⚠️G. intha-¹ v. “to join to (intr.), add, increase, add to”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ganna- “to gain, profit, increase; to be profitable, bring in revenue”
S. #anna- “to give, †add to”

13.17 Few, Little

⚠️G. -(a)vlid suf. “less”; see instead:
S. pen¹ “without, lacking, -less”
⚠️G. inthi adv. “less”
⚠️ᴱN. lhigen adj. “small, few, little”; see instead:
N. tithen “little, tiny”
⚠️ᴱN. mig adj. “little (of amount)”; see instead:
N. mîw “small, tiny, frail”
⚠️G. migin adj. “little”; see instead:
N. mîw “small, tiny, frail”
⚠️G. miginthi n. “littleness”

13.18 Enough

⚠️G. fad adv. “enough”; see instead:
N. far “sufficient, enough, quite”
⚠️G. fadin adj. “sated, saturated”; see instead:
ᴺS. !farthannen “sated, satisfied”
⚠️G. fadra- v. “to sate, weary, ‘feed up’”; see instead:
ᴺS. !fartha- “to sate, satisfy”
N. far adj. and adv. “sufficient, enough, quite”
N. farn adj. “enough”
⚠️ᴱN. farn ? “[unglossed]”
ᴺS. !farthannen adj. “sated, satisfied”
⚠️ᴱN. garadren adj. “having room for, convenient, adequate, opportune”

13.181 Sufficiency

⚠️G. fadrin adj. “sufficient”; see instead:
N. far “sufficient, enough, quite”
ᴺS. !farthas n. “satiety, satisfaction”

13.182 to Suffice

ᴺS. !fartha- v. “to sate, satisfy”
N. feira- v. “to suffice”
⚠️ᴱN. gair- v. “there is room (for)”

13.19 Crowd, Multitude

⚠️ᴱN. drim n. “host, countless number”; see instead:
S. rim “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”
⚠️G. glest [ng-] n. “moot, gathering, concourse, assembly”; see instead:
N. hûd “assembly, *gathering, moot”
⚠️G. grim n. “host, folk”; see instead:
S. rim “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”
⚠️N., G. gweith n. “manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment”; see instead:
S. gwaith “people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region”
S., N., ᴱN., G. hoth n. “host, horde, ⚠️[N.] crowd; group plural; [ᴱN.] folk, [G.] people; †army”
N. hûd n. “assembly, *gathering, moot”
⚠️G. hûs n. “crowd, heap, pile; very great number”; see instead:
N. ovras “crowd, heap”
S. rim “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”
⚠️G. lest n. “gathering, assembly, concourse, moot”; see instead:
N. hûd “assembly, *gathering, moot”
N. ovras n. “crowd, heap”
⚠️N. rhim¹ n. “crowd, host”; see instead:
S. rim “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”
S. rim n. “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin), [N.] crowd”

13.192 Other Collective Words

⚠️G. carp n. “bundle, bunch”
ᴺS. [G.] pan n. “arrangement, settlement, *grouping; ⚠️place, spot”

13.21 Full

⚠️ᴺS. !adbanna- v. “to refill”; see instead:
ᴺS. !adbannad(a)- “to refill”
ᴺS. !adbannad(a)- v. “to refill”
⚠️G. cwant adj. “the whole, all the (with article); full”; see instead:
S. #pant “full; [G.] (with article) the whole, all the”
⚠️G. cwintha- v. “to fill”; see instead:
N. pathra- “to fill (intr.)”
N. #pannad(a)- v. “to fill (trans.)”
S., N. #pant adj. “full; [G.] (with article) the whole, all the”
N. pathra- v. “to fill (intr.)”
N. pathred n. “fullness”

13.22 Empty

⚠️N. caun² n. “empty, void”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^covn “empty, void”
ᴺS. [N.] ^covn n. “empty, void”
ᴺS. !covra- v. “to empty”
N. gaw n. “void”
ᴺS. !lad n. “nothing, zero”
⚠️N. lhost adj. “empty”; see instead:
S. #lost “empty”
S. #lost adj. “empty”
⚠️G. nil adj. “empty”
⚠️G. nilta- v. “to empty (tr.)”
ᴺS. [G.] unt n. “nothing”

13.23 Part

ᴺS. !sath n. “part”

13.24 Half

⚠️G. elef n. “half, half a ...”; see instead:
N. perin “half”
⚠️G. elfeg adj. “half”; see instead:
N. perin “half”
⚠️G. lemfin adj. “halved, in half”
⚠️G. lemp² n. “half”; see instead:
N. perin “half”
S., N. #per- pref. “half”
S., N. Perian n. “Halfling, Hobbit”
N. perin adj. “half”

13.25 Fraction, Division

S. canath n. “quarter”

13.32 One

S., N., G. er adj. “one, alone”
ᴺS. !erlu adv. “once, one time”
⚠️G. ert adv. “once, once only”; see instead:
ᴺS. !erlu “once, one time”
S., N., G. min¹ num. card. “one, ⚠️[G.] single”
ᴺS. [N.] ^minai adj. “distinct, unique, single”
⚠️ᴱN. mind num. card. “?one”; see instead:
S. min¹ “one, ⚠️[G.] single”
⚠️N. minei adj. “single, distinct, unique”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^minai “distinct, unique, single”
ᴺS. !nî adv. “once, at one time; was”

13.33 Alone, Only

S. air adj. “lonely”
S., N. ereb adj. “single, alone, lonely, [N.] isolated”
⚠️G. ereg adj. “alone, only”; see instead:
S. ereb “single, alone, lonely, [N.] isolated”
S. ereg “holly, [N.] holly-tree, ⚠️[S.] thorn”
ᴺS. [G.] ereth n. “solitude, oneness, loneliness”
⚠️G. erethrin adj. “isolated, solitary, lonely”; see instead:
S. ereb “single, alone, lonely, [N.] isolated”
N. eriol adj. “single, alone”
S. ero adv. “*only, alone”
⚠️G. erw adv. “only”; see instead:
S. ero “*only, alone”
⚠️G. erwed adj. “unique”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^minai “distinct, unique, single”

13.34 First

ᴺS. [G.] ^caetheb n. “original”
⚠️G. caithonwed adj. “original”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caetheb “original”
⚠️N. ereg² adj. “first”; see instead:
S. minui “first”
S. main adj. “prime, chief, pre-eminent”
S. †mein num. ord. “first”
S. minui num. ord. “first”
S. ned n. “*one more; ⚠️first; *during”
⚠️G. thegin adj. “leading, chief”
⚠️G. thegor n. “chief”
⚠️G. thegra adj. “first, foremost”
⚠️ᴱN. ungorod adj. “without a chief”
⚠️ᴱN. urorod adj. “without chief”

13.35 Last

⚠️G. fodra adj. “the last, latest, endmost”; see instead:
S. medui “end, final, last”
S. medui adj. “end, final, last”
S., N. #meth adj. and n. “last; [N.] end”
N. methen adj. “end, final”
ᴺS. !tell adj. “last, final (in a series)”

13.36 Two

⚠️G. atha² num. card. “two”; see instead:
S. tâd “two”
⚠️G. gadwi n. “twins”; see instead:
S. gwanunig “twin”
S. gwanunig n. “twin”
⚠️G. hethgadwi n. “twins”; see instead:
S. gwanunig “twin”
S., N. tâd num. card. “two”
S. #tad-dal adj. “two-legged, *biped”
S., N. #ui- pref. “twi-”

13.37 Second (ordinal)

⚠️S. edwen num. ord. “second”; see instead:
S. tadui “second”
⚠️G. obin adj. “second, next”
S. tadui num. ord. “second”
S. taid adj. “supporting, second in command”

13.38 Double, Twice

S. adu adj. “double”
S. edaid adj. “double”
⚠️G. gwi- pref. “twi-, bi-, di-”
⚠️N. tadol adj. “double”; see instead:
S. edaid “double”

13.41 Three

N. nel- pref. “tri-”
S., N. neledh num. card. “three”

13.42 Third (ordinal)

S. †nail num. ord. “third”
S. nelui num. ord. “third”

13.54 Cardinal Number

⚠️G. beleth(os) n. “144, a gross; a great number”; see instead:
N. host “gross (144)”
⚠️S. caen num. card. “ten”; see instead:
S. pae “ten”
⚠️N. caer¹ num. card. “ten”; see instead:
S. pae “ten”
⚠️ᴺS. !cambaen num. card. “forty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !caphaen “forty”
⚠️ᴺS. !canab num. card. “fourteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paegan “fourteen”
S., N. canad num. card. “four”
⚠️G. cant num. card. “four”; see instead:
S. canad “four”
ᴺS. !caphaen num. card. “forty”
⚠️G. elf(in) num. card. “five”; see instead:
S. leben “five”
⚠️ᴺS. !enebaen num. card. “sixty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !enephaen “sixty”
S., N., ᴱN. eneg num. card. “six”
⚠️ᴺS. !enem num. card. “sixteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paeneg “sixteen”
⚠️ᴺS. !eneph num. card. “sixteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paeneg “sixteen”
ᴺS. !enephaen num. card. “sixty”
N. host n. “gross (144)”
⚠️ᴺS. !lebem num. card. “fifteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paeleben “fifteen”
S. leben num. card. “five”
⚠️ᴱN. leme num. card. “*five”; see instead:
S. leben “five”
ᴺS. !lephaen num. card. “fifty”
⚠️N. lheben num. card. “five”; see instead:
S. leben “five”
S. #meneg num. card. “thousand, *large in number”
S. minib num. card. “eleven”
⚠️G. moth(in) n. “1000; †flock”; see instead:
S. #meneg “thousand, *large in number”
ᴺS. ^nethor “herd, flock”
S., N. neder num. card. “nine”
⚠️ᴺS. !nederph num. card. “nineteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paeneder “nineteen”
ᴺS. !nederphaen num. card. “ninety”
⚠️ᴺS. !neleb num. card. “thirteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paenel “thirteen”
ᴺS. !nelphaen num. card. “thirty”
⚠️G. odin num. card. “seven (orig[inally] many)”; see instead:
S. odog “seven”
⚠️G. odinthos num. card. “seventeen”
⚠️ᴺS. !odob num. card. “seventeen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paenodog “seventeen”
⚠️ᴺS. !odobaen num. card. “seventy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !odophaen “seventy”
S., N. odog num. card. “seven”
⚠️ᴺS. !odoph num. card. “seventeen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paenodog “seventeen”
ᴺS. !odophaen num. card. “seventy”
S. pae num. card. “ten”
ᴺS. !paedolodh num. card. “eighteen”
ᴺS. !paegan num. card. “fourteen”
ᴺS. !paeleben num. card. “fifteen”
ᴺS. !paeneder num. card. “nineteen”
ᴺS. !paeneg num. card. “sixteen”
ᴺS. !paenel num. card. “thirteen”
ᴺS. !paenodog num. card. “seventeen”
⚠️G. sath num. card. “ten”
ᴺS. !taphaen num. card. “twenty”
⚠️ᴺS. !tolob num. card. “eighteen”; see instead:
ᴺS. !paedolodh “eighteen”
S. tolodh num. card. “eight”
ᴺS. !tolophaen num. card. “eighty”
⚠️N. toloth num. card. “eight”; see instead:
S. tolodh “eight”
⚠️G. unthos n. “eighteen”
⚠️G. uvin n. “eight”; see instead:
S. tolodh “eight”
⚠️S. yneb num. card. “*twelve”; see instead:
S. ýneg “twelve”
S. ýneg num. card. “twelve”

13.55 Ordinal Number

⚠️S. caenui num. ord. “tenth”; see instead:
S. paenui “tenth”
S. canthui num. ord. “fourth”
S. enchui num. ord. “sixth”
⚠️ᴺS. !lemmui num. ord. “fifth”; see instead:
S. levnui “fifth”
S. levnui num. ord. “fifth”
ᴺS. !mengui num. ord. “thousandth”
S. nedrui num. ord. “ninth”
⚠️S. nelchaenen num. ord. “*thirtieth”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nelphaen “thirty”
⚠️S. nerthui num. ord. “ninth”; see instead:
S. nedrui “ninth”
S. othui num. ord. “seventh”
S. paenui num. ord. “tenth”
S. tollui num. ord. “eighth”
⚠️S. #tolothen num. ord. “eighth”; see instead:
S. tollui “eighth”
⚠️G. ungra adj. “eighth”

14. Time

14.11 Time (period)

⚠️N., ᴱN. lhû n. “time, occasion”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lû “time, occasion”
ᴺS. [G.] ^lû n. “time, occasion”
⚠️G. lûm n. “time”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lû “time, occasion”

14.12 Age

ᴺS. [N.] ^andrann n. “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle”
⚠️N. anrand n. “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^andrann “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle”
⚠️ᴱN., G. born n. “great age, age, period”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^andrann “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle”
S. born¹ “hot, red”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rand n. “cycle”
⚠️N. #rhand n. “cycle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rand “cycle”

14.13 New

⚠️G. brag adj. “fresh”; see instead:
S. laew “fresh”
⚠️G. brageth n. “freshness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !laeweth “freshness”
S. cîw adj. “fresh, new, ⚠️renewed”
N. echain adj. “new, built again”
N. eden adj. “new, begun again”
S. laew adj. “fresh”
ᴺS. !laeweth n. “freshness”
⚠️N. lhoeb adj. “fresh”; see instead:
S. laew “fresh”
ᴺS. [N.] ^sain adj. “new”
⚠️N. sein adj. “new”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^sain “new”
N. siniath n. “news, tidings”

14.14 Young

⚠️G. gân adj. “young”; see instead:
S. #gwain¹ “young, *new”
N. neth “young”
⚠️G. ganos n. “youth”; see instead:
S. gwîn “youth”
N. nîth “youth”
⚠️G. ganothrin adj. “youthful”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwineb “youthful”
S. #gwain¹ adj. “young, *new”
S. gwîn n. “youth”
⚠️N. gwîn¹ adj. “young”; see instead:
S. #gwain¹ “young, *new”
ᴺS. !gwineb adj. “youthful”
⚠️G. gwioth n. “youth”; see instead:
S. gwîn “youth”
N. nîth “youth”
⚠️G. gwiw adj. “young”; see instead:
S. #gwain¹ “young, *new”
N. neth “young”
⚠️G. hiltha n. “youth (more often masculine)”; see instead:
S. gwîn “youth”
⚠️G. laibrin adj. “green, fresh, youthful”; see instead:
S. calen “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”
S. laew “fresh”
ᴺS. !gwineb “youthful”
N. neth adj. “young”
N. nîth n. “youth”

14.15 Old

N. brûn adj. “old (has long endured)”
⚠️G. dribin adj. “worn out”; see instead:
N. gern “worn, old, decrepit (of things)”
S. einior adj. “elder”
N. gern adj. “worn, old, decrepit (of things)”
⚠️G. gîrin adj. “bygone, old, belonging to former days, olden, former, ancient”; see instead:
S. iaur “old; [N.] ancient, olden”
⚠️G. hôr adj. “old, aged, ancient”; see instead:
S. iaur “old; [N.] ancient, olden”
⚠️G. horoth adj. “age, eld, oldness”
⚠️G. hortha- v. “to grow old”
⚠️G. horweg n. “an ancient, old man”
S., N. iaur adj. “old; [N.] ancient, olden”
N. ingem adj. “old (in mortal sense), suffering from old age, decrepit, (lit.) year-sick”
S., N. *iphant adj. “[N.] aged, having lived long, (lit.) year-full”
ᴺS. !íphathred n. “yearfullness, age of person”
⚠️ᴱN. sair adj. “aged, ancient”
⚠️ᴱN. sairos n. “great age”
⚠️ᴱN. sairothwen n. “antiquity”

14.16 Early (adv)

⚠️G. hai² adv. “in good time, punctually, early”
⚠️G. haidra adv. “timely, punctual, in good time”
⚠️G. hair adj. “timely, punctual, in good time”
⚠️G. mau adv. “soon, early”
⚠️G. maudra- v. “be early, come first; to prefer, to be preferred”
⚠️G. maudro adv. “sooner, earlier; rather”
⚠️G. maurin adj. “early, betimes, up early; premature”

14.17 Late (adv)

⚠️G. fiont(ha) adj. “later”
⚠️G. fîr adj. “late”

14.18 Now

⚠️G. gui adv. “just, just now, only just, already”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gwí “just, just now, only just, already”
ᴺS. [G.] ^gwí adv. “just, just now, only just, already”
S. hí adv. “now”
ᴺS. !sî adv. “yet, hither(to), hereto”

14.19 Soon, Immediately

S. fergar adj. “soon done”
ᴺS. !rong adv. “soon”

14.21 Fast, Swift, Quick

N. alag adj. “rushing, impetuous”
⚠️ᴱN., G. arog adj. “swift, [G.] rushing, torrential”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lagor “swift, rapid”
N. alag “rushing, impetuous”
N. asgar adj. “violent, rushing, impetuous”
ᴺS. !brêg adj. “lively, sudden, quick”
N. breged n. “violence, suddenness”
S., N. #bregol adj. “quick, sudden, [N.] violent, *fierce”
⚠️N. breig adj. “wild, fierce”; see instead:
S. #bregol “quick, sudden, [N.] violent, *fierce”
⚠️ᴱN. caiw adj. “lively, quick”
S., N., ᴱN. celeg adj. “hasty; [N.] agile, swift; ⚠️[ᴱN.] lambent”
S. fair adj. “quick, ready, prompt”
⚠️ᴱN. flind adj. “fleet-footed, swift”
N. gorf n. “impetus, vigour”
N. gorn adj. “impetuous”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lagor adj. “swift, rapid”
⚠️N. lhagr adj. “swift, rapid”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lagor “swift, rapid”
S., N. lim adj. “quick, swift”
⚠️G. lint adj. “quick, agile, nimble, light”; see instead:
S. lim “quick, swift”
⚠️ᴱN. oroth n. “impetus, speed, haste, rash courage”
⚠️G. raug adj. “swift, rushing”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lagor “swift, rapid”
N. alag “rushing, impetuous”
S. raug “demon, powerful hostile and terrible creature”

14.22 Slow

ᴺS. !guir adj. “slow”
⚠️G. idhr(a) adv. “long, a long time”; see instead:
S. and “long”

14.23 to Hurry, Hasten

⚠️ᴱN. rhaid n. “a rush(ing)”
⚠️ᴱN. rhaid- v. “to rush, hustle”
ᴺS. !ronga- v. “to hasten”

14.24 to Delay

⚠️G. bodra- v. “to hinder, delay, tarry”
⚠️G. gwirth n. “unwillingness, reluctance”
⚠️G. gwirthol adj. “reluctant”
ᴺS. !hebia- v. “to delay, retain, keep (temporarily)”

14.25 to Begin; Beginning

N. heria- v. “to begin suddenly and vigorously”
ᴺS. !iesta-¹ v. “to begin”

14.252 to Last

N. brona- v. “to last, survive”
ᴺS. !bronad n. “survival”
⚠️G. hadhol adj. “abiding; enduring, constant, faithful”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thand “firm, true, abiding”
ᴺS. brond “firm, [G.] steadfast, *faithful, constant”

14.254 Patience, Endurance

S. andreth n. “long-suffering, patience”
ᴺS. !andrethui adj. “patient, long suffering”
N. brenia- v. “to endure”
N. bronadui adj. “enduring, lasting”
N. bronwe n. “endurance”
⚠️G. bronweth n. “constancy”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bronnas “steadfastness, constancy”
⚠️G. gulin adj. “patient, enduring, long suffering; (lit.) burdened”; see instead:
ᴺS. !andrethui “patient, long suffering”
ᴺS. !gwar- n. “to yield, give way, surrender”
ᴺS. *reth n. “endurance”
⚠️G. rôs² n. “endurance, meekness, patience, gentleness”; see instead:
S. andreth “long-suffering, patience”
⚠️G. rûs n. “endurance, long suffering, patience”; see instead:
S. andreth “long-suffering, patience”

14.26 End (n, temporal)

ᴺS. !telf n. “conclusion, ending, anything used to finish off a work or affair”
⚠️G. telfod n. “final end, the very last”; see instead:
S. medui “end, final, last”
⚠️G. telu n. “end”; see instead:
N. tele “end, rear, hindmost part”

14.27 to Finish

⚠️G. carn adj. “done, finished”; see instead:
ᴺS. !carnen “done, made, finished”
ᴺS. !carnen adj. “done, made, finished”
⚠️G. cartha- v. “to finish, make”; see instead:
S. car- “to do, make”
ᴺS. !tel- “to end, finish, be done”
⚠️G. carthion adj. “complete, perfect”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^crannen “perfect”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] cranna- v. “to accomplish, finish, complete, [G.] achieve”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^crannen adj. “perfect”
⚠️G. cranta- v. “to finish, achieve, accomplish, complete”; see instead:
ᴺS. cranna- “to accomplish, finish, complete, [G.] achieve”
⚠️ᴱN. cranthir adj. “perfect”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^crannen “perfect”
⚠️G. fodra- v. “to bring to an end, end, finish; to come to an end, end, finish”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tel- “to end, finish, be done”
ᴺS. !tel- v. “to end, finish, be done”
⚠️ᴺS. !telia- v. “to finish, conclude”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tel- “to end, finish, be done”
N. telia- “to play”
⚠️G. telu- v. “to close, end, finish”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tel- “to end, finish, be done”
⚠️ᴱN. thîr adj. “complete, full, accomplished, ended, up to the required number”
⚠️ᴱN. #thirad- v. “to make complete, fill in the last details”
⚠️ᴱN. thiradant adj. “elaborately finished”

14.28 to Cease

S., N. #dar- v. “[N.] to stop, halt”
⚠️G. gwiltha- v. “to cease, leave off”; see instead:
ᴺS. !posta- “to stop, cease, leave off, ⚠️rest”
⚠️G. hast n. “waiting, wait, pause, rest, stop”; see instead:
N. post “pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite”
N. hast “axe-stroke”
⚠️G. hasta- v. “to tarry, wait, pause, stay, stop”; see instead:
S. #dar- “[N.] to stop, halt”
N. dartha- “to wait, stay, remain, last, endure”
N. hasta- “to hack through, *cleave”
N. post n. “pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite”
ᴺS. !posta- v. “to stop, cease, leave off, ⚠️rest”
ᴺS. !postad n. “stopping, cessation, leaving off”

14.29 Ready

S. feria- v. “to make ready (promptly)”
S. ferui adj. “ready to hand, (quickly) available”
⚠️G. guin¹ adj. “ready, fresh”; see instead:
S. fair “quick, ready, prompt”
S. cîw “fresh, new, ⚠️renewed”
N. hûr n. “readiness for action, vigour, fiery spirit”
⚠️ᴱN. marn adj. “?ripe”
⚠️G. mar(o)n adj. “ripe”

14.30 Eternity

ᴺS. !anuir adv. “forever, everlastingly, eternally, in eternity”
⚠️N. guir n. “eternity”; see instead:
N. uir “eternity”
⚠️N. guireb adj. “eternal”
N. uir n. “eternity”
N. uireb adj. “eternal”

14.31 Always

⚠️G. bóra adv. “always, ever, continuously”; see instead:
S. ui “ever”
N. brûn “old (has long endured)”
⚠️G. bront adv. “perpetually”; see instead:
S. ui “ever”
⚠️G. brontha adj. “continual, continuous, unceasing; everlasting”; see instead:
N. bronadui “enduring, lasting”
N. uireb “eternal”
S., N. #him¹ adv. and adj. “ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding”
S., N. ui adv. “ever”

14.34 Never

ᴺS. !allu adv. “never”

14.35 Again

S., N. #ad- pref. “back, again, re-”
⚠️ᴱN. avod adv. “again, back again, in return”; see instead:
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
S. dan [nd-] prep. “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
⚠️G. no- pref. “re-, back, again”

14.355 Past, Ago

⚠️ᴱN., G. dim adj. “bygone, past, ancient, [G.] over, former”; see instead:
S. gwanwen “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
⚠️ᴱN., G. #dimvorn n. “past ages, [G.] the past, past days, olden times”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwanwas “the past, past days, olden times”
⚠️G. dîn adv. “once (up a time), long ago, formerly”
⚠️G. diradhin adv. “once upon a time”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. ^en adv. “then, [G.] that past, ⚠️that by you, that already mentioned (by you)”
ᴺS. !gwanwas n. “the past, past days, olden times”
ᴺS. !gwenwi n. “past, past tense”
⚠️G. in(d)raluin adv. “long ago”; see instead:
N. io “ago”
N. io adv. “ago”
⚠️G. luin¹ adj. and adv. “gone, past; ago”; see instead:
S. gwanwen “departed, *gone, lost [to time], past”
N. io “ago”

14.36 Before (temporal)

⚠️S., N. #eb prep. “?before”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nui “before (of time); ⚠️[G.] afterwards, again, later”
⚠️G. gî(laith) adv. “once, in past”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nî “once, at one time; was”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nui prep. and adv. “before (of time); ⚠️[G.] afterwards, again, later”

14.37 After

S. #ab prep. “after”
S. atha- v. “will (future)”
S., N. #cad adv. “*after”
⚠️G. no adv. “then, next, again; then, after(wards)”
⚠️G. nodro adv. “farther on, further forward, later, again”
⚠️G. nontha adj. “the next, the succeeding (time only)”
⚠️G. nui adv. “afterwards, again, later”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nui “before (of time); ⚠️[G.] afterwards, again, later”
⚠️G. nuidro adv. “still later”
⚠️G. ob prep. “after, close behind (time and place)”; see instead:
S. #ab “after”
⚠️G. obron adv. “*next”

14.41 Day

⚠️N. ar-² pref. “day”; see instead:
S. or- “-day”
⚠️N. arad n. “daytime, a day”; see instead:
S. calan “day(light)”
S., N. aur n. “(whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning”
S. calan n. “day(light)”
⚠️G. dana n. “day (24 hours)”; see instead:
S. aur “(whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning”
S. erin ? “on the ... day”
⚠️G. glâ n. “day, daytime”; see instead:
S. aur “(whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning”
⚠️G. gôl¹ n. “daylight, day”; see instead:
S. aur “(whole) day, sunlight, [N.] morning”
S. calan “day(light)”
S. or- pref. “-day”

14.412 Daily

⚠️G. danoriol adj. “daily”; see instead:
S. ilaurui “*daily”
S. ilaurui adj. “*daily”
⚠️ᴺS. !órui n. “daily”; see instead:
S. ilaurui “*daily”

14.42 Night

⚠️N. daw n. “night-time, gloom”; see instead:
S. dû “night, dimness; [N.] night-fall, late evening; ⚠️[S.] dim, dark”
N. maur “gloom”
S., N. dû n. “night, dimness; [N.] night-fall, late evening; ⚠️[S.] dim, dark”
⚠️G. fui n. “night”; see instead:
S. fuin “night, gloom, darkness, [N.] dead of night”
S., N., ᴱN. fuin n. “night, gloom, darkness, [N.] dead of night”
⚠️G. fuitha-² v. “to fall (of night); to grow dark”
⚠️ᴱN. urfuin adj. “nightless”

14.43 Dawn

⚠️G. am(b)ros(t) n. “dawn”; see instead:
S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”
⚠️ᴱN., G. amrost n. “rising, (esp.) sunrise, [G.] dawn”; see instead:
S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
S., N. amrûn n. “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
⚠️G. glô n. “sunrise, dawn, daybreak”; see instead:
S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”
⚠️G. glóna- v. “to dawn”
⚠️G. haurost n. “dawn”; see instead:
S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”
⚠️G. hyrost n. “*dawn”; see instead:
S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”
S. minuial n. “(dawn) twilight”
⚠️G. nuimath n. “‘second twilight’, first signs of dawn”; see instead:
S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”
⚠️G. obromath n. “the twilight that follows the night, ‘second twilight’, just before dawn”; see instead:
S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”
⚠️G. orosaura n. “sunrise”; see instead:
S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
⚠️G. thegla n. “first lights of dawn”

14.44 Morning

ᴺS. !amor n. “morning, early day”
⚠️G. haidri n. “forenoon, after breakfast”
⚠️G. maudri n. “early morn before dawn, time before first meal”

14.45 Noon

⚠️G. authmeg n. “midday, high noon”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nedhor “mid-day, noon”
ᴺS. !avnedhor n. “afternoon”
ᴺS. !nedhor n. “mid-day, noon”
⚠️G. nuiri n. “afternoon”; see instead:
ᴺS. !avnedhor “afternoon”
⚠️G. obauthri n. “afternoon”; see instead:
ᴺS. !avnedhor “afternoon”
⚠️G. saidhon n. “noon”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nedhor “mid-day, noon”

14.46 Evening

⚠️G. mathwen n. “evening”; see instead:
S. aduial “(evening) twilight, *evening”
N. †thîn n. “evening”

14.462 Dusk

S. aduial n. “(evening) twilight, *evening”
S., N. annûn n. “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
⚠️G. cwelm n. “dusk”; see instead:
S. moth “dusk”
⚠️G. math n. “dusk”; see instead:
S. moth “dusk”
⚠️G. mathrin adj. “dusk, dusky”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mothren “dusk, dusky”
⚠️G. mathusgi n. “twilight”; see instead:
S. uial “twilight, evendim”
S. moth n. “dusk”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mothren adj. “dusk, dusky”
S., N. #tinnu n. “[N.] (starry) twilight, dusk, early night (without moon)”
S., N. uial n. “twilight, evendim”
⚠️ᴱN., G. umboth n. “twilight, [G.] nightfall”; see instead:
S. uial “twilight, evendim”

14.47 Today

⚠️G. ain² n. “today”; see instead:
S. sír “*today, this day”
⚠️G. aindana n. “today”; see instead:
S. sír “*today, this day”
⚠️G. aindanathon adj. “today”; see instead:
S. sír “*today, this day”
⚠️G. cîrin adj. “present (place or time), modern”
⚠️G. sinnai n. “today”; see instead:
S. sír “*today, this day”
S. sír n. “*today, this day”

14.48 Tomorrow

ᴺS. !abor¹ n. “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”
⚠️G. nôn n. “tomorrow, the next day on from one mentioned or in thought, the morrow”; see instead:
ᴺS. !abor¹ “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”
⚠️ᴺS. !ordolel n. “tomorrow”; see instead:
ᴺS. !abor¹ “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”

14.49 Yesterday

⚠️G. gîr n. “yesterday”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nuir “yesterday”
ᴺS. !nuir n. “yesterday”
ᴺS. !orvedui n. “yesterday”

14.51 Hour

⚠️ᴺS. !orest n. “hour”; see instead:
ᴺS. !oreth “hour”
ᴺS. !oreth n. “hour”

14.52 Minute, Second

ᴺS. !luig n. “minute, moment”

14.61 Week

⚠️N. Ardórin n. “?Day of Kings”; see instead:
S. Rodyn “alternate name of the last day of the Eldarin six-day week”
⚠️G. caineglad n. “fortnight”
⚠️N. lhevnar n. “week”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^odlad “week”
⚠️G. ochlad n. “week”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^odlad “week”
ᴺS. [G.] ^odlad n. “week”

14.62 Sunday

⚠️N. Aranor n. “*Sun-day”; see instead:
S. Oranor “*(lit.) Sun-day, Sunday”
S. Oranor n. “*(lit.) Sun-day, Sunday”

14.63 Monday

⚠️N. Arithil n. “*Moon-day”; see instead:
S. Orithil “*Moon-day, Monday”
S. Orithil n. “*Moon-day, Monday”

14.64 Tuesday

⚠️N. Argalad n. “Tree Day”; see instead:
S. Orgaladh “Day of the Tree, *Tuesday”
⚠️N. Argaladath n. “*Day of the Trees”; see instead:
S. Orgaladhad “Day of the Two Trees, *Tuesday”
S. Orgaladh n. “Day of the Tree, *Tuesday”
S. Orgaladhad n. “Day of the Two Trees, *Tuesday”

14.65 Wednesday

⚠️N. Arvenel n. “*Heavens-day”; see instead:
S. Ormenel “*Heavens-day, Wednesday”
S. Ormenel n. “*Heavens-day, Wednesday”

14.66 Thursday

⚠️N. Aroeren n. “Sea-day”; see instead:
S. Oraeron “Sea-day, *Thursday”
S. Oraeron n. “Sea-day, *Thursday”

14.67 Friday

⚠️N. Arvelain n. “*Day of the Valar”; see instead:
S. Orbelain “*Day of the Valar, Friday”
S. Orbelain n. “*Day of the Valar, Friday”
S. Rodyn n. “alternate name of the last day of the Eldarin six-day week”

14.68 Saturday

⚠️N. Argilion n. “*Star-day”; see instead:
S. Orgilion “*Star-day, Saturday”
S. Orgilion n. “*Star-day, Saturday”

14.71 Month

ᴺS. [G.] ranoth n. “month”

14.72 Names of the Months

⚠️S. Cadlaer n. “July, *After-summer”; see instead:
S. Cerveth “July”
⚠️N. Cadloer n. “July, *After-summer”; see instead:
S. Cerveth “July”
⚠️N. Cathriw n. “January, *After-winter”; see instead:
S. Narwain “January, *(lit.) New Fire”
S., N. Cerveth n. “July”
⚠️S. Eblaer n. “June, ?Before-summer”; see instead:
S. Nórui “June, *Fiery”
⚠️N. Ebloer n. “June, ?Before-summer”; see instead:
S. Nórui “June, *Fiery”
⚠️N. Ephriw n. “December, *First-winter”; see instead:
S. Girithron “December, *Shuddering-one”
S., N. Girithron n. “December, *Shuddering-one”
S., N. Gwaeron n. “March, *Windy-one”
S., N. Gwirith n. “April, *Freshness”
S., N. Hithui n. “November, *Misty-one”
⚠️N. Ifonneth n. “September, *Yavanna-ness”; see instead:
S. Ivanneth “September, *Yavanna-ness”
S. Ivanneth n. “September, *Yavanna-ness”
S., N. Lothron n. “May, *Flower-ness”
S., N. Narbeleth n. “October, Sun-fading, Sun-waning”
S. Narwain n. “January, *(lit.) New Fire”
⚠️N. Nenneth n. “February, *Watery”; see instead:
S. Nínui “February, *Watery”
⚠️N. Nerwinien n. “January”; see instead:
S. Narwain “January, *(lit.) New Fire”
S. Nínui n. “February, *Watery”
S., N. Nórui n. “June, *Fiery”
S., N. Úrui n. “August, *Hot-one”

14.73 Year

ᴺS. !coranor n. “solar year, (lit.) sun-round”
⚠️N. edinar n. “anniversary day”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^edinor “anniversary day”
ᴺS. [N.] ^edinor n. “anniversary day”
N. ennin n. “Valian year”
⚠️G. fann n. “year”; see instead:
S. #în¹ “year”
⚠️N. idhrin n. “year, *(lit.) year-circle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^idhrinn “year, *(lit.) year-circle”
ᴺS. [N.] ^idhrinn n. “year, *(lit.) year-circle”
ᴺS. !iestor n. “first day of the new year”
S., N. #în¹ n. “year”
⚠️G. lath n. “year”; see instead:
S. #în¹ “year”
ᴺS. !lóran n. “seasonal year, (lit.) growth-cycle”
⚠️N. penninar n. “full year (last day of year)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^penninor “full year (last day of year), *new year’s eve”
ᴺS. [N.] ^penninor n. “full year (last day of year), *new year’s eve”
⚠️G. rain n. “anniversary, year complete”
⚠️G. teglath n. “noted year, special year, feast year”

14.74 Winter

⚠️G. folorin n. “winter”; see instead:
S. rhîw “winter”
⚠️G. Gilim n. “winter”; see instead:
S. rhîw “winter”
⚠️G. Hess n. “winter”; see instead:
S. rhîw “winter”
S., N. rhîw n. “winter”

14.75 Spring

S., N. echuir n. “early Spring, (lit.) stirring”
S., N. ethuil n. “spring [the season]”
⚠️S., G. #tuil n. “spring”; see instead:
S. ethuil “spring [the season]”
⚠️G. tuilir n. “spring(time)”; see instead:
S. ethuil “spring [the season]”

14.76 Summer

⚠️G. aust n. “summer”; see instead:
S. laer¹ “summer”
⚠️ᴱN. awest n. “summer”; see instead:
S. laer¹ “summer”
S. laer¹ n. “summer”
⚠️N. loer n. “summer”; see instead:
S. laer¹ “summer”
⚠️G. ost² n. “summer”; see instead:
S. laer¹ “summer”
⚠️G. saiwen n. “summer, midsummer”; see instead:
S. laer¹ “summer”

14.77 Autumn

⚠️N. dannas n. “autumn”; see instead:
S. iavas “autumn, *harvest (time)”
⚠️N. Dantilais n. “autumn”
⚠️G. dodri·lassion n. “autumn, *(lit.) falling of leaves”; see instead:
S. iavas “autumn, *harvest (time)”
ᴺS. ^lasbelin “leaf-fall, autumn”
S., N. firith n. “fading; [late] autumn”
S. iavas n. “autumn, *harvest (time)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lasbelin n. “leaf-fall, autumn”
⚠️G. lasgweloth n. “leaf-fading, autumn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lasbelin “leaf-fall, autumn”
⚠️N. lhasbelin n. “leaf-fall, autumn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lasbelin “leaf-fall, autumn”
⚠️G. narcolas n. “the fall of the leaf, Autumn”; see instead:
S. firith “fading; [late] autumn”
ᴺS. ^lasbelin “leaf-fall, autumn”

14.79 Festival, Holiday

⚠️N. bereth² n. “feast, festival”; see instead:
S. mereth “feast, [N.] festival”
⚠️G. dulwen n. “feast”; see instead:
S. mereth “feast, [N.] festival”
S. mereth n. “feast, [N.] festival”

14.81 History

N. gobennas n. “history”
N. gobennathren adj. “historical”
S., N. ínias n. “annals”

14.99 Time (other)

S. eno adv. “*still”
⚠️G. laith¹ n. “time, the course of time; (properly) lapse”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lû “time, occasion”
⚠️G. laithra adj. “dead and gone, over, former, of yore, forgotten”

15. Sense Perception

15.11 to Sense, Perceive; Sense

⚠️G. (g)leg adj. “keen, sharp, piercing”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laeg “keen, sharp, acute”
ᴺS. [N.] ^laeg adj. “keen, sharp, acute”
⚠️N. lhaeg adj. “keen, sharp, acute”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laeg “keen, sharp, acute”
⚠️G. naus adj. and n. “keen-witted, observant; notice”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nuicha- v. “to take notice, perceive; *(orig.) to smell [something]”
⚠️G. nus- v. “to take notice, perceive”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nuicha- “to take notice, perceive; *(orig.) to smell [something]”
⚠️G. nuthleg adj. “keen-nosed”
⚠️G. uista- v. “not to notice”

15.21 to Smell (subj)

⚠️ᴱN. maethon adj. “snuffling”
⚠️ᴱN. #magradh- v. “?to smell”
⚠️G. nafra- v. “to nose about in others’ business”
ᴺS. !nosta- v. “to smell”
⚠️G. nuf- v. “to get smell of, perceive scent of, smell (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nuicha- “to take notice, perceive; *(orig.) to smell [something]”

15.22 to Smell (obj)

⚠️G. drith- v. “it smells, smacks of, savours of”
⚠️G. fau- v. “to smell, give off a smell”; see instead:
N. thosta- “to stink, *give off a smell”

15.23 Smell (n, subj)

⚠️G. nufri n. “sense of smell”

15.24 Smell (n, obj)

⚠️G. faust n. “smell, odour (neither pleasant nor unpleasant)”; see instead:
N. ûl “odour, *smell, scent”
ᴺS. faus(t) “thirst”
⚠️G. fost n. “odour”; see instead:
N. ûl “odour, *smell, scent”
⚠️G. fostrin adj. “odorous”; see instead:
ᴺS. !úlren “odorous”
⚠️G. narth n. “odour”; see instead:
N. ûl “odour, *smell, scent”
⚠️G. nûth n. “scent, ‘wind’, odour”; see instead:
N. ûl “odour, *smell, scent”
N. thost n. “smell”
N. ûl n. “odour, *smell, scent”
ᴺS. !úlren adj. “odorous”

15.25 Fragrant, Good Smelling

⚠️G. drith [nd-] n. “savour, smell, flavour; suggestion, inkling”
S. ?liss adj. “fragrant, sweet”
⚠️G. narthiel n. “fragrance”
⚠️G. narthol adj. “fragrant, odorous”

15.26 Stinking, Bad Smelling

⚠️G. faug¹ adj. “stinking”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thostol “stinking”
⚠️G. folc adj. “evil-smelling”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thostol “stinking”
⚠️G. gol- v. “to stink”; see instead:
N. thosta- “to stink, *give off a smell”
⚠️G. golod n. “stink, stench”; see instead:
N. ongol “stench”
⚠️G. golog adj. “stinking”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thostol “stinking”
⚠️ᴱN. golw n. “stink, stench”; see instead:
N. ongol “stench”
⚠️ᴱN. golwad- v. “to stink”; see instead:
N. thosta- “to stink, *give off a smell”
⚠️ᴱN. golwai adj. “stinking”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thostol “stinking”
N. ongol n. “stench”
N. thosta- v. “to stink, *give off a smell”
ᴺS. !thostol adj. “stinking”
S., N. thû¹ n. “[N.] stench; [S.] black mist, horrible darkness”

15.31 to Taste (subj)

ᴺS. [G.] ^cauda- v. “to get flavour of, perceive, notice; ⚠️to taste (of the taster or person)”
⚠️G. cautha-¹ v. “to taste (of the taster or person); to get flavour of, perceive, notice”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cauda- “to get flavour of, perceive, notice; ⚠️to taste (of the taster or person)”
S. caw- v. “to taste”

15.32 to Taste (obj)

⚠️G. caf- v. “to taste (used of the thing)”; see instead:
S. caw- “to taste”
ᴺS. [G.] ^caudol adj. “tasteful, endowed with good taste; discreet, circumspect”

15.33 Taste (n, subj)

⚠️G. cafwen n. “sense of taste, taste, judgement”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caweth “sense of taste, taste, judgement”
⚠️G. cauthiol adj. “tasteful, endowed with good taste; discreet, circumspect”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caudol “tasteful, endowed with good taste; discreet, circumspect”
ᴺS. [G.] ^caweth n. “sense of taste, taste, judgement”

15.34 Taste (n, obj)

ᴺS. !caust n. “savour, flavour”
⚠️G. côf n. “savour, smack, odour”; see instead:
ᴺS. !caust “savour, flavour”
N. ûl “odour, *smell, scent”

15.35 Sweet

⚠️G. glais n. “sweetness”
⚠️G. glis adj. “sweet”; see instead:
S. laich “sweet”
⚠️G. glisc adj. “fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering”; see instead:
S. laich “sweet”
⚠️G. glisca- v. “to have a sweet tooth, like sweet things”
⚠️G. gûri adj. “sweet”; see instead:
S. laich “sweet”
S. laich adj. “sweet”
⚠️ᴱN. tyth adj. “sweet (to the taste)”; see instead:
S. laich “sweet”

15.37 Bitter

⚠️G. pigwa adj. “bitter”; see instead:
N. saer “bitter”
N. saer adj. “bitter”

15.38 Sour, Acidic

⚠️G. caura adj. “sour (of milk)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cordh “sour (of milk), curdled”
⚠️ᴱN., G. cîr adj. “sour, curdled”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cordh “sour (of milk), curdled”
⚠️ᴱN. cirtha- v. “to turn sour (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cor- “to turn sour, curdle, congeal; to make cheese”
ᴺS. !cordh n. “sour (of milk), curdled”
⚠️G. paib adj. “sour”

15.41 to Hear

⚠️G. gima- v. “to hear”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhassa- “to hear”
⚠️G. gimli n. “(sense of) hearing”; see instead:
ᴺS. !last “(sense of) hearing”
⚠️ᴺS. !lhae- v. “to hear”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lhassa- “to hear”
ᴺS. !lhassa- v. “to hear”

15.42 to Listen, Harken

⚠️G. gimra- v. “to hearken to, listen to”; see instead:
S. lasta- “to listen, give ear”
⚠️G. gimri n. “hearkening, attention”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lastad “listening, hearkening, attention”
⚠️G. gimriol adj. “audible, noticeable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lastadui “audible”
⚠️G. hist n. “listening, attention”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lastad “listening, hearkening, attention”
⚠️G. hith interj. “listen! hark!”; see instead:
S. lasto “listen, *hark”
⚠️G. hitha- v. “to listen, hearken, listen to”; see instead:
S. lasta- “to listen, give ear”
S. lasta- v. “to listen, give ear”
ᴺS. !lastad n. “listening, hearkening, attention”
S. lasto interj. “listen, *hark”
⚠️ᴺS. !lastor n. “eavesdropper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lathron “hearer, listener, eavesdropper”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lathr(ad)a- v. “to listen in, eavesdrop”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lathron n. “hearer, listener, eavesdropper”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lethril n. “hearer, listener, eavesdropper (f.)”
⚠️N. lhathr(ad)a- v. “to listen in, eavesdrop”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lathr(ad)a- “to listen in, eavesdrop”
⚠️N. lhathron n. “hearer, listener, eavesdropper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lathron “hearer, listener, eavesdropper”
⚠️N. lhethril n. “hearer, listener, eavesdropper (f.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lethril “hearer, listener, eavesdropper (f.)”

15.43 Hearing

ᴺS. !last n. “(sense of) hearing”

15.44 Sound

S., N. #brui adj. “loud, *noisy”
S., N., ᴱN., G. glam n. “din, uproar, bellowing of beasts, [N.] shouting, confused noise; barbarous speech; ⚠️[ᴱN.] hatred, [G.] loathing, fierce hate”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^glavradeb adj. “full of the din of voices”
ᴺS. !lastadui adj. “audible”
ᴺS. !law¹ n. “sound”
ᴺS. !lenia- v. “to sound, make a noise”
⚠️G. lin- v. “to sound (intr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lenia- “to sound, make a noise”
⚠️G. lin n. “sound”

15.441 Echo

⚠️N. glamor n. “echo”; see instead:
S. #lam² “echo”
⚠️N. glamren adj. “echoing”; see instead:
S. loven “echoing”
S. #lam² n. “echo”
S. ?lamma- v. “to echo”
S. lammad n. “*echoing”
S. loven adj. “echoing”

15.442 Phonetic

ᴺS. !golof n. “consonant”
ᴺS. !úvae n. and adj. “vowel; vocalic”

15.51 to See

S. alae interj. “?behold”
S. #cen- v. “to see, perceive, look”
S. fergenol adj. “quick to see or perceive, sharp-sighted or witted”
⚠️G. gwinta- v. “to see”
⚠️G. thê- v. “to see”; see instead:
S. #cen- “to see, perceive, look”
S. #tíra- v. “to see”

15.52 to Look

S. #cened¹ n. “looking, *seeing”
S. #ethir² n. “spy”
S. glintha- v. “to glance (at)”
⚠️G. gwar-¹ v. “to watch (all senses), guard”
⚠️G. gwir- v. “to look (at)”; see instead:
S. #tir- “to look (towards), watch (over), guard; ⚠️[G.] to look (out) for, watch for, await, expect”
⚠️G. gwirith n. “expression, look (on face); look, regard, fixed look; countenance”; see instead:
S. thîr “face, [N.] look, expression, countenance”
⚠️G. las- v. “to look at, glance at”
S., N., G. #tir- v. “to look (towards), watch (over), guard; ⚠️[G.] to look (out) for, watch for, await, expect”
S., N. tiria- v. “to watch, gaze; to ward, guard”
S., N. tirith n. “watching, guarding, watch, ward, guard”
S., N. #tirnen adj. “guarded”

15.53 Sight (subj)

S. foen n. “long sight”
ᴺS. !glinthad n. “look, glance, flash of the eye”
ᴺS. [G.] hent n. “eyesight, *(sense of) sight”
⚠️G. last n. “look, glance, flash of the eye”; see instead:
ᴺS. !glinthad “look, glance, flash of the eye”
ᴺS. !last “(sense of) hearing”
⚠️G. tair n. “look-out, watch, guard; gaze, regard”
⚠️G. thest n. “sight (sense of); a sight, vision”; see instead:
ᴺS. hent “eyesight, *(sense of) sight”
ᴺS. !tírad n. “vision, seeing”

15.55 to Show

ᴺS. !patha- v. “to reveal, show”
⚠️G. santha- v. “to show, declare, point out, make known or clear”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tana- “to show, indicate, point out”
ᴺS. !tana- v. “to show, indicate, point out”

15.56 to Shine, Glisten

⚠️ᴱN. agladhren adj. “radiant”; see instead:
S. aglareb “glorious, brilliant, *radiant”
S. #cal- v. “to shine”
S. fain adj. and n. “white, shimmering, shining, [N.] radiant; [S.] white and shining [thing]; ⚠️dim, dimmed; filmy, fine-woven; (vague) apparition; cloud”
S., G. gal- [ng-] v. “to shine clear, [G.] shine golden as the Sun”
ᴺS. [G.] gil- [ng-] v. “to gleam, shine pale and silver (as of the moon [or stars])”
⚠️G. glimri n. “sheen”
S. #síla- v. “*to shine”
N. thilia- v. “to glisten”
N. thilim adj. “gleaming”

15.562 Blinking

N. gael adj. “pale, glimmering”
⚠️G. gilt n. “a gleam”; see instead:
S. glîn(n) “gleam, glint”
⚠️G. glim adj. “shimmering”
S. glîn(n) n. “gleam, glint”
⚠️G. gwim n. “spark, wink”; see instead:
S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
⚠️G. gwimla- v. “to wink, twinkle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tinthiltha- “to twinkle, *sparkle”
⚠️G. gwimpel n. “sparkling (n.), scintillation”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tinthilthad “sparkling, twinkling, scintillation”
⚠️G. gwinc n. “spark, flash”; see instead:
S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
ᴺS. ^agol “flash”
⚠️G. lasta- v. “blink, wink”
⚠️G. sint n. “spark”; see instead:
S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
⚠️G. sinta- v. “to sparkle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tinthiltha- “to twinkle, *sparkle”
⚠️G. tinc n. “a flicker, a gleam”; see instead:
S. glîn(n) “gleam, glint”
N. tinc “metal”
N. tinna- v. “to glint”
⚠️N. tint n. “spark”; see instead:
S. tîn¹ “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”
S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tinthiltha- v. “to twinkle, *sparkle”
ᴺS. !tinthilthad n. “sparkling, twinkling, scintillation”
⚠️G. tintiltha- v. “to twinkle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tinthiltha- “to twinkle, *sparkle”
⚠️G. tinwin n. “a small star”; see instead:
S. gil “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”

15.57 Bright

⚠️G. blenc adj. “brilliant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celair “brilliant, *shining”
ᴺS. [N.] ^celair adj. “brilliant, *shining”
⚠️N. celeir adj. “brilliant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celair “brilliant, *shining”
N. gail adj. “bright, light”
⚠️G. galwed adj. “brilliant, shining”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celair “brilliant, *shining”
⚠️G. galwen n. “brilliance”; see instead:
S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance”
⚠️G. glar(os) n. “glare, blaze, splendour”; see instead:
S. glaw “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance”
⚠️G. glarossiol adj. “dazzling”
⚠️G. glarosta- v. “to dazzle”
⚠️ᴱN. glarw n. “ray, radiance”; see instead:
S. glaw “sunshine; [N.] radiance”
⚠️ᴱN. #glarweb adj. “bright, light”; see instead:
N. gail “bright, light”
⚠️G. glarw(ed) adj. “bright, light”; see instead:
N. gail “bright, light”
⚠️G. glass n. “brilliance, clarity”; see instead:
S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance”
N. glass “joy, *happiness”
⚠️G. glathrin adj. “brilliant, lucent”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celair “brilliant, *shining”
⚠️ᴱN. glavaith n. “blaze, burning, blazing light”
⚠️ᴱN. glavaitha- v. “to blaze”

15.61 Color

ᴺS. [G.] crui n. “colour”
⚠️G. cruim adj. “coloured”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cruin “coloured”
ᴺS. [G.] ^cruin adj. “coloured”
ᴺS. [G.] cruith n. “colour, complexion, appearance”
⚠️G. cwil n. “hue, tint”; see instead:
ᴺS. crui “colour”
⚠️ᴺS. !laed n. “colour, color”; see instead:
ᴺS. crui “colour”
S. rhaed n. “peculiar hue, (special) fashion”

15.62 Light in Color

⚠️G. cwiliog adj. “bright-hued”; see instead:
S. calen “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”
⚠️G. fail adj. “pale, pallid”; see instead:
S. niphred “pallor; [N.] fear”
⚠️G. failtha- v. “go pale”
⚠️G. failthi n. “pallor”; see instead:
S. niphred “pallor; [N.] fear”
⚠️G. heth² adj. “white, pallid, wan”; see instead:
S. nimp “pale, pallid, white; small and frail, [ᴱN.] wan, sickly”
⚠️N. hmalw adj. “fallow, pale”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^malu “fallow, pale, ⚠️[ᴱN.] yellow”
⚠️ᴱN. lhui adj. “pale”
N. maidh adj. “pale, fallow, fawn [light yellowish tan colour]”
ᴺS. [N.] ^malu adj. “fallow, pale, ⚠️[ᴱN.] yellow”
S., N., ᴱN., G. nimp adj. “pale, pallid, white; small and frail, [ᴱN.] wan, sickly”
S., N. niphred n. “pallor; [N.] fear”

15.63 Dark in Color

⚠️N. grau adj. “dark, swart”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^graw “dark, swart”
ᴺS. [N.] ^graw adj. “dark, swart”

15.64 White

⚠️N. fein adj. “white, radiant”; see instead:
S. fain “white, shimmering, shining, [N.] radiant; [S.] white and shining [thing]; ⚠️dim, dimmed; filmy, fine-woven; (vague) apparition; cloud”
S., N., ᴱN., G. #glân¹ adj. “[bright shining] white; [N.] clear; [G.] pure, †bright; ⚠️[ᴱN.] clean”
S., N., G. gloss adj. “(dazzling) white, [N.] snow-white, [G.] clear white; ⚠️[N.] snow”
⚠️G. glost n. “whiteness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nimmas “whiteness”
S. glosui adj. “snow white”
⚠️G. †glothrin adj. “white, clear white”; see instead:
S. gloss “(dazzling) white, [N.] snow-white, [G.] clear white; ⚠️[N.] snow”
S. nim adj. “white”
ᴺS. !nimmas n. “whiteness”
N. nimmid(a)- v. “to whiten”

15.65 Black

⚠️G. colw adj. “black”; see instead:
S. morn “black, dark; ⚠️night”
S., N., ᴱN., G. morn adj. and n. “black, dark; ⚠️night”

15.66 Red

S., N. caran adj. “red”
⚠️G. carn(in) adj. “scarlet”; see instead:
S. caran “red”
N. coll adj. “red, scarlet”
⚠️G. crintha adj. “rosy, pink”
ᴺS. !culuin adj. “golden-red, orange (in colour)”
N. donn adj. “swart, swarthy; shady, shadowy”
⚠️N. dost ? “?brown/?burn”; see instead:
S. baran “brown, golden-brown; [N.] swart, dark brown”
ᴺS. ^orna- “to burn (tr. and intr.)”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^gaer adj. “red, copper-coloured, ruddy”; see instead:
S. caran “red”
S. #gaer¹ “awful, fearful, [N.] dreadful”
⚠️N. goer adj. “red, copper-coloured, ruddy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^gaer “red, copper-coloured, ruddy”
N. gruin adj. “ruddy”
⚠️ᴱN. lhaur adj. “red”; see instead:
S. caran “red”
N. naru adj. “[fiery] red”
S., N. #rhosc adj. “russet, [N.] brown”
⚠️ᴺS. ^rhosg adj. “russet, [N.] brown”; see instead:
S. #rhosc “russet, [N.] brown”
S. ross² adj. “red-haired, copper-coloured”
⚠️G. sen adj. “brown-red, russet”; see instead:
S. #rhosc “russet, [N.] brown”
⚠️G. sentha adj. “russet”; see instead:
S. #rhosc “russet, [N.] brown”
⚠️G. torn adj. “sunburnt, swart, dark-brown”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^graw “dark, swart”

15.67 Blue

ᴺS. [N.] ^elu adj. “(pale) blue”
⚠️N. elw adj. “(pale) blue”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^elu “(pale) blue”
⚠️N. lhûn adj. “blue”; see instead:
S. luin “blue”
⚠️G. luim adj. “blue”; see instead:
S. luin “blue”
S., G. luin adj. “blue”
⚠️ᴱN. nainn adj. “blue”; see instead:
S. luin “blue”
⚠️G. nim adj. “pale blue, blue green”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^elu “(pale) blue”

15.68 Green

S., N. calen adj. “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”
S. †laeg adj. “green, viridis, green (of leaves/herbiage), fresh”
ᴺS. [G.] ^laegas n. “verdure, greenness”
⚠️G. laib adj. “green”; see instead:
S. †laeg “green, viridis, green (of leaves/herbiage), fresh”
S. calen “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”
⚠️G. laigos n. “verdure, greenness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laegas “verdure, greenness”
⚠️ᴱN. lhaiw adj. “green”; see instead:
S. †laeg “green, viridis, green (of leaves/herbiage), fresh”
S. calen “green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; ⚠️[S.] fresh, vigorous”

15.69 Yellow

S., N. baran adj. “brown, golden-brown; [N.] swart, dark brown”
N., ᴱN. malen adj. “yellow, [ᴱN.] yellowish, ⚠️pale, wan, sickly”
⚠️G. malogrintha adj. “orange, tawny”; see instead:
ᴺS. !melingarn “orange, tawny”
⚠️G. malon adj. “yellow”; see instead:
N. malen “yellow, [ᴱN.] yellowish, ⚠️pale, wan, sickly”
⚠️G. maltha adj. “golden yellow, rich, mellow”; see instead:
N. malthen “of gold [metal]”
⚠️ᴱN. malw adj. “yellow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^malu “fallow, pale, ⚠️[ᴱN.] yellow”
ᴺS. !melingarn adj. “orange, tawny”

15.70 Grey

S. hithren adj. “grey”
⚠️N. mid adj. “grey”; see instead:
S. mith “grey, light grey, pale grey”
S., N. mith adj. “grey, light grey, pale grey”
S. #mithren adj. “grey”
⚠️N. mithren adj. “small”; see instead:
S. #mithren “grey”
⚠️G. musc adj. “grey”
S., N. thind adj. “grey, [N.] pale”

15.71 to Touch

ᴺS. !apha- v. “to touch”
⚠️G. fab- v. “to handle, touch, feel”; see instead:
N. matha- “to stroke, feel, handle”
ᴺS. !apha- “to touch”
⚠️G. tisc adj. “ticklish”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tisg “ticklish”
⚠️G. tisca- v. “to tickle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tisga- “to tickle”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tisg adj. “ticklish”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tisga- v. “to tickle”

15.72 to Feel of

ᴺS. [G.] leb- v. “to pick, pluck, take or feel or touch with fingers, cull”
S. leutha- v. “to pick (up/out)”
N. matha- v. “to stroke, feel, handle”
ᴺS. !mathad n. “handling, feeling, stroking, caressing; appraising, assay”
S. plada- v. “to feel with the hand, stroke”
⚠️G. tentha- v. “feel with the feet, walk on tiptoe”

15.73 Touch

ᴺS. !aphas n. “(sence of) touch”
⚠️G. fabli n. “sense of touch”; see instead:
ᴺS. !aphas “(sence of) touch”
⚠️G. famp n. “handling, touching, feeling; stroking, caressing, ‘fuss’; fingering, appraising, assay”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mathad “handling, feeling, stroking, caressing; appraising, assay”

15.74 Hard

⚠️S. dern adj. “tough, thrawn”; see instead:
S. dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate”
S. dorn adj. “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate”
⚠️G. drum adj. “stout, firm, strong”; see instead:
S. taug “firm, strong, (?withstand)”
⚠️S. gorn² adj. “hard, stiff, thrawn”; see instead:
S. dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate”
⚠️ᴱN. idanc adj. “masked, *not firm”
⚠️S. #norn adj. and n. “hard; dwarf”; see instead:
S. dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate”
N. tara adj. “tough, stiff”
N. tarias n. “stiffness, toughness, difficulty”
S. taug adj. “firm, strong, (?withstand)”
⚠️ᴱN. tham(b) adj. “rigid”; see instead:
N. tharn “sapless, stiff, rigid, withered”
N., ᴱN. tharn adj. “sapless, stiff, rigid, withered”

15.75 Soft

⚠️G. bless [mb-] n. “grace, kindness, good feeling”; see instead:
ᴺS. list “grace, favour, kindness”
⚠️G. blethrin [mb-] adj. “gracious, kind”; see instead:
S. raen² “smiling, gracious, sweet-faced”
N. milui “friendly, loving, kind”
⚠️ᴱN. gwag¹ adj. “soft”
⚠️N. mada adj. “soft, pliant, yielding”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mae² “soft, pliant”
S. madha “mud”
ᴺS. [N.] ^mae² adj. “soft, pliant”
⚠️N. moe adj. “soft, pliant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mae² “soft, pliant”
ᴺS. [G.] muig² adj. “soft, gentle”
ᴺS. [G.] muis n. “softness, tenderness, gentleness”

15.76 Rough

⚠️ᴱN. arch adj. “rough”; see instead:
S. tarch “stiff, rough (or tough)”
⚠️ᴱN. archos n. “roughness, ruggedness, rudeness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tarchas “roughness, ruggedness, rudeness”
S. tarch adj. “stiff, rough (or tough)”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^tarchas n. “roughness, ruggedness, rudeness”

15.77 Smooth

⚠️G. eng adj. and n. “smooth, level”; see instead:
S. #laden “flat, wide, *level; [N.] open, cleared; [G.] fair, equitable; ⚠️[ᴱN.] smooth”
N. path “smooth”
⚠️ᴱN. glaithraith n. “polisher (feminine)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rothron “polisher”
⚠️ᴱN. glathra- v. “to polish”; see instead:
ᴺS. !runna- “to polish, burnish”
⚠️ᴱN. glathrog n. “polisher”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rothron “polisher”
⚠️ᴱN. hûn adj. “polished, burnished, shining”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rûn “polished, burnished, smoothed by polishing”
⚠️ᴱN. huntha- v. “to burnish, polish”; see instead:
ᴺS. !runna- “to polish, burnish”
⚠️G. lada- v. “to smooth out, stroke, caress, soothe, beguile”; see instead:
ᴺS. !path- “to smooth”
N. matha- “to stroke, feel, handle”
⚠️G. lech¹ adj. “smooth, slippery”; see instead:
N. path “smooth”
⚠️G. lech² n. “smooth place; slide”
⚠️G. lethrin adj. “slippery, peril(o)us”
S. lhim adj. “sliding, gliding, slippery, sleek”
⚠️G. nûr adj. “smooth, rolling free, easy, easy going”; see instead:
S. athgar “easy (easy to do)”
N. nûr² “deep”
N. path adj. “smooth”
ᴺS. !path- v. “to smooth”
⚠️S. ron adj. “smoothed by polishing”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rûn “polished, burnished, smoothed by polishing”
ᴺS. !rothron n. “polisher”
ᴺS. !rûn adj. “polished, burnished, smoothed by polishing”
ᴺS. !runna- v. “to polish, burnish”

15.78 Sharp

S. #aeg adj. “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”
⚠️G. aisc adj. and n. “sharp, bitter; sharp edge of a blade”; see instead:
S. #aeg “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”
N. saer “bitter”
⚠️G. aitheb adj. “sharp, piercing”; see instead:
S. #aeg “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”
⚠️G. aithra adj. “piercing, sharp; thorny”; see instead:
S. #aeg “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”
ᴺS. eitheb “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; ⚠️sharp”
⚠️G. crisc adj. “sharp”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^crisg “sharp [edged]”
ᴺS. [G.] ^crisg adj. “sharp [edged]”
⚠️G. lectha- v. “to sharpen”
⚠️ᴱN. lhaig adj. “sharp”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laeg “keen, sharp, acute”
S. maeg adj. “piercing, sharp, *penetrating”
ᴺS. !maegra- v. “to sharpen”
S. †megr adj. “sharp-pointed”
S. negen adj. “sharp, angular”
⚠️N. oeg adj. “sharp, pointed, piercing”; see instead:
S. #aeg “sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing”

15.81 Heavy, Weighty

S. caul n. “(great) burden; affliction”
ᴺS. !coleb adj. “burdensome”
S. cûl n. “load”
⚠️G. gaul¹ n. “burden”; see instead:
S. caul “(great) burden; affliction”
N. gaul “wolfhowl”
⚠️G. glum¹ adj. “(over) burdened; dull, heavy, sad”; see instead:
ᴺS. dem “sad, gloomy”
S. grond adj. “weighty, ponderous”
⚠️G. gultha- v. “to bear up; to weigh, balance it on scales; to be worth, value or be equivalent to; to endure”; see instead:
ᴺS. !coltha- “to bear up; to weigh, balance it on scales; to be worth, value or be equivalent to; ⚠️to endure”
N. brenia- “to endure”
⚠️G. gum- v. “to lade”
⚠️G. gûm n. “burden”; see instead:
S. cûl “load”
⚠️G. gumri n. “burden (metaphoric), worry, trouble”; see instead:
S. caul “(great) burden; affliction”
⚠️G. gumriol adj. “burdensome”; see instead:
ᴺS. !coleb “burdensome”
⚠️N. lhong adj. “heavy”; see instead:
S. #lung “heavy; [G.] grave, serious”
⚠️ᴱN. lhung n. “heavy”; see instead:
S. #lung “heavy; [G.] grave, serious”
S., ᴱN., G. #lung adj. “heavy; [G.] grave, serious”
⚠️G. lungra- v. “to weigh, bear on, hang heavy”
⚠️G. luntha- v. “to balance, weigh”
⚠️G. lunthang n. “balance, scales”

15.82 Light, Nimble

ᴺS. !colui adj. “light (to carry), not heavy, (lit.) carryable”
⚠️ᴱN. dalhung adj. “not heavy”
⚠️G. flidhra adj. “‘willowy’, graceful”
⚠️ᴱN. gog¹ adj. “nimble”; see instead:
S. #legol “[Ilk.] nimble, active, running free”
S. #legol adj. “[Ilk.] nimble, active, running free”
⚠️G. thlidhra adj. “‘willowy’, gracile”

15.83 Wet, Damp

⚠️G. glaib adj. “dripping wet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^limp “wet”
⚠️ᴱN. haith adj. “moist, wet”
⚠️N. lhimmid(a)- v. “to moisten”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^limmid(a)- “to moisten”
⚠️N., ᴱN. lhimp adj. “wet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^limp “wet”
ᴺS. [N.] ^limmid(a)- v. “to moisten”
ᴺS. [N.] ^limp adj. “wet”
S. loen adj. “soaking wet, swamped”
⚠️S. ?mêd(h) adj. “[Ilk.] wet”; see instead:
S. nîn¹ “wet, *watery”
N. mesg adj. “wet”
N. nenui adj. “wet”
N. nîd adj. “damp, wet; tearful”
S. nîn¹ adj. “wet, *watery”
⚠️G. nosc adj. “damp, wet”; see instead:
N. nîd “damp, wet; tearful”
⚠️ᴱN. nûd adj. “wet”; see instead:
N. nîd “damp, wet; tearful”
⚠️G. ub¹ adj. “wet, moist, damp”; see instead:
N. nîd “damp, wet; tearful”

15.84 Dry, Arid

⚠️N. afarch adj. “arid, very dry”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^apharch “arid, very dry”
ᴺS. [N.] ^apharch adj. “arid, very dry”
⚠️G. arp adj. “barren, dry, desert”; see instead:
N. parch “dry”
N. parch adj. “dry”
⚠️G. seth adj. “dry”; see instead:
N. parch “dry”
⚠️G. sethra- v. “dry up”; see instead:
ᴺS. thista- “to dry up”
⚠️G. suib adj. “dry”; see instead:
N. parch “dry”
⚠️G. suitha- v. “to dry, wipe”
⚠️ᴱN. tarch adj. “dry”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tarph “dry [esp. of foods], [G.] stale”
⚠️ᴱN. tarf adj. “dry”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tarph “dry [esp. of foods], [G.] stale”
⚠️G. tarp adj. “dry, stale”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tarph “dry [esp. of foods], [G.] stale”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tarph adj. “dry [esp. of foods], [G.] stale”
⚠️G. thisc adj. “dry, waterless”; see instead:
N. parch “dry”
ᴺS. [G.] thisin adj. “parched, withered, *desiccated”
ᴺS. [G.] thista- v. “to dry up”

15.85 Hot, Warm

ᴺS. [S.] ast n. “light or heat of the sun, *warmth”
S. born¹ [mb-] adj. “hot, red”
N. brass n. “white heat, *extreme heat”
N. brassen adj. “white-hot, *very hot”
⚠️G. cluim adj. “warm, cosy”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laug “warm”
⚠️G. cluimri n. “pleasant warmth, cosiness”
⚠️G. gauth n. “heat (esp. of body)”
ᴺS. [N.] ^laug adj. “warm”
⚠️N. lhaug adj. “warm”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^laug “warm”
⚠️ᴱN. oren adj. “hot (weather)”
⚠️G. sair adj. “hot”; see instead:
S. born¹ “hot, red”
⚠️G. urin adj. “hot, very hot”; see instead:
S. born¹ “hot, red”
N. brassen “white-hot, *very hot”

15.855 to Heat, Be Hot

⚠️G. gudh- v. “to be hot (intr.)”
ᴺS. !ora- v. “to heat up”

15.86 Cold, Frigid

⚠️ᴱN. carch adj. “chilly”; see instead:
S. ring “cold, chill, [G.] cool”
ᴺS. [G.] gweleb adj. “cool, fresh (esp. of water)”
⚠️ᴱN. harch adj. and n. “chill, cold”; see instead:
S. ring “cold, chill, [G.] cool”
⚠️G. helc¹ adj. “ice-cold, icy, cold”; see instead:
N. helch “bitter cold, [G.] ice-cold, icy, ⚠️cold”
N. helch adj. “bitter cold, [G.] ice-cold, icy, ⚠️cold”
⚠️S. him² adj. “cool”; see instead:
S. ring “cold, chill, [G.] cool”
⚠️ᴱN. lhing adj. “cool”; see instead:
S. ring “cold, chill, [G.] cool”
S. #oel adj. “cool”
⚠️N. rhing adj. “cold”; see instead:
S. ring “cold, chill, [G.] cool”
⚠️G. rî n. “coolness, cool; a sudden breeze or cold breath”
S., G. ring adj. “cold, chill, [G.] cool”

15.87 Pure, Clean

⚠️G. fasc adj. “clean”; see instead:
N. puig “clean, tidy, neat”
ᴺS. [G.] ^glanna- v. “to cleanse, purify, purge, *to clear, make clear”
ᴺS. [G.] ^glannaith n. “cleanliness, purity”
ᴺS. !glannas n. “purification”
ᴺS. [G.] ^glannen adj. “cleanly, pure”
⚠️G. glantha- v. “to cleanse, purify, purge”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glanna- “to cleanse, purify, purge, *to clear, make clear”
⚠️G. glant(hi) n. “cleanness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glannaith “cleanliness, purity”
⚠️G. glanthin adj. “cleanly, pure”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glannen “cleanly, pure”
⚠️G. glanweth n. “cleanliness, purity”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glannaith “cleanliness, purity”
⚠️G. glanwethrin adj. “cleanly, pure”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glannen “cleanly, pure”
⚠️G. puictha- v. “to clean, wipe out; to condone, do away with, pardon, forgive”; see instead:
S. #díhena- “*to forgive”
ᴺS. [G.] ^puida- v. “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
ᴺS. !puidad n. “(act of) cleaning, cleansing”
⚠️G. puidra- v. “to wash, cleanse, soap”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puida- “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
N., ᴱN., G. puig adj. “clean, tidy, neat”
⚠️ᴺS. !puiga- v. “to clean, wash”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^puida- “to clean, tidy, cleanse, ⚠️purify”
⚠️G. sôn¹ adj. “pure, clean”; see instead:
N. puig “clean, tidy, neat”
S. #glân¹ “[bright shining] white; [N.] clear; [G.] pure, †bright; ⚠️[ᴱN.] clean”
⚠️G. sovri n. “cleansing”; see instead:
ᴺS. !puidad “(act of) cleaning, cleansing”
⚠️G. sovriel n. “purification (religious)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !glannas “purification”

15.88 Dirty, Soiled

⚠️ᴱN. dafuig adj. “dirty”; see instead:
N. gwaur “soiled, dirty”
S. #gwaen adj. “stained”
N. gwass n. “stain”
N. gwath² n. “stain”
N. gwatha- v. “to soil, stain”
N. gwaur adj. “soiled, dirty”
⚠️N. hmael n. and adj. “stain; stained”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mael² “stain; stained”
⚠️N. hmaw n. “soil, stain”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maw¹ “soil, stain”
ᴺS. [N.] ^mael² n. and adj. “stain; stained”
ᴺS. [N.] ^maw¹ n. “soil, stain”
⚠️G. morc n. and adj. “stain, smut, black mark; dirty”; see instead:
N. gwass “stain”
N. gwaur “soiled, dirty”
S. saw n. “filth, putrescence”

15.89 Sticky; Gum

⚠️ᴱN. glib adj. “sticky”; see instead:
N. hiw “sticky, viscous”
ᴺS. !hinia- v. “to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by”
N. hiw adj. “sticky, viscous”
⚠️G. mim n. “gum”
⚠️G. thuctha- v. “to adhere to, cleave”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hinia- “to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thûg n. “resin”
⚠️G. thugli n. “resin”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thûg “resin”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thuis n. “resinous juice; any adhesive substance”
⚠️G. thuith n. “resinous juice; any adhesive substance”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thuis “resinous juice; any adhesive substance”

16. Emotion

16.11 Soul, Spirit

⚠️G. blaith n. “spirit”; see instead:
S. fae “incarnate spirit, *soul”
S. faer “spirit (in general)”
S. fae n. “incarnate spirit, *soul”
S. faer n. “spirit (in general)”
N. mân n. “departed spirit”
⚠️G. manos n. “spirit that has gone to the Valar”; see instead:
N. mân “departed spirit”
⚠️G. môna n. “spirits of the air”
S. thû² n. “movement of spirit”

16.12 Feeling, Emotion

ᴺS. !faefelf n. “soul-feeling, *emotion”
ᴺS. !fel- v. “to feel (a sensation or emotion)”
ᴺS. !felf n. “feeling, sensation”
ᴺS. !hond n. “(emotional) heart, (seat of the) deepest feelings”
ᴺS. !rhofelf n. “body-feeling, [physical] sensation”

16.13 Passion

ᴺS. !balf n. “excitement, emotion”
ᴺS. !baltha- v. “to excite, rouse, stir up, agitate”
ᴺS. !balthannen adj. “excited, agitated”
ᴺS. !balthol v. “exciting; excitable”
⚠️G. cwibra- v. “to arouse (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !baltha- “to excite, rouse, stir up, agitate”
⚠️G. cwiptha- v. “to arouse (tr.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !baltha- “to excite, rouse, stir up, agitate”
ᴺS. !gwall adj. “excited”
⚠️G. ictha- v. “to egg on, excite, arouse, agitate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !baltha- “to excite, rouse, stir up, agitate”
⚠️G. ig n. “excitement, fuss, ado”; see instead:
ᴺS. !balf “excitement, emotion”
⚠️G. igin adj. “excited, agitated”; see instead:
ᴺS. !balthannen “excited, agitated”
⚠️G. igol adj. “exciting; excitable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !balthol “exciting; excitable”

16.14 Care

⚠️G. hîr n. “care, anxiety; heed”
⚠️G. hirilwen n. “anxiety”
⚠️G. hiriol adj. “anxious”
⚠️G. hirtha- v. “to care for, mind, tend; to care, reck, mind”
⚠️G. hirthol adj. “careful, attentive”
N. pessa- v. “to affect, concern”
⚠️G. sad- v. “to reck, care, value, esteem, show respect for, consider”
⚠️ᴱN. yrith adj. “care-free”

16.15 Wonder, Astonishment

⚠️G. elma- v. “to marvel at, admire”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^elva- “to marvel at, admire”
⚠️G. elm(en) n. “wonder; singular, marvelous or unique thing; something strange”; see instead:
ᴺS. elven “wonder, wonderment”
S. elo interj. “behold!”
⚠️G. el(u)m interj. “think of that!”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^elva- “to marvel at, admire”
ᴺS. [G.] ^elva- v. “to marvel at, admire”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] elvain adj. “wondrous, marvelous, wonderful; ⚠️wonder(ful thing), marvel”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] elven n. “wonder, wonderment”
⚠️ᴱN. elvennai adj. “wonderful, marvelous”; see instead:
ᴺS. elvain “wondrous, marvelous, wonderful; ⚠️wonder(ful thing), marvel”

16.17 Fortune (Good or Bad)

S., N., ᴱN. amarth n. “fate, doom”
S. amartha- v. “to define, decree, destine”
ᴺS. !amarthannen adj. “decreed, destined, ordained”
⚠️ᴱN. am(b)red adj. “fated”; see instead:
N. barad² “doomed, *fated”
⚠️G. ausirol n. “fortune”; see instead:
S. maelig “wealth, abundance”
N. barad² [mb-] adj. “doomed, *fated”
⚠️G. brith- v. “to chance”
⚠️ᴱN. garthant adj. “placed, appointed, ordained, decreed”; see instead:
ᴺS. !amarthannen “decreed, destined, ordained”
N. manadh n. “doom, final end, fate, fortune; final bliss”
⚠️G. martion adj. “fated, doomed, fey”; see instead:
N. barad² “doomed, *fated”
⚠️G. mart(os) n. “fate, portion, lot”; see instead:
S. amarth “fate, doom”
⚠️G. umbart n. “fate”; see instead:
S. amarth “fate, doom”

16.18 Good Fortune

ᴺS. !alvar n. “(good) luck, fortune”
S. alwed adj. “prosperous, fortunate”
⚠️G. avos n. “wealth, fortune, prosperity; luck”; see instead:
S. maelig “wealth, abundance”
ᴺS. !eliad n. “blessing”
ᴺS. !elias n. “blessedness”
⚠️G. gwalt n. “good luck, any providential occurrence or thought”; see instead:
ᴺS. !alvar “(good) luck, fortune”
⚠️G. gwaltha n. “fortunate, happy”; see instead:
S. alwed “prosperous, fortunate”
ᴺS. !glassui “joyful, happy”
⚠️G. gwaltha- v. “bless, send good luck to”; see instead:
S. elia- “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one”
⚠️G. gwalthi n. “fortune, happiness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !alvar “(good) luck, fortune”
N. glass “joy, *happiness”
⚠️G. gwalweth n. “fortune, happiness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !alvar “(good) luck, fortune”
N. glass “joy, *happiness”

16.19 Misfortune

⚠️ᴱN. balhant n. “illfated stroke”
N. bartha- [mb-] v. “to doom”
⚠️G. obruith n. “(evil) consequences”
ᴺS. !press n. “trouble, disturbance”
ᴺS. !talphres n. “mischief, (lit.) play(ful)-trouble/disturbance”
ᴺS. !talphressui adj. “mischievous”

16.21 to Please

ᴺS. [G.] maus n. and adj. “pleasure; pleasant taste, pleasant”
ᴺS. [G.] mav- v. “to like”

16.212 Please in Polite Phrases

ᴺS. !listo interj. “please!”
⚠️ᴺS. !navaer interj. “farewell, (lit.) be well”; see instead:
ᴺS. !novaer “goodbye, farewell, (lit.) be well”
ᴺS. !novaer interj. “goodbye, farewell, (lit.) be well”

16.23 Glad, Joyful

⚠️N. beren² adj. “festive, gay, joyous”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^meren “festive, gay, joyous”
ᴺS. [N.] ^meren adj. “festive, gay, joyous”

16.24 Happy; Happiness

⚠️S. al-² pref. “well, happily”; see instead:
S. mae “well; excellent, admirable”
⚠️G. dairog adj. “merry (of persons)”; see instead:
S. gelir “merry”
⚠️ᴱN. gair adj. “merry”; see instead:
S. gelir “merry”
ᴺS. !galtha- v. “to be glad”
S. gelir adj. “merry”
N. gell n. “joy, triumph”
ᴺS. !gella- v. “to rejoice, delight”
N. gellam n. “jubilation”
ᴺS. !glaich adj. “merry, joyous, happy”
N. glass n. “joy, *happiness”
ᴺS. !glassui adj. “joyful, happy”
ᴺS. !glasta-² v. “to make happy”
⚠️G. gwîs n. “entertainment”
ᴺS. !lalweg adj. “cheerful”
ᴺS. !mertha- v. “to gladden, make happy”
⚠️G. ospathol adj. “ebullient”

16.25 to Laugh

⚠️G. cacha- v. “to laugh”; see instead:
S. #lala- “to laugh”
⚠️G. cag n. “joke, jest”; see instead:
ᴺS. !glaudh “joke, jest”
⚠️G. cagri n. “joke, jest”; see instead:
ᴺS. !glaudh “joke, jest”
⚠️G. cagrin adj. “funny, amusing”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lallen “funny, amusing”
⚠️G. cagriol adj. “jocular”; see instead:
ᴺS. !glodhren “jocular”
⚠️G. canc n. “laughter, mirth, merriment”; see instead:
S. lalaith “laughter”
⚠️G. dairiol adj. “merry (of things), funny”; see instead:
S. gelir “merry”
ᴺS. !lallen “funny, amusing”
⚠️G. dairwed adj. “merry, funny (common)”; see instead:
S. gelir “merry”
ᴺS. !lallen “funny, amusing”
⚠️G. dairwen n. “mirth”
⚠️ᴱN. gairion n. “jester”
⚠️ᴱN. gairuid adj. “funny”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lallen “funny, amusing”
⚠️ᴱN. gairwen adj. “mirth, fun”
S. gladh- v. “to laugh [at a joke], *guffaw”
ᴺS. !gladhweg adj. “cheerful, (lit.) apt to laugh”
ᴺS. !glasta-¹ v. “to joke”
ᴺS. !glaudh n. “joke, jest”
ᴺS. !glodhren adj. “jocular”
S. #lala- v. “to laugh”
S. lalaith n. “laughter”
ᴺS. !lall n. “laugh”
ᴺS. !lallen adj. “funny, amusing”
ᴺS. !laltha- v. “to amuse, make laugh”
⚠️ᴱN. meilien n. “laughing”; see instead:
S. lalaith “laughter”
⚠️G. teilian n. “mockery”; see instead:
N. telien “sport, play, [ᴱN.] game; ⚠️jest, mockery, *joke; [G.] stunt”
N. iaew “mocking, scorn”
⚠️G. teilin n. “stunt or jest”; see instead:
N. telien “sport, play, [ᴱN.] game; ⚠️jest, mockery, *joke; [G.] stunt”
ᴺS. !glaudh “joke, jest”
⚠️ᴱN. urduf adj. “humorless”

16.255 Smile

ᴺS. !rae n. “smile”
ᴺS. !raeda- v. “to smile”
S. raen² adj. “smiling, gracious, sweet-faced”

16.26 to Play

⚠️G. dair n. “play, merriment”
⚠️G. dairtha- v. “to play, amuse”; see instead:
N. telia- “to play”
⚠️G. salta n. “a game”
⚠️G. saltha- v. “play”
ᴺS. !tallen adj. “playful, fun(ny)”
⚠️ᴱN. teilian n. “sport, play, game; jest, mockery”; see instead:
N. telien “sport, play, [ᴱN.] game; ⚠️jest, mockery, *joke; [G.] stunt”
ᴺS. !glaudh “joke, jest”
N. iaew “mocking, scorn”
N. telia- v. “to play”
⚠️ᴺS. !telias n. “play, game, sport, mirth”; see instead:
N. telien “sport, play, [ᴱN.] game; ⚠️jest, mockery, *joke; [G.] stunt”
N. telien n. “sport, play, [ᴱN.] game; ⚠️jest, mockery, *joke; [G.] stunt”

16.27 to Love; Love

⚠️G. grith (grith-) n. “care, attention, affection”; see instead:
N. mîl “love, affection”
⚠️G. idril n. “sweetheart”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^melethel “darling, sweetheart”
S., N., G. #mel- v. “to love”
N., G. meleth n. “love”
ᴺS. [G.] ^melethel n. “darling, sweetheart”
⚠️G. melethli n. “darling, sweetheart”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^melethel “darling, sweetheart”
ᴺS. !melethor n. “lover”
N., G. melethril n. “lover (f.)”
N., G. melethron n. “lover (m.)”
S. melui adj. “lovely, sweet”
N. mîl n. “love, affection”
N. milui adj. “friendly, loving, kind”
S. seron n. “lover”
S. úvelui adj. “not amiable, unloveable”

16.272 Friendship

ᴺS. !dilith [nd-] n. “friendship”
N. gwend n. “bond, friendship”

16.28 Dear

⚠️G. garth adj. “beloved”; see instead:
S. mell “dear, beloved”
⚠️G. maimelion adj. “dearly beloved”
S., N. mell adj. “dear, beloved”
⚠️G. melon adj. “dear, beloved”; see instead:
S. mell “dear, beloved”
N. muin¹ adj. “dear”
ᴺS. !orvel- v. “to favour, *(lit.) love above”

16.29 to Kiss

⚠️G. cailtha- v. “to kiss”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mítha- “to kiss”
⚠️G. cailthi n. “kiss”; see instead:
ᴺS. mib “(little) kiss, peck”
ᴺS. [G.] mib n. “(little) kiss, peck”
ᴺS. !mib- v. “to kiss”
⚠️G. mictha- v. “to kiss, bill”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mítha- “to kiss”
ᴺS. !mítha- v. “to kiss”

16.31 Pain, Suffering

⚠️ᴱN. aidh n. “pain, anguish, woe”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegos “anguish”
ᴺS. [OS.] ^ammal n. “(death) agony”
⚠️G. bal [mb-] n. “anguish, pain; evilness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegos “anguish”
N. naeg “pain”
S. rhû¹ “evil, wicked”
⚠️G. fesc adj. “itching, irritating”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fesg “itching, irritating”
⚠️G. fesca- v. “to itch, irritate”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^fesga- “to itch, irritate”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fesg adj. “itching, irritating”
ᴺS. [G.] ^fesga- v. “to itch, irritate”
ᴺS. [G.] fess n. “itch, itching”
N. naeg n. “pain”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^naegos n. “anguish”
⚠️ᴱN. naich n. “pain”; see instead:
N. naeg “pain”
⚠️ᴱN. naigros n. “anguish”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegos “anguish”
⚠️ᴱN. narw n. “pain”; see instead:
N. naeg “pain”
⚠️G. ong n. “great pain”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegos “anguish”
⚠️G. ongos n. “anguish”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegos “anguish”
⚠️N. palw n. “agony”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegos “anguish”
ᴺS. ^ammal “(death) agony”

16.315 Torture, Torment

N. baug [mb-] adj. “tyrannous, cruel, oppressive”
N. baugla- [mb-] v. “to oppress”
S., N. bauglir [mb-] n. “constrainer; tyrant, oppressor”
N. baul [mb-] n. “torment”
⚠️G. gaist n. “torment, oppression”; see instead:
N. baul “torment”
⚠️G. gaista- [ng-] v. “to oppress, cause great grief to”; see instead:
ᴺS. !naeda- “to oppress, cause great grief to”
ᴺS. !naeda- v. “to oppress, cause great grief to”
ᴺS. [N.] ^naegra- v. “to pain”
⚠️N. negra- v. “to pain”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^naegra- “to pain”

16.32 Grief, Sorrow

ᴺS. !faergol n. “depression, grief, (lit.) spirit-burden”
⚠️G. gumlaith n. “weariness of spirit, depression, grief”; see instead:
ᴺS. !faergol “depression, grief, (lit.) spirit-burden”
ᴺS. !naeras n. “sorrow, woe”
⚠️G. necha n. “woe”; see instead:
S. naeth “woe; [N.] biting, gnashing of teeth”
⚠️G. nîriol adj. “sad, sorrowing”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nírol “sad, sorrowing, *sorrowful”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nírol adj. “sad, sorrowing, *sorrowful”

16.33 Anxiety

ᴺS. [G.] ^norna- v. “to complain of, ⚠️bewail, lament”
ᴺS. !nornad n. “complaint”
⚠️G. nurn n. “plaint, lament, a complaint”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nornad “complaint”
S. nirnaeth “tears, [N.] lamentation”
⚠️G. nurna- v. “to bewail, lament, complain of”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^norna- “to complain of, ⚠️bewail, lament”

16.34 to Regret, Repent

⚠️G. tiglath n. “remorse”

16.36 Sad

⚠️ᴱN. dangair adj. “mirthless”
ᴺS. [Ilk.] dem adj. “sad, gloomy”
ᴺS. [Ilk.] dim n. “gloom, sadness”
⚠️G. glumri n. “moroseness, sadness”; see instead:
ᴺS. dim “gloom, sadness”
⚠️G. naithol adj. “miserable”
⚠️G. naithonwi n. “misery”
⚠️N. noer adj. “sad, lamentable”; see instead:
S. naer “dreadful, horrible, unendurable; [N.] lamentable, ⚠️sad”

16.37 to Cry, Weep

ᴺS. !naena- v. “to lament, wail for, make moan for, ⚠️weep”
S. naergon n. “woeful lament”
S., N. naeth n. “woe; [N.] biting, gnashing of teeth”
⚠️G. naitha- v. “to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for”; see instead:
ᴺS. !naena- “to lament, wail for, make moan for, ⚠️weep”
ᴺS. !nída- v. “to weep, cry (tears)”
⚠️ᴺS. !nínia- v. “to weep”; see instead:
ᴺS. ninna- “to weep, *cry (tears)”
⚠️G. ninios n. “lamentation, dropping of tears”; see instead:
S. nirnaeth “tears, [N.] lamentation”
ᴺS. [G.] ninna- v. “to weep, *cry (tears)”
S., N. nirnaeth n. “tears, [N.] lamentation”
⚠️ᴱN. nírnaith n. “weeping”; see instead:
S. nirnaeth “tears, [N.] lamentation”
N. nîr “weeping, [G.] grief, sorrow; ⚠️[N.] tear”
⚠️G. nirnaithos n. “great lament”; see instead:
S. nirnaeth “tears, [N.] lamentation”
ᴺS. [G.] sibra- v. “to whimper, ⚠️weep”
⚠️G. sigweth n. “lamentation, weeping”; see instead:
S. nirnaeth “tears, [N.] lamentation”
N. nîr “weeping, [G.] grief, sorrow; ⚠️[N.] tear”
⚠️G. sigwithiel n. “lamentation; weeping willow”; see instead:
S. nirnaeth “tears, [N.] lamentation”
S. tathar “willow (tree)”

16.38 Tear

S., N., ᴱN., G. #nîn² n. “tear; ⚠️[ᴱN.] weeping”
N. niniel adj. “tearful”
⚠️N. nínui adj. “*tearful”; see instead:
N. niniel “tearful”
N., ᴱN., G. nîr n. “weeping, [G.] grief, sorrow; ⚠️[N.] tear”

16.39 to Groan

N. nae interj. “alas”
⚠️ᴺS. !norra- v. “to growl, grumble”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nuru- “to growl, grumble”
⚠️G. nur- v. “to growl, grumble”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nuru- “to growl, grumble”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nuru- v. “to growl, grumble”

16.41 Hate

ᴺS. !dêl n. “disgust”
N. deleb adj. “horrible, abominable, loathsome”
S., N. deloth n. “abhorrence, [N.] detestation, loathing”
ᴺS. [N.] ^delu adj. “hateful, deadly, fell”
⚠️N. delw adj. “hateful, deadly, fell”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^delu “hateful, deadly, fell”
N. fuia- v. “to feel disgust at, abhor”
ᴺS. !fuiol adj. “disgusting”
⚠️G. glamog adj. “loathsome”; see instead:
N. deleb “horrible, abominable, loathsome”
S. glamog “orc”
⚠️G. glamra- v. “to abominate, loath, detest”
⚠️G. mog- v. “to detest, hate”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tev- “to detest, hate”
⚠️G. mogri n. “detestation”; see instead:
S. deloth “abhorrence, [N.] detestation, loathing”
⚠️G. mogrin adj. “hateful”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tevren “hateful”
⚠️G. sagruin adj. “ferocious; full of hate towards”; see instead:
S. balch “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
⚠️G. sagruith n. “hatred; revenge”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tevas “hatred”
S. acharn “vengeance, (an act of) revenge”
ᴺS. !tev- v. “to detest, hate”
ᴺS. !tevas n. “hatred”
ᴺS. !tevren adj. “hateful”
⚠️G. thanc n. “loathing, hatred”; see instead:
ᴺS. !tevas “hatred”
S. deloth “abhorrence, [N.] detestation, loathing”
⚠️G. thancol adj. “loathsome”; see instead:
N. deleb “horrible, abominable, loathsome”
ᴺS. [G.] tîf n. “resentment, ill feeling, bitterness”

16.42 Anger

⚠️G. archos n. “savagery, evil temper”
S., N. balch adj. “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
⚠️G. lur- v. “to frown, scowl”
⚠️G. lurc n. “a frown, scowl”
⚠️G. naur¹ adj. “ill-tempered, sour, grumbling”
⚠️G. naur² n. “a snarl, ugly grin”
S., N. rhaw¹ adj. “wild, [N.] untamed”
⚠️G. sairin adj. “fiery, fierce”; see instead:
N. bara “fiery, eager”
⚠️G. torod adj. “fierce, violent”; see instead:
S. balch “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
⚠️G. udrug adj. “intractable, fierce, untamed”

16.43 Rage, Fury

⚠️ᴱN. boir [mb-] adj. and n. “hot, raging; heat, rage”; see instead:
N. brassen “white-hot, *very hot”
⚠️ᴱN. bordh [mb-] n. and adj. “heat, rage; hot, raging, wroth”
⚠️ᴱN. brann adj. “fierce”; see instead:
S. #bregol “quick, sudden, [N.] violent, *fierce”
⚠️ᴱN. branwen n. “ferocity”; see instead:
N. bregolas “fierceness, *ferocity”
N. bregolas n. “fierceness, *ferocity”
ᴺS. !dagrassaeb adj. “bloodthirsty, (lit.) slaughter-hungry”
ᴺS. !dagrassaeg n. “bloodthirstiness, (lit.) slaughter-hunger”
⚠️ᴱN. graim adj. “?fierce”; see instead:
S. #bregol “quick, sudden, [N.] violent, *fierce”
⚠️ᴱN. grug adj. “angry, grieved”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rúthui “angry, wrathful”
⚠️G. gruigarm n. “*deed of horror, angry or violent act, vengeance”; see instead:
S. acharn “vengeance, (an act of) revenge”
⚠️ᴱN., G. gruith n. “anger, resentment; [G.] deed of horror, angry or violent act, vengeance”; see instead:
S. oroth “rage, anger”
S. achared “vengeance”
⚠️G. gruithod n. “ferocious wrath”; see instead:
S. rûth “wrath, anger”
⚠️G. gruithodwen n. “ferocity, barbarity”; see instead:
N. bregolas “fierceness, *ferocity”
⚠️G. gruithog adj. “ferocious, mad with wrath”; see instead:
S. balch “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
⚠️G. grum adj. “fierce”; see instead:
S. balch “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
⚠️G. magruluib adj. “bloodthirsty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dagrassaeb “bloodthirsty, (lit.) slaughter-hungry”
⚠️G. magruluist n. “bloodthirstiness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dagrassaeg “bloodthirstiness, (lit.) slaughter-hunger”
⚠️G. magrusaig adj. “bloodthirsty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dagrassaeb “bloodthirsty, (lit.) slaughter-hungry”
⚠️G. magrusaith n. “bloodthirstiness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dagrassaeg “bloodthirstiness, (lit.) slaughter-hunger”
⚠️G. orcômin adj. “fierce and bloody minded”; see instead:
S. balch “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
S. oroth n. “rage, anger”
S. rûth n. “wrath, anger”
S. ruthra- v. “to rage”
ᴺS. !rúthui adj. “angry, wrathful”

16.44 Envy, Jealousy

⚠️ᴱN. ballam adj. “with evil malicious tongue”

16.45 Shame

ᴺS. [G.] agrech n. “contempt”
⚠️G. agrectha- v. “to despise, contemn”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^agreitha- “to despise, contemn”
⚠️G. agrectharol adj. “despicable, contemptible”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^agreitharol “despicable, contemptible”
⚠️G. agrecthion adj. “despised”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^agreithannen “despised”
ᴺS. [G.] ^agreitha- v. “to despise, contemn”
ᴺS. [G.] ^agreithannen adj. “despised”
ᴺS. [G.] ^agreitharol adj. “despicable, contemptible”
⚠️G. cactha- v. “to deride, mock, make fun of, laugh at”; see instead:
ᴺS. !iaeda- “to mock, deride, make fun of, laugh at”
S. eithad n. “*insult”
⚠️G. flan n. “scorn”; see instead:
N. iaew “mocking, scorn”
⚠️G. flant n. “expression of scorn, leer, sneer”
⚠️G. flantha- v. “to scorn, utterly despise”; see instead:
S. eitha-¹ “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
ᴺS. ^agreitha- “to despise, contemn”
⚠️G. flanthog adj. “scornful”; see instead:
ᴺS. !iaewen “scornful”
⚠️ᴱN. hai n. “scorn”; see instead:
N. iaew “mocking, scorn”
ᴺS. !iaeda- v. “to mock, deride, make fun of, laugh at”
N. iaew n. “mocking, scorn”
ᴺS. !iaewen adj. “scornful”
⚠️G. naudra- v. “to abash, to make ashamed”
S. niben adj. “petty, *small”
⚠️G. rig n. “a snarl, a sneer”
⚠️G. tefla- v. “to scorn”; see instead:
S. eitha-¹ “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”
⚠️G. unaudrathrol adj. “unabashed, shameless”

16.46 Honor

ᴺS. !enweria- v. “to revere”
S. fael² adj. “fair-minded, just, generous”
ᴺS. !faelas n. “fairness, equity”
⚠️G. gartha- v. “to admire, have affection or respect for”

16.47 Fame, Glory

S., N., ᴱN., G. aglar n. “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance”
S., N., ᴱN. aglareb adj. “glorious, brilliant, *radiant”
⚠️G. aglar(i)ol adj. “glorious”; see instead:
S. aglareb “glorious, brilliant, *radiant”
⚠️G. †aglath n. “glory”
⚠️S. aglor adj. “brilliant, glorious”; see instead:
S. aglareb “glorious, brilliant, *radiant”
N. claur adj. and n. “splendid; †splendour, glory”
⚠️G. emfeg adj. “infamous, of evil name”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othestannen “infamous, of evil name, (lit.) ill-named”
ᴺS. !othestannen adj. “infamous, of evil name, (lit.) ill-named”
ᴺS. !palan-hinnen adj. “famous, *(lit.) widely-known”

16.48 Proud

⚠️ᴱN. balthanc adj. “obstinate”
⚠️ᴱN. balvlaud n. “overweening pride”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] blaud n. “pride”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] blodren adj. “arrogant, *proud”
⚠️G. cam adj. “bent, bowed; submissive, humble”; see instead:
N. cûn “bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave”
ᴺS. ^hogren “lowly, humble, mean”
⚠️G. hamra- v. “to abase, abash; to humble oneself”
⚠️ᴱN. orvlod adj. “without pride, spiritless”
⚠️N. tarlanc adj. “stiff-necked, obstinate”; see instead:
S. tarlang “proud, [N.] obstinate, [S.] (lit.) stiff-necked; stiff neck (a nickname applied to men of haughty carriage or mood); ⚠️the stiff/tough passage”
S. tarlang adj. and n. “proud, [N.] obstinate, [S.] (lit.) stiff-necked; stiff neck (a nickname applied to men of haughty carriage or mood); ⚠️the stiff/tough passage”

16.51 to Dare

N. bertha- v. “to dare”
ᴺS. !berthas n. “adventure, bold undertaking”
ᴺS. !berthian n. “challenge; daring, audacity”

16.52 Brave, Courageous

N. bara adj. “fiery, eager”
N. beren¹ adj. “bold”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^cand adj. “bold”; see instead:
N. beren¹ “bold”
⚠️N. cann adj. “bold”; see instead:
N. beren¹ “bold”
⚠️N. caun¹ n. “valour”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thalas “valour, courage”
⚠️G. driod [nd-] n. “heroism, valour”; see instead:
N. caun¹ “valour”
ᴺS. ^thalas “valour, courage”
⚠️G. driodwen [nd-] n. “heroism, valour”; see instead:
N. caun¹ “valour”
ᴺS. ^thalas “valour, courage”
⚠️G. driog [nd-] adj. “valiant”; see instead:
N. beren¹ “bold”
N. thala “stalwart, steady, firm, [ᴱN.] hardy, valiant, bold”
⚠️G. gwionert n. “deed of valour”; see instead:
N. caun¹ “valour”
ᴺS. ^thalas “valour, courage”
⚠️ᴱN. ne(i)rion n. “hero”; see instead:
N. callon “hero”
⚠️G. odron adj. and n. “dour, mighty, stout, brave; a brave man”
⚠️ᴱN. orthalos adj. “courageless”
N., ᴱN. thala adj. “stalwart, steady, firm, [ᴱN.] hardy, valiant, bold”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^thalas n. “valour, courage”
ᴺS. !thalieth n. “heroine, dauntless woman”
S., N., ᴱN. thalion adj. and n. “strong, dauntless; [N.] hero, dauntless man; ⚠️[ᴱN.] warrior”
⚠️ᴱN. thalos n. “valour, courage”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thalas “valour, courage”

16.53 Fear, Fright

⚠️ᴺS. !achas n. “dread, fear”; see instead:
S. goe “terror, great fear, [N.] dread”
N. angos n. “horror”
S. anwar n. “awe”
⚠️G. barc n. “dread, terror”; see instead:
S. goroth “horror, dread”
⚠️ᴱN. barch n. “horror”; see instead:
S. goroth “horror, dread”
⚠️ᴱN. barcheb adj. “horrible”; see instead:
S. gorthob “horrible”
⚠️G. barchol adj. “terrible, awful”; see instead:
S. gorthob “horrible”
⚠️G. brig- v. “to fear, be afraid of”; see instead:
N. gosta- “to fear exceedingly”
⚠️G. brigol adj. “afraid; fearful, timid”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thossui “fearful, afraid”
⚠️G. captha- v. “to startle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^cotha- “to startle”
ᴺS. [G.] ^cotha- v. “to startle”
S. dae- [nd-] pref. “dreadful, abominable, detestable”
S. daedelos [nd-] n. “horrible fear”
S. dael [nd-] n. “horror”
⚠️S. daer² [nd-] adj. “dreadful, abominable, detestable”; see instead:
S. naer “dreadful, horrible, unendurable; [N.] lamentable, ⚠️sad”
S. #gaer¹ “awful, fearful, [N.] dreadful”
S., N. del n. “horror”
⚠️ᴱN. delu adj. “horrible, loathly”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^delu “hateful, deadly, fell”
N. gae n. “dread”
ᴺS. !gaeda- v. “to astound, make aghast (& surprise, shock)”
S., N. #gaer¹ adj. “awful, fearful, [N.] dreadful”
S., N. goe n. “terror, great fear, [N.] dread”
S. goeol adj. “*fell, terrible, dire”
S. gor [ng-] n. “horror, dread, fear”
S. gorgor [ng-] n. “extreme horror, terror, haunting fear”
N. gorgor [ng-] adj. “dreadful”
S. gorog n. “horror”
S., N. goroth [ng-] n. “horror, dread”
S. gorthob [ng-] adj. “horrible”
N. gost n. “dread, terror”
⚠️ᴱN. gost n. “fear”
N. gosta- v. “to fear exceedingly”
S. groga- v. “to feel terror”
⚠️G. grui adj. “ferocity, horror”; see instead:
N. bregolas “fierceness, *ferocity”
S. gruitha- v. “to terrify”
ᴺS. !indram n. “shock, (lit.) mind-blow”
S. naer adj. “dreadful, horrible, unendurable; [N.] lamentable, ⚠️sad”
⚠️ᴱN. pant¹ n. “fear”
⚠️ᴱN. pathren adj. “fearful”
S. thaur adj. “abominable, horrible”
S. thoss n. “fear”
ᴺS. !thossui adj. “fearful, afraid”

16.54 Peril, Danger

ᴺS. !rach n. “danger”
⚠️ᴺS. !rachas n. “danger”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rach “danger”
⚠️ᴺS. !rachathren adj. “dangerous”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rachui “dangerous”
ᴺS. !rachui adj. “dangerous”
N. trasta- v. “to harass, trouble”
ᴺS. !trastadweg adj. “annoying”
⚠️G. uchir n. “recklessness; carelessness; security”
⚠️G. uchirthol adj. “reckless”

16.55 Timid, Cowardly

ᴺS. !úgan(n) adj. “gutless, faint-hearted, diffident ”

16.61 to Will, Wish

⚠️ᴱN. coth n. “wish”; see instead:
N. iest “wish”
⚠️G. erth (erdh-) n. “wish”; see instead:
N. iest “wish”
N. iest n. “wish”
ᴺS. !iesta-² v. “to wish”
⚠️G. irm n. “a wish, intention, resolve”
⚠️G. uir- v. “not to wish, not mean to, mean not to”
⚠️G. uirol adj. “unwilling, reluctant”

16.62 to Desire

S. #aníra- v. “to desire, *long for”
⚠️G. gwirtha- v. “*to not to wish, not mean to, mean not to”
⚠️S. ídhra- v. “to long for, desire”; see instead:
S. #aníra- “to desire, *long for”
ᴺS. [G.] irn adj. “desired, wished for”

16.622 Desire

⚠️G. avosaith n. “avarice, money-greed, greed of gold”; see instead:
ᴺS. !milf “greed”
⚠️G. buin n. “desire, wish”
⚠️ᴱN. gag adj. “greedy”; see instead:
N. melch “greedy”
⚠️ᴱN. gagros n. “greed”; see instead:
ᴺS. !milf “greed”
⚠️ᴱN. gagrosaith n. “greed”; see instead:
ᴺS. !milf “greed”
⚠️G. idrisaith n. “excessive love of gold and gems and beautiful and costly things”; see instead:
ᴺS. !milf “greed”
ᴺS. [N.] ^mael¹ n. “lust”
ᴺS. [N.] ^maelui adj. “lustful”
⚠️G. mavra adj. “eager after”; see instead:
N. bara “fiery, eager”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mavras n. “desire, eager longing”
ᴺS. [G.] ^mavren adj. “delectable, delightful, desireable”
⚠️G. mavrin adj. “delectable, delightful, desireable”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mavren “delectable, delightful, desireable”
⚠️G. mavrog adj. “eager”; see instead:
N. bara “fiery, eager”
N. melch adj. “greedy”
ᴺS. !milf n. “greed”
⚠️N. moel n. “lust”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^mael¹ “lust”
⚠️N. moelui adj. “lustful”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maelui “lustful”
⚠️G. nauglafel adj. “mean, avaricious, (lit.) dwarf-natured”; see instead:
N. melch “greedy”

16.63 Hope

S. amdir n. “hope [based on reason], *expectation, (lit.) looking up”
S. estel n. “hope, trust, *faith [in]”
N. #hartha- v. “to hope”
N. harthad n. “hope”
⚠️G. hodhir n. “hope”; see instead:
S. estel “hope, trust, *faith [in]”
ᴺS. !hora- v. “to await, expect”
⚠️G. hôth (hôdh-) n. “expectation, hope”; see instead:
S. amdir “hope [based on reason], *expectation, (lit.) looking up”
ᴺS. !mer- v. “to hope, wish, desire, want”
ᴺS. !penestel n. and adj. “hopelessness, despair, desperation; hopeless, despairing, desperate”
⚠️G. ûna n. “hope”; see instead:
S. estel “hope, trust, *faith [in]”
⚠️G. ûna- v. “to hope”

16.64 Thanks

ᴺS. !anna- v. “to thank”
ᴺS. !annad n. “thanks”
⚠️ᴺS. !hanna- v. “to thank”; see instead:
ᴺS. !anna- “to thank”
⚠️ᴺS. !hannad n. “thanks”; see instead:
ᴺS. !annad “thanks”

16.65 Faithful

S. astor n. “loyalty”
S. astorad n. “loyalty”
S. ?born² adj. “[stead]fast”
⚠️ᴱN. boron adj. “steadfast”; see instead:
N. bôr “steadfast; trusty man, faithful vassal”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. brond adj. “firm, [G.] steadfast, *faithful, constant”
ᴺS. !bronnas n. “steadfastness, constancy”
⚠️G. bronniol adj. “constant, faithful”; see instead:
ᴺS. brond “firm, [G.] steadfast, *faithful, constant”
⚠️ᴱN. bronnuin n. “steadfastness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bronnas “steadfastness, constancy”
⚠️ᴱN. nuimrond n. “steadfastness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !bronnas “steadfastness, constancy”
S. sador adj. “steadfast, trusty, loyal”
N., ᴱN., G. tanc adj. “firm; [ᴱN.] steady, steadfast; [G.] settled”
ᴺS. [N.] ^thand adj. “firm, true, abiding”
⚠️N. thann adj. “firm, true, abiding”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thand “firm, true, abiding”
S. thorn¹ adj. “steadfast”
N. tolog adj. “stalwart, trusty”
⚠️G. tulug adj. “steady, firm”; see instead:
N. tolog “stalwart, trusty”
N. tolog “stalwart, trusty”
N. thala “stalwart, steady, firm, [ᴱN.] hardy, valiant, bold”

16.66 True

ᴺS. !î interj. “indeed”
ᴺS. [G.] ^nadren adj. “real; possible (in sense possible to exist or think of)”
ᴺS. !naed adj. “true, real”
ᴺS. !nanu n. “truth”
ᴺS. !nanwen adj. “true”
⚠️G. nathrin adj. “real; possible (in sense possible to exist or think of)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nadren “real; possible (in sense possible to exist or think of)”
ᴺS. !naw interj. “yes”

16.67 Lie, Falsehood

ᴺS. !cauth n. “deception, lie”
⚠️G. fûr n. “lie”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cauth “deception, lie”
⚠️G. fur- v. “to conceal; to lie”; see instead:
N. doltha- “to conceal”
ᴺS. !cútha- “to deceive, lie”
⚠️G. unathriol adj. “unreal; impossible”

16.68 Deceit

⚠️ᴱN. bland n. “deceit, lie”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cauth “deception, lie”
ᴺS. !cútha- v. “to deceive, lie”
ᴺS. [G.] finc n. “trick”
ᴺS. [G.] ^finna- v. “to trick, deceive, cheat, take in”
⚠️G. fintha- v. “to twist; to deceive, cheat, take in”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^finna- “to trick, deceive, cheat, take in”
ᴺS. !ritha- “to jerk, twitch, snatch”
⚠️ᴱN. orvlann adj. “without deceit”

16.69 to Forgive

S. #díhena- v. “*to forgive”
S. #gohena- v. “*to forgive”

16.71 Good

S. ein- pref. “excellent, admirable”
S. ma interj. “good, excellent, that’s right”
S. mae adv. and adj. “well; excellent, admirable”
S. mael adj. “well”
S., N. maer adj. “good, excellent, fair; [N.] useful, fit, good (of things)”
ᴺS. !maeras n. “goodness”
⚠️N., G. mai adv. “well”; see instead:
S. mae “well; excellent, admirable”
⚠️G. maien adj. “better”
⚠️G. main adv. “better”
⚠️ᴱN. maint adv. “*better”
⚠️ᴱN. maur adj. “good”; see instead:
S. maer “good, excellent, fair; [N.] useful, fit, good (of things)”
⚠️G. mora adj. “good”; see instead:
S. maer “good, excellent, fair; [N.] useful, fit, good (of things)”
⚠️ᴱN. muint n. “best thing”
⚠️G. nogra- v. “to excell, exceed”
⚠️G. nogrin adj. “excellent, conspicuous”; see instead:
S. maer “good, excellent, fair; [N.] useful, fit, good (of things)”
S. raud¹ “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent”

16.72 Bad

N. crumguru n. “wiley, sinister, guilty”
⚠️ᴱN. damor adj. “no good”
ᴺS. [N.] ^faeg adj. “mean, poor, bad”
⚠️G. fecthi adj. “less bad; baddish, naughty”
⚠️ᴱN., G. feg adj. “bad, [G.] poor, wretched”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^faeg “mean, poor, bad”
⚠️G. fegla adj. “worse”
⚠️G. feigien adj. “worse”
⚠️G. fien adv. “worse”
⚠️N. foeg adj. “mean, poor, bad”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^faeg “mean, poor, bad”
S. oer adj. “nasty”

16.73 Right

⚠️G. (be)bilfir n. “conscience”

16.74 Wrong

⚠️G. aul adv. “ill, badly”
⚠️G. aulin adj. “wrong”; see instead:
S. ogol “bad, evil, wrong; gloom(y)”
ᴺS. ^raeg “wrong, [G.] awry, twisted, distorted, perverse, leering (of face)”
⚠️ᴱN. bal- [mb-] pref. “evil-”; see instead:
S. rhû¹ “evil, wicked”
⚠️ᴱN. balthir n. “evil king”
⚠️ᴱN. balwidhion n. “?bad husband”; see instead:
N. herven “husband”
⚠️G. curdhu n. “sin, wickedness, evil”; see instead:
S. rhû¹ “evil, wicked”
S. rhugar “evil deed, *sin”
⚠️G. cwarth (cwardh-) adj. “evil, bad, wicked”; see instead:
S. ogol “bad, evil, wrong; gloom(y)”
S. #neitha- v. “to wrong, deprive”
ᴺS. !oglas n. “wickedness, *evil”
S. ogol adj. “bad, evil, wrong; gloom(y)”
S. ogron n. “wicked or evil person”
S. oth- pref. “[wrong] with a bad sense; unsuitable, bad, improper, useless, wrong”
S. othgar(ed) n. “doing wrong, *wrong doing”
S. othgarn n. “misdeed, *sin”
ᴺS. [N.] ^raeg adj. “wrong, [G.] awry, twisted, distorted, perverse, leering (of face)”
⚠️G. raig adj. “awry, twisted, distorted, perverse, wrong, leering (of face)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeg “wrong, [G.] awry, twisted, distorted, perverse, leering (of face)”
⚠️N. rhoeg adj. “wrong”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^raeg “wrong, [G.] awry, twisted, distorted, perverse, leering (of face)”
S. rhu- pref. “evil-”
S. rhû¹ n. and adj. “evil, wicked”
S. rhudol adj. and n. “unwelcome, coming with evil omen or intent”
S. rhugarol adj. “wicked, doing evil”
⚠️G. ulc adj. “bad, evil, wicked”; see instead:
S. ogol “bad, evil, wrong; gloom(y)”
⚠️ᴺS. !ummas n. “evil”; see instead:
ᴺS. !oglas “wickedness, *evil”

16.75 Sin, Impiety

⚠️G. curdhweg n. “sinner [m.]”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rhugaron “sinner”
⚠️G. curdhwin n. “sinner [f.]”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rhugaron “sinner”
S. oew n. “an evil deed”
⚠️ᴺS. !raegdan n. “sinner”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rhugaron “sinner”
S. rhugar n. “evil deed, *sin”
ᴺS. !rhugaron n. “sinner”
S. #úgarth n. “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed”
⚠️G. ulcarm n. “sin”; see instead:
S. othgarn “misdeed, *sin”
S. #úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed”
⚠️G. ulcoth n. “wickedness”; see instead:
ᴺS. !oglas “wickedness, *evil”
S. úthaes n. “inducement to do wrong, *temptation”

16.76 Fault, Guilt

⚠️G. aidra- v. “to expiate”
⚠️G. aidros n. “expiation”

16.77 Error, Mistake

⚠️G. cinga- v. “to go wrong, get tangled”; see instead:
ᴺS. canga- “to tangle; *to get tangled, [by extension] go wrong”
S. #dew- v. “to fail, miss”
S. dýgar n. and adj. “mistaken act; doing a wrong thing”
S. dŷl n. “mistake”
S. dŷr adj. “mistaken, off point, not right”
⚠️G. ul- pref. “miss-, wrongly, ill, badly”; see instead:
S. oth- “[wrong] with a bad sense; unsuitable, bad, improper, useless, wrong”
N. ul- “*ugly”

16.79 Praise

⚠️G. belectha- v. “to extol, magnify”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^beleitha- “to extol, magnify”
ᴺS. [G.] ^beleitha- [mb-] v. “to extol, magnify”
⚠️ᴺS. !daetha- v. “to praise”; see instead:
S. #egleria- “to glorify”
S. #egleria- v. “to glorify”
ᴺS. !helia- v. “to exalt”
ᴺS. !nethan- v. “to inspire, kindle inside”
ᴺS. !thúna- v. “to be spiritually affected, inspired”
ᴺS. !thúnas n. “inspiration”

16.81 Beautiful

S. bain adj. “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
ᴺS. !banath n. “beauty”
⚠️N. bein adj. “fair, beautiful”; see instead:
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
ᴺS. !beinas n. “beauty”
⚠️G. benin adj. “shapely, pretty”; see instead:
S. maed¹ “shapely, *pretty”
⚠️G. *cli adj. “?attractive”
S. dail adj. “beautiful, fine, delicate, lovely”
S. edhelvein adj. “elven fair”
⚠️G. gwandra adj. “beautiful”; see instead:
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
⚠️G. gwandreth n. “beauty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !banath “beauty”
⚠️ᴱN. gwannen adj. “?beautiful”; see instead:
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
⚠️ᴱN., G. gwant adj. and n. “?beautiful”; see instead:
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
⚠️G. gwanthi n. “fairness, beauty; a fair face, pretty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !banath “beauty”
S. írui adj. “desirable, lovely”
⚠️S. #lind² adj. “fair”; see instead:
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
ᴺS. ^lend “tuneful, sweet”
S. maed¹ adj. “shapely, *pretty”
⚠️G. maivenin adj. “shapely”; see instead:
S. maed¹ “shapely, *pretty”
⚠️S. wanedhel adj. “elven fair”; see instead:
S. edhelvein “elven fair”

16.82 Ugly

N. ul- pref. “*ugly”

16.99 Emotion (other)

⚠️G. balc adj. “cruel, evil”; see instead:
S. balch “fierce, ferocious; [N.] cruel”
⚠️ᴱN. elirdhi n. “cruelty”
⚠️G. faig adj. “cruel”
⚠️G. faigri n. “cruelty”
⚠️ᴱN. olerdh adj. “pitiless, cruel, (lit.) without bowels”
⚠️G. ômgulin adj. “patient”; see instead:
ᴺS. !andrethui “patient, long suffering”
⚠️G. ômgulwen n. “patience”; see instead:
S. andreth “long-suffering, patience”
⚠️G. tefra adj. “abject, mean”

17. Mind and Thought

17.11 Mind

S. gûr n. “heart (inner mind)”
⚠️ᴱN. nuin¹ n. “mind, thought”
⚠️G. ôm n. “mind, heart, thought”; see instead:
S. ind “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart [metaphorical], [N.] inner thought, meaning”

17.12 Reason, Intelligence

ᴺS. [N.] ^coru adj. “cunning, wily”
⚠️N. corw adj. “cunning, wily”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^coru “cunning, wily”
ᴺS. [N.] ^hand adj. “intelligent”
⚠️N. hann adj. “intelligent”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hand “intelligent”
N. hannas n. “understanding, intelligence”
⚠️N. idher n. “thoughtfulness”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^idhor “thoughtfulness”
ᴺS. [N.] ^idhor adj. “thoughtfulness”
⚠️G. mablios adj. “cunning”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^coru “cunning, wily”

17.13 to Think, Reflect

⚠️G. cuctha n. “consideration”
⚠️G. cucthol adj. “painstaking”
⚠️G. cug- v. “to ponder, resolve, think, consider”
⚠️G. cunghol adj. “painstaking”
⚠️G. cuno n. “care, thought, ‘pains’”
S. geria- v. “to ponder”
S. gordh² n. “deep thought”
N. nautha- v. “to conceive”

17.15 to Believe

ᴺS. !sav- v. “to believe in, accept as fact”

17.151 Guess, Suppose

⚠️ᴺS. !ae conj. “if ”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ce “may(be), might”
ᴺS. !pi “if”
S. aen adv. “*should, could”
ᴺS., S. !ce adv. “may(be), might”
⚠️ᴺS. !cí conj. and adv. “may, might, maybe, perhaps, if”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ce “may(be), might”
ᴺS. !pi “if”
⚠️ᴺS. !ge conj. “maybe, if”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ce “may(be), might”
ᴺS. !pi “if”
⚠️G. naf- v. “to suspect, have inkling of”
⚠️G. nafa n. “suspicion, inkling”
⚠️G. nafol adj. “suspicious (subjective)”
⚠️G. nautha- v. “to hint at, give a hint to”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ýda- “to hint; *to wink”
N. nautha- “to conceive”
ᴺS. !pi adv. “if”
ᴺS. !pista- v. “to suppose”

17.16 to Understand

N. henia- v. “to understand”

17.17 to Know

⚠️ᴱN. gist- v. “to know”; see instead:
N. ista- “to have knowledge, [G.] know, ⚠️be aware, perceive, feel”
⚠️ᴱN. gwaist- v. “to be aware, recognize”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nuicha- “to take notice, perceive; *(orig.) to smell [something]”
ᴺS. !gwista- “to change, alter, vary”
N., G. ista- v. “to have knowledge, [G.] know, ⚠️be aware, perceive, feel”
⚠️G. sana- v. “can; to know how to; to have knowledge, craft or skill”; see instead:
N. ista- “to have knowledge, [G.] know, ⚠️be aware, perceive, feel”
ᴺS. !sinnen adj. “known”

17.171 Knowledge, Science

⚠️G. ais n. “knowledge, wisdom”; see instead:
N. ist “lore, knowledge; ⚠️[G.] feeling, sensation; notion”
S. dorgannas [nd-] n. “shapes of the lands, *geography”
⚠️G. golma n. “lore, wisdom, ancient lore”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^golu “lore, *wisdom”
ᴺS. [N.] ^golu [ng-] n. “lore, *wisdom”
⚠️N. †golw [ng-] n. “lore”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^golu “lore, *wisdom”
N., G. ist n. “lore, knowledge; ⚠️[G.] feeling, sensation; notion”
⚠️G. santhi n. “knowledge, experience (in) or skill (in)”; see instead:
N. ist “lore, knowledge; ⚠️[G.] feeling, sensation; notion”

17.18 to Seem

ᴺS. !biltha- v. “to resemble, seem like; to seem likely, be probable”
⚠️G. feltha- v. “to resemble, seem like; to seem likely, be probable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !biltha- “to resemble, seem like; to seem likely, be probable”
⚠️G. felu- v. “to seem”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nev- “to seem, appear”
⚠️ᴱN. gonebedach- v. “to approach one another, to become like, resemble”
ᴺS. !nem adj. “seeming, evident, probably but not necessarily so”
ᴺS. !nemmas n. “evidence”
ᴺS. !nev- v. “to seem, appear”
⚠️G. ol- v. “to appear, seem”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nev- “to seem, appear”
⚠️N. thia- v. “to appear, seem”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nev- “to seem, appear”
⚠️ᴺS. !thir- v. “to seem, appear, look”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nev- “to seem, appear”

17.19 Idea, Notion

⚠️G. finthi n. “idea, notion”; see instead:
N. inc “guess, idea, notion”
N. inc n. “guess, idea, notion”
N. nauth n. “thought”
N. naw n. “idea”
⚠️G. tung n. “a thought, an idea”; see instead:
N. naw “idea”
N. nauth “thought”
⚠️N. ûn³ n. “idea, thought”; see instead:
N. naw “idea”
N. nauth “thought”

17.20 Imagination

ᴺS. !gauda- v. “to invent, originate, devise”

17.21 Wise

N. goll [ng-] adj. “wise”
N. golwen [ng-] adj. “wise, learned in deep arts”
N. idhren adj. “pondering, wise, thoughtful”
N. istui adj. “learned”
N. noen adj. “wise, sensible”
⚠️G. nusimos n. “sagacity”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^golu “lore, *wisdom”
⚠️G. nusiol adj. “sagacious”; see instead:
N. golwen “wise, learned in deep arts”
S. #sael adj. “wise”
ᴺS. !saelas n. “wisdom”
⚠️N. #sail adj. “wise”; see instead:
S. #sael “wise”
⚠️G. tungol adj. “wise, knowing”; see instead:
N. golwen “wise, learned in deep arts”

17.22 Stupid, Foolish

ᴺS. [G.] fôf n. “fool”
⚠️G. fofri n. “folly”; see instead:
ᴺS. !fovas “folly”
ᴺS. !fovas n. “folly”
ᴺS., G. !fovren adj. “foolish”
⚠️ᴱN. gagl adj. “foolish”; see instead:
ᴺS. !fovren “foolish”
⚠️G. gwista- v. “to be ignorant of, not to know”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwista- “to change, alter, vary”
ᴺS. !pen-channas adj. “stupid, idiotic, *(lit.) lack-wit”
⚠️ᴱN. u(r)ngúl adj. “without wisdom”

17.23 Mad, Crazy, Insane

ᴺS. !pen-ind adj. “insane, heartless, crazy”

17.24 to Learn

ᴺS. !gelia- [ng-] v. “to learn”
⚠️G. godaithion adj. “educated”; see instead:
ᴺS. !golthannen “learned, educated”
⚠️G. godaithri n. “education, erudition; grammar”; see instead:
ᴺS. !golthas “education, erudition”
⚠️G. godaithri(o)n adj. “learned, educated”; see instead:
ᴺS. !golthannen “learned, educated”
ᴺS. !golthannen [ng-] adj. “learned, educated”

17.25 to Teach

ᴺS. !goltha- [ng-] v. “to teach, educate, tutor, (lit.) make knowledgable”
ᴺS. !golthanneth [ng-] n. “teaching, lesson”
ᴺS. !golthas [ng-] n. “education, erudition”
⚠️ᴺS. !istanna- v. “to teach, lecture, explain, (lit.) give knowledge”; see instead:
ᴺS. !goltha- “to teach, educate, tutor, (lit.) make knowledgable”
ᴺS. !saeda- v. “to teach, *train, (lit.) make wise”
⚠️G. taitha- v. “to teach”; see instead:
ᴺS. !goltha- “to teach, educate, tutor, (lit.) make knowledgable”
⚠️G. taithion adj. “educated”; see instead:
ᴺS. !golthannen “learned, educated”

17.27 Teacher

S. golodh [ng-] n. “lore-master, sage”
ᴺS. !golthor n. “teacher”
⚠️ᴺS. !istoneth n. “teacher (f.), (lit.) knowledge giver”; see instead:
ᴺS. !golthor “teacher”
⚠️ᴺS. !istonor n. “teacher (m.), (lit.) knowledge giver”; see instead:
ᴺS. !golthor “teacher”
S. pengolodh n. “teaching sage, doctor (of lore), *professor”
⚠️ᴱN. sairweg n. “old man, sage”

17.28 School

ᴺS. !golbar [ng-] n. “school, university, (lit.) wisdom-house”

17.31 to Remember

S. ephola- v. “?to remember”
ᴺS. !ren- v. “to remember”
ᴺS. !renna- v. “to remind”
S. rîn n. “remembrance”

17.32 to Forget

⚠️ᴺS. !dadhren- [nd-] v. “to forget”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lítha- “to let slip, lose, mislay; (intr.) to be lost; forget”

17.33 Meaning

⚠️G. mecthos n. “meaning”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^meithas “meaning”
ᴺS. [G.] ^meithas n. “meaning”

17.34 Clear, Plain (to the Mind)

⚠️G. brinc adj. “clear, transparent”
S. limp adj. and n. “clear, sparkling; (bright/clear/gleaming) liquid”
ᴺS. [ON.] ^ýda- v. “to hint; *to wink”

17.35 Obscure

N. doll [nd-] adj. “obscure, dark, dusky, hidden, secret”
ᴺS. !gorchanui adj. “complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand”

17.36 Secret

⚠️G. cwist n. “secret”; see instead:
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
⚠️ᴱN. dîr n. “secret”; see instead:
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
⚠️G. dum adj. “secret, not to be spoken”
⚠️G. fuin¹ adj. “secret, dark; hoarded”; see instead:
S. fuin “night, gloom, darkness, [N.] dead of night”
N. doll “obscure, dark, dusky, hidden, secret”
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
⚠️G. †maugli adj. “secret, hidden”; see instead:
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
⚠️G. mugwen adj. “secret”; see instead:
S. thurin “secret, hidden”
⚠️G. ruim adj. “secret, mysterious”
⚠️G. rûm n. “secret, mystery”
S. thurin adj. “secret, hidden”

17.37 Sure, Certain

⚠️ᴱN. dathanc adj. “unsteady”
⚠️G. iltanc adj. “unsteady”; see instead:
ᴱN. dathanc “unsteady”
N., ᴱN. tangad(a)- v. “to make firm, confirm, establish, [ᴱN.] fix”
⚠️ᴱN. tangod n. “fixing, confirming, making”
⚠️ᴱN. tangos n. “firmness, steadiness”
⚠️ᴱN. tengedion n. “confirmer, fixer, establisher”
⚠️G. tulga- v. “to make firm, confirm, settle, steady; to comfort”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^tolcha- “to support, *steady, comfort; ⚠️to make firm, confirm”

17.38 to Explain

ᴺS. !saelor n. “advisor”

17.41 Purpose, Intention

S., N. ind n. “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart [metaphorical], [N.] inner thought, meaning”
S. innas n. “*will”
⚠️G. îr- v. “to be willing; to will, intend to, mean to”
⚠️G. irthod n. “intent, intention, will”
⚠️G. irthol adj. “intentional”
ᴺS. [G.] ^maith n. “goal, intention”
⚠️G. mectha n. “goal, intention”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maith “goal, intention”
⚠️G. mectha- v. “to aim at; to intend, mean”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^meitha- “to aim at, *have as a goal; ⚠️to intend, mean”
ᴺS. [G.] ^meitha- v. “to aim at, *have as a goal; ⚠️to intend, mean”
⚠️G. mutha prep. “will, am going to, am about to”
S. nidh- v. “to will, mean to, intend”
S. nîdh² n. “full vigorous purpose, exertion of will”
S. nídha- v. “to be determined to”
⚠️G. sectha- v. “to aim at”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^meitha- “to aim at, *have as a goal; ⚠️to intend, mean”
S. thel- v. “to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will”
⚠️G. uthairiol adj. “unintentional, unintended; reluctant”

17.42 Cause, Reason

ᴺS. [G.] ^caeth n. “cause, reason, motive”
ᴺS. [G.] ^caetha- v. “to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about”
⚠️ᴺS. !caethad n. “reason, cause”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caeth “cause, reason, motive”
ᴺS. [G.] ^caethas n. “causation”
⚠️G. caith n. “cause, reason, motive”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caeth “cause, reason, motive”
⚠️G. caitha- v. “to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caetha- “to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about”
⚠️G. caithl n. “source, fount, origin”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^celu “spring, source; ⚠️[G.] rill, stream, runlet”
⚠️G. caithos n. “causation”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^caethas “causation”
ᴺS. !ceiria- v. “to cause, bring about”

17.99 Mind and Thought (other)

ᴺS. !cethia- v. “to cause interest, to interest (oneself)”
ᴺS. !cethiol adj. “interesting”
ᴺS. !úgethiol adj. “boring, (lit.) not interesting”

18. Language and Music

18.11 Voice

S. #glim n. “voice, *utterance”
⚠️G. glin n. “sound, voice, utterance”; see instead:
S. #glim “voice, *utterance”
ᴺS. !law¹ “sound”
⚠️ᴺS. [G.] ^û n. “voice”; see instead:
S. #glim “voice, *utterance”
S. û “no, not, [G.] nor”
⚠️G. ûm n. “voice”; see instead:
S. #glim “voice, *utterance”

18.12 to Sing

⚠️G. dala- [nd-] v. “to sing or ring”; see instead:
S. linna- “to sing, chant”
N. nella- “to sound (of bells), *ring”
⚠️G. dólin n. “song”; see instead:
S. lind¹ “song, chant, singing, ⚠️[N.] air, tune; [N. and S.] singer”
S. dolen “hidden, [N.] secret”
⚠️N. glin- v. “to sing”; see instead:
N. glir- “to sing, recite poem”
⚠️G. glingon n. “song, chanting, chant”; see instead:
S. lind¹ “song, chant, singing, ⚠️[N.] air, tune; [N. and S.] singer”
⚠️N. glinn¹ n. “song, poem, lay”; see instead:
N. glîr “song, poem, lay”
N. glir- v. “to sing, recite poem”
N., G. glîr n. “song, poem, lay”
⚠️ᴱN. #gol- v. “to sing”; see instead:
N. glir- “to sing, recite poem”
⚠️ᴱN. gôl n. “song”; see instead:
N. glîr “song, poem, lay”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lend adj. “tuneful, sweet”
⚠️N. lhinn n. “air, tune”; see instead:
S. lind¹ “song, chant, singing, ⚠️[N.] air, tune; [N. and S.] singer”
⚠️G. lillir n. “a song, lullaby”
S. lind¹ n. “song, chant, singing, ⚠️[N.] air, tune; [N. and S.] singer”
S. linna- v. “to sing, chant”
ᴺS. !linnor n. “singer”
⚠️G. lir- v. “to sing”; see instead:
N. glir- “to sing, recite poem”
⚠️G. lul- v. “to sing, hum a lullaby”; see instead:
S. linna- “to sing, chant”
⚠️G. lulwi n. “a lullaby”
⚠️G. rala- v. “to sing, carol, trill”; see instead:
S. linna- “to sing, chant”
⚠️G. rôl n. “a song”

18.13 to Shout, Cry Out

⚠️G. auba n. “shout”
S. can- v. “to cry out, shout, call”
S. caun² n. “outcry, clamour”
⚠️G. gam n. “shout”; see instead:
N. ial “*cry, shout”
⚠️G. gama- v. “to call, shout to”; see instead:
N. ialla- “to call”
S. can- “to cry out, shout, call”
⚠️ᴱN. garw n. “shout”; see instead:
N. ial “*cry, shout”
⚠️G. gôm n. “shout, call; name, nickname”; see instead:
N. ial “*cry, shout”
S. eneth “*name”
N. hûl n. “cry of encouragement in battle”
N. ial n. “*cry, shout”
N. ialla- v. “to call”
S. #nalla- v. “to cry”
S. nallan n. “call”
⚠️G. uptha- v. “to shout”; see instead:
S. can- “to cry out, shout, call”

18.14 Various Cries

S. a² interj. “O!”
S., N., ᴱN., G. ai¹ interj. “hail, ⚠️[ᴱN.] cry of pain or woe, [G.] oh!”
S. ha interj. “there you are”
ᴺS. !muia- v. “to whine, moan, whimper, caw, meow”
⚠️G. mumla- v. “stammer, gibber”
⚠️G. mumloth n. “stuttering”
⚠️G. mumol adj. “stammering, gibbering, inarticulate”

18.21 to Speak, Talk

ᴺS. !athrabed- v. “to discuss, exchange words”
S. athrabeth n. “conversation, debate, (lit.) interchange of words”
ᴺS. !athraweth- v. “to communicate, (lit.) inform to and fro”
⚠️S. carfa- v. “to talk, speak, use tongue”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paetha- “to utter, speak, talk”
⚠️ᴱN. glab- v. “to babble”
⚠️ᴱN. #glaba- v. “to babble”; see instead:
N. glavra- “to babble”
⚠️ᴱN. glabadol adj. “chattering, talkative”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glavradol “chattering, talkative”
⚠️ᴱN. glabros n. “babble, chatter, babel, din of voices”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glavras “babble, chatter, babel, din of voices”
⚠️ᴱN. glabroseb adj. “full of the din of voices”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glavradeb “full of the din of voices”
N. glavra- v. “to babble”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^glavradol adj. “chattering, talkative”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^glavradon n. “vain talker, *chatterbox”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^glavras n. “babble, chatter, babel, din of voices”
N. glavrol adj. “babbling”
⚠️ᴱN. glebe(i)dion n. “a vain talker”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^glavradon “vain talker, *chatterbox”
⚠️G. pactha- v. “to utter, speak, talk”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paetha- “to utter, speak, talk”
S. paeth n. “speech”
ᴺS. [G.] ^paetha- v. “to utter, speak, talk”
ᴺS. [G.] ^paethad n. “oratory”
ᴺS. [G.] ^paethron n. “orator”
⚠️G. paithri n. “a speech, speech, talk”; see instead:
S. paeth “speech”
⚠️G. paithron n. “orator”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paethron “orator”
⚠️G. paithwen n. “oratory”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^paethad “oratory”
S., N., ᴱN. ped- v. “to say, speak”
S. *pedui adj. “*utterable, pronouncable, able to be spoken”
S. pedweg adj. “talkative, saying a lot”
S. penbed adj. “not pronouncable”
S. úbedui adj. “not fit to say, unspeakable”
⚠️G. ugwedriol adj. “ineffable, unspeakable, awful”

18.22 to Say

S. adbed- v. “to rephrase”
⚠️G. cwed- v. “to say, tell”; see instead:
S. ped- “to say, speak”
⚠️G. cwess n. “saying, proverb”; see instead:
ᴺS. pess¹ “saying, [G.] proverb”
S. ephed- v. “to say out; [ᴺS.] to confess”
ᴺS. !gwabeth n. “sentence, phrase”
N. †nara- v. “to tell”
⚠️ᴱN. peidion n. “sayer, soothsayer”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] pess¹ n. “saying, [G.] proverb”
⚠️ᴱN. sairweigian n. “proverbial wisdom, sage saying”
⚠️G. sara- v. “ait”

18.23 to be Silent

⚠️ᴱN. daw interj. “hush, be silent”
⚠️G. lithra- v. “to cease speaking, become silent”
⚠️G. mug- v. “to keep silent, say nothing (about)”
⚠️G. suthra- v. “to hush, to make or go quiet”

18.24 Language

ᴺS. !cadudew n. “allomorph, (lit.) shaped sign”
ᴺS. !dollon [nd-] n. “phoneme, underlying sound, (lit.) hidden-sound”
⚠️G. idhruglin n. “the language of Men”
S., G. lam¹ n. “(physical) tongue; language, ⚠️[G.] speech”
ᴺS. !lamel n. “phonetics”
ᴺS. !lamengolu n. “linguistics”
⚠️N., ᴱN. lham(b) n. “tongue”; see instead:
S. lam¹ “(physical) tongue; language, ⚠️[G.] speech”
ᴺS. !lhongannas n. “phonology, (lit.) shapes of sounds”
ᴺS. !lhongant n. “allophone, surface sound, (lit.) sound-shape”
ᴺS. !nevia- v. “to localize, bring close, translate (into your own language), translate (into another language when used with the dative case)”
ᴺS. !paethas n. “grammar, speech-system”
ᴺS. !pesgannas n. “syntax, study of syntactical structures, (lit.) shapes of phrases”
ᴺS. !pesgant n. “syntax, syntactical structure, (lit.) phrase-shape”
ᴺS. !pethgannas n. “morphology, (lit.) shapes of words”
ᴺS. !pethgant n. “surface representation (of a word), (lit.) word-shape”
ᴺS. !pethlongannas n. “morphophonology”
ᴺS. !tallam n. “conlang”
ᴺS. !tengolu n. “semantics”
ᴺS. !tewig n. “morpheme”

18.25 Dialect

⚠️G. Cweneglin n. “*Elvish (Qenya)”
⚠️G. Goldogrin n. “Language of the Gnomes”

18.26 Word

⚠️G. cweth n. “word”; see instead:
S. peth “word”
ᴺS. !iorbeth n. “archaism, archaic word”
S., N., ᴱN. peth n. “word”
ᴺS. !pethas n. “sentence, phrase”
⚠️ᴱN. ufeth adj. “without a word”
⚠️ᴱN. urbeth adj. “wordless”

18.27 Glossary, Dictionary

ᴺS. !gobeth n. “dictionary”
ᴺS. !tharchol- v. “to translate, (lit.) carry-across”

18.28 Name

⚠️G. em adj. “named, called by name”; see instead:
ᴺS. !estannen “named, called”
⚠️G. embrin adj. “by name, named”; see instead:
ᴺS. !estannen “named, called”
S. #en- v. “*to name”
ᴺS. [G.] ^enas n. “title”
S. eneth n. “*name”
⚠️G. enn n. “name”; see instead:
S. eneth “*name”
ᴺS. !ennais n. “signature, (lit.) name sign”
ᴺS. !ennen adj. “named”
⚠️G. enos n. “title”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^enas “title”
⚠️G. entha- v. “to name, call, indicate, point out”; see instead:
S. #en- “*to name”
⚠️G. enu- v. “to be called, be named”; see instead:
S. #esta- “to call, *name”
⚠️G. enweg n. “name sake”; see instead:
ᴺS. !imeneth “namesake, (lit.) same name”
ᴺS. [G.] enwiol adj. “nominal”
⚠️ᴺS. !ess n. “name”; see instead:
S. eneth “*name”
S. #esta- v. “to call, *name”
ᴺS. !estannen adj. “named, called”
⚠️G. gôma adv. “by name, nicknamed”; see instead:
ᴺS. !ennen “named”
⚠️G. gôma- v. “to nickname”
ᴺS. !imeneth n. “namesake, (lit.) same name”

18.31 to Question, Inquire

ᴺS. !amman adv. “why, (lit.) for what”
⚠️G. dos adv. “when”; see instead:
S. ir “?when, while”
ᴺS. !mallú “when, (orig.) what time”
⚠️G. dui adv. “where”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mivan “where, (lit.) in/at what”
ᴺS. !mallú adv. “when, (orig.) what time”
S. man pron. “*what, who”
⚠️ᴺS. !mas adv. “where”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mivan “where, (lit.) in/at what”
ᴺS. !mivan adv. “where, (lit.) in/at what”
ᴺS. !movan adv. “how, (lit.) by means of what”
ᴺS. !naman adv. “how, (lit.) with what”
ᴺS. !navan adv. “where, whither, to where, (lit.) at/to what”
⚠️ᴺS. !neman adv. “when, (lit.) during what”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mallú “when, (orig.) what time”
ᴺS. !oman adv. “whence, from where, (lit.) from what”

18.32 to Answer

⚠️S. aphed- v. “to answer”; see instead:
ᴺS. !dambed- “to answer”
S. adbed- “to rephrase”
ᴺS. !dambed- [nd-] v. “to answer”
⚠️S. danbeth [nd-] n. “*answer, (lit.) back-word”; see instead:
S. dangweth “answer, *(lit.) back-report”
S. dangweth [nd-] n. “answer, *(lit.) back-report”
S. #gweth- v. “*to report”
⚠️G. nunta- v. “to assent”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^nunna- “to incline head, bend face down, *nod; to assent, *agree”

18.34 to Deny

N. ubed n. “denial”

18.35 to Ask, Request

ᴺS. !mabed- v. “to ask [a question]”

18.37 to Refuse

S. #ava- v. “will not, do not”
S. avad n. “refusal, reluctance”

18.38 to Forbid

S. ablad n. “prohibition, refusal”
S. boda- v. “to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid”

18.41 to Call, Summon

ᴺS. [G.] ^lemma- v. “to beckon, crook the finger”
⚠️G. lempa- v. “to beckon, crook the finger”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lemma- “to beckon, crook the finger”
ᴺS. !nachav- v. “to summon”

18.51 to Write

⚠️G. tectha- v. “to write”; see instead:
S. teitha- “to write, draw, inscribe, make marks or signs”
S., N. teitha- v. “to write, draw, inscribe, make marks or signs”

18.52 to Read

ᴺS. !henna- v. “to read”

18.53 Letter of the Alphabet

S. andaith n. “long-mark”
⚠️N. andeith n. “long-mark”; see instead:
S. andaith “long-mark”
S. angerthas n. “runic alphabetic, (lit.) long rune-rows”
S. certh n. “rune”
S. certhas n. “runes-rows, runic alphabet”
N. gammas n. “s-sign”
S., G. taith n. “sign, symbol; mark, [N.] stroke; ⚠️[G.] letter”
⚠️N. teith n. “mark, stroke”; see instead:
S. taith “sign, symbol; mark, [N.] stroke; ⚠️[G.] letter”
S., N. têw n. “letter”
N. tiwdi n. “alphabet”

18.54 Letter, Epistle

ᴺS. !mengyl n. “messenger, (lit.) message-bearer”
ᴺS. !ment n. “message”
ᴺS. !sarth n. “note, jot, scribbling”
ᴺS. !tain n. “letter, epistle, missive”
⚠️ᴺS. !taith n. “note, jot, scribbling, (lit.) a little writing”; see instead:
S. taith “sign, symbol; mark, [N.] stroke; ⚠️[G.] letter”
ᴺS. !sarth “note, jot, scribbling”

18.56 Paper

⚠️ᴱN. fadhw n. “parchment”
⚠️G. paglos n. “parchment”
ᴺS. [G.] ^palt n. “wide flat leaf; page of book; ⚠️blade (of swords, knives, oars, etc.)”
⚠️G. paltha n. “blade (of swords, knives, oars, etc.); wide flat leaf; page of book”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^palt “wide flat leaf; page of book; ⚠️blade (of swords, knives, oars, etc.)”
ᴺS. !parlas n. “parchment, document”

18.57 Pen

S. tegil n. “pen”
⚠️N. tegol n. “pen”; see instead:
S. tegil “pen”
⚠️G. tenc n. “pen, nib”; see instead:
S. tegil “pen”

18.61 Book

⚠️G. pand n. “bark; book”; see instead:
N. parf “book”
⚠️G. pant n. “arrangement, grouping; book”; see instead:
ᴺS. pan “arrangement, settlement, *grouping; ⚠️place, spot”
N. parf “book”
N. parf n. “book”

18.63 Line

⚠️G. rim¹ n. “stripe, line; border, fringe”
N., ᴱN., G. tî n. “line, row; ⚠️[G.] straight”

18.65 Literature

ᴺS. !edanna- v. “to publish, (lit.) out-give”
ᴺS. !partham n. “library”

18.66 Author, Writer

S., N. pethron n. “speaker, reciter, [N.] narrator, minstrel”

18.67 Poet

S., N. glaer n. “[N.] long lay, narrative poem, ⚠️[S.] tale, song”
⚠️G. #(g)lairin n. “*poem”; see instead:
S. glaer “[N.] long lay, narrative poem, ⚠️[S.] tale, song”
⚠️G. golairin n. “rime, rhyme; riming poem”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwalir “rhyme, rime (the two actual rhyming words), rhyming poem”
⚠️G. gwaidhi n. “a rime (i.e. the 2 actual rhyming words)”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwalir “rhyme, rime (the two actual rhyming words), rhyming poem”
ᴺS. [G.] gwalir n. “rhyme, rime (the two actual rhyming words), rhyming poem”
S. linnod n. “type of poetic meter, (lit.) ?seven-chant”
S. minlamad n. “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”

18.68 Tale, Story

⚠️G. cwedri n. “telling (of tales)”
⚠️ᴱN., G. cwent n. “?tale”; see instead:
N. pent “tale, story”
S., N. narn n. “tale, [N.] saga”
ᴺS. !narphen n. “character [in a story]”
N. pennas n. “history”
N. pent n. “tale, story”
N. sinnarn n. “novel tale”
N. trenar- v. “to recount, tell to the end”
N. trenarn n. “account, tale”

18.69 Music

⚠️G. gling n. “music”; see instead:
ᴺS. !linnas “music”
⚠️G. glingrin adj. “musical”; see instead:
ᴺS. !linnathren “musical”
⚠️N. lhend adj. “tuneful, sweet”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lend “tuneful, sweet”
ᴺS. !linnas n. “music”
ᴺS. !linnathren adj. “musical”

18.70 Instrument

⚠️G. lintha- v. “to sound (tr.), strike or ring bell, play an instrument”; see instead:
N. nella- “to sound (of bells), *ring”
N. gann(ad)a- “to play a harp”
⚠️G. linthanin n. “playing or music of instruments”

18.71 Pipe, Flute

ᴺS. [G.] ^rodol n. “little pipe (especially musical)”
⚠️G. rogli n. “little pipe (especially musical)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rodol “little pipe (especially musical)”
⚠️G. ross n. “pipe”; see instead:
ᴺS. rod “tube, stem, *pipe”
S. ross¹ “rain; spray, ⚠️spindrift, foam”
⚠️ᴺS. !semp n. “flute, pipe, whistle”; see instead:
ᴺS. thibin “flute”
⚠️G. siptha- v. “to whistle”; see instead:
ᴺS. tiph- “to whistle”
ᴺS. [G.] thibin n. “flute”
⚠️G. thibindon n. “flute-playing”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thibinor n. “piper”
⚠️G. thibinweg n. “piper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thibinor “piper”
⚠️G. thimli n. “whistle, piccolo”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thivol “whistle, piccolo”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thimma- v. “to play a flute or whistle”
ᴺS. [G.] thimp n. “the stop on a flute”
⚠️G. thimpa- v. “to play a flute or whistle”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thimma- “to play a flute or whistle”
⚠️G. thimpion n. “a piper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^thibinor “piper”
ᴺS. [G.] ^thivol n. “whistle, piccolo”
ᴺS. [G.] timp n. “hoot, note of a flute”
ᴺS. [G.] tiph- v. “to whistle”
ᴺS. [G.] tiphin n. “small flute”

18.72 Harp, Lute

ᴺS. !cungan(d) n. “viol(in), (lit.) bow-harp”
N. gann(ad)a- [ng-] v. “to play a harp”
N. gannel [ng-] n. “harp”
ᴺS. !langan(d) n. “stringed instrument with a neck (lute, guitar, etc.)”
⚠️G. salum n. “*harp”
ᴺS. [N.] ^talagan n. “harper”
⚠️N. talagand n. “harper”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^talagan “harper”
N. tong adj. “taut, tight; resonant (of strings)”

18.73 Bell, Ringing

⚠️G. lang- v. “to blare, clang, ring”
⚠️G. langon n. “great bell”; see instead:
N. nell “bell”
N. nell n. “bell”
N. nella- v. “to sound (of bells), *ring”
ᴺS. !nellad n. “sound of bells, ringing”
N. nelladel n. “ringing of bells”
⚠️G. ‽nelu- v. “ring (tr. & intr.)”; see instead:
N. nella- “to sound (of bells), *ring”
⚠️G. timpa- v. “to ring, jingle, tinkle”; see instead:
N. nella- “to sound (of bells), *ring”
⚠️G. timpi n. “little bell”; see instead:
N. nell “bell”

19. Social Relations

19.11 Country, Nation

⚠️S. aranarth n. “*kingdom”; see instead:
S. arnad “*kingdom”
S. arnad n. “*kingdom”
S., N., ᴱN., G. dôr [nd-] n. “land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; ⚠️[G.] people of the land”

19.13 Country (vs. Town)

⚠️N. lhoss n. “wilderness”; see instead:
S. rhovan “wilderness; wild beast”
⚠️N. lothren adj. “wild, waste”; see instead:
S. rhaw¹ “wild, [N.] untamed”
N. eru “waste, desert”
⚠️G. nandri n. “the country (as opposed to town)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rídhas “the country, countryside, farmland”
⚠️G. nandriol adj. “rustic, rural”; see instead:
ᴺS. !rídhathren “rustic, rural”
S., N. rhovan n. “wilderness; wild beast”
ᴺS. !rídhas n. “the country, countryside, farmland”
ᴺS. !rídhathren adj. “rustic, rural”

19.14 Region, Territory

⚠️N. ardh n. “realm”; see instead:
S. arthor “realm”
S. gardh “region”
S. arthor n. “realm”
⚠️G. bardha n. “realm”; see instead:
S. arthor “realm”
S. gardh n. “region”
S. ?gardhon n. “province”
ᴺS. !glandor n. “march, mark, boundary land”
⚠️G. hermin n. “realm, tutelage”; see instead:
S. arthor “realm”
S., N. -ion² suf. “-region, -land”
⚠️G. malcos n. “lordship, power, a province or principality”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^herf “protection, lordship, sway”
S. #trann n. “shire, *county, adminitrative region”
ᴺS. !trannail n. “regional, local”

19.15 Town, City

S., N. caras n. “city, [N.] city (built above ground); [S.] (orig.) fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks, circular earthwall with dike”
⚠️ᴱN. gwâr n. “town”; see instead:
S. gobel “(walled) village, town (enclosure); [N.] walled house, *manor”
S. ost “fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; (fortified) town, [N.] city; [orig.] [S.] enclosure, ⚠️[G.] yard”
S., N., ᴱN., G. ost n. “fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; (fortified) town, [N.] city; [orig.] [S.] enclosure, ⚠️[G.] yard”

19.16 Village

⚠️G. baros [mb-] n. “hamlet”
S., N. gobel n. “(walled) village, town (enclosure); [N.] walled house, *manor”
⚠️G. †pel suf. “village, hamlet, -ham”; see instead:
S. gobel “(walled) village, town (enclosure); [N.] walled house, *manor”

19.17 Boundary

S. cai n. “hedge”
⚠️ᴱN. cai ? “[unglossed]”
S. cail n. “fence, palisade of spikes or sharp stakes”
⚠️G. cortheb n. “bounds, boundary”; see instead:
S. glan(n) “boundary”
ᴺS. [N.] ^edrain n. “*(outer) border”
⚠️N. edrein n. “*(outer) border”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^edrain “*(outer) border”
S., N. ephel n. “outer fence, surrounding ring”
⚠️G. farn n. “mark, boundary; shore”; see instead:
S. glan(n) “boundary”
S. falas “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”
N. farn “enough”
⚠️G. faroth n. “boundary”; see instead:
S. glan(n) “boundary”
S. faroth “*hunting”
S. glandagol n. “boundary mark”
S. glan(n) n. “boundary”
S. gleina- v. “to bound, enclose, limit”
ᴺS. !gleinannen adj. “bounded, enclosed, limited”
⚠️N. hebel n. “?fence”; see instead:
S. ephel “outer fence, surrounding ring”
⚠️G. hebon adj. “bound; (also) bounded, surrounded”; see instead:
N. naud “bound”
ᴺS. !gleinannen “bounded, enclosed, limited”
⚠️G. hebrim n. “bound(ary)”; see instead:
S. glan(n) “boundary”
⚠️G. hebwirol adj. “circumspect”
⚠️ᴱN. helai n. “fence”; see instead:
S. cail “fence, palisade of spikes or sharp stakes”
⚠️ᴺS. !iâd² n. “fence”; see instead:
S. iath “fence”
S. iath n. “fence”
⚠️ᴺS. !pel- v. “to fence, enclose”; see instead:
ᴺS. pelu- “to fence, enclose”
S. #pel- “*to fade, wane”
ᴺS. [G.] pelu- v. “to fence, enclose”
⚠️G. pless n. “hedge, fence”; see instead:
S. cai “hedge”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rain¹ n. “border”
⚠️N. rhain¹ n. “border”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rain¹ “border”
S. #taeg n. “boundary, limit, boundary line”
ᴺS. !taig adj. “marking (a boundary)”
⚠️G. tath n. “hedge, fence”; see instead:
S. iath “fence”
N. thora- v. “to fence”
N. thoren adj. “*fenced”

19.21 People, Populace

ᴺS. !caraed adj. “effective, productive, effectual, efficacious”
ᴺS. !covas n. “community”
⚠️G. gadorwen n. “society”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwadoras “union, association, fellowship, society”
⚠️G. gados n. “union, association, fellowship”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwadoras “union, association, fellowship, society”
⚠️G. gomod n. “companionship, living together; community, fellowship”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^govod “companionship, living together; community, fellowship, *(orig.) eating-together”
ᴺS. [G.] ^govod n. “companionship, living together; community, fellowship, *(orig.) eating-together”
⚠️ᴺS. !gwachonas n. “union, association, fellowship, society”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwadoras “union, association, fellowship, society”
ᴺS. !gwadoras n. “union, association, fellowship, society”
S., ᴱN., G. gwaith n. “people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region”
⚠️ᴱN. lhai n. “folk, host, people”; see instead:
S. lî “people (of one kind or origin), ⚠️[G.] folk, many people, crowd of folk”
S. gwaith “people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region”
S., G. lî n. “people (of one kind or origin), ⚠️[G.] folk, many people, crowd of folk”
⚠️G. lieg n. “the folk, the citizens”; see instead:
S. gwaith “people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region”
⚠️G. lieglest n. “a folk moot”; see instead:
N. hûd “assembly, *gathering, moot”

19.22 a People, Nation

⚠️G. gweithiad n. “nation, folk”
N. nûr¹ n. “race”
⚠️G. -thlim suf. “race, folk”
⚠️G. thlim n. “race, kind, species, sort”

19.23 Tribe, Clan, Family

⚠️G. fo n. “a clan”
⚠️G. geth¹ n. “clan, kindred, folk”; see instead:
S. nos(s) “family, kindred, clan, house; race, tribe, people”
⚠️G. in- pref. “house of”
S., N., G. nos(s) n. “family, kindred, clan, house; race, tribe, people”
⚠️G. nothri n. “family, kinship”; see instead:
S. nos(s) “family, kindred, clan, house; race, tribe, people”

19.31 to Rule, Govern

ᴺS. [G.] bardha- v. “to rule, reign”
⚠️G. gomaithri n. “government”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^govaethas “government”
ᴺS. [G.] ^govaethas n. “government”
ᴺS. [G.] ^herf n. “protection, lordship, sway”
⚠️G. herma n. “protection, lordship, sway”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^herf “protection, lordship, sway”
S. maeth n. “management”
ᴺS. [G.] ^maethas n. “control, *authority”
ᴺS. [G.] ^maetheb adj. “having control or authority”
⚠️G. maith n. “rule, power, permission”; see instead:
S. maeth “management”
⚠️G. maithog adj. “having control”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maetheb “having control or authority”
⚠️G. maithri n. “control”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maethas “control, *authority”
⚠️G. turm n. “authority, rule; strength”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^maethas “control, *authority”

19.32 King

S., N. aran n. “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)”
ᴺS. !aranas n. “kingship”
ᴺS. !ar(an)eg n. “kinglet”
N. arnen n. “?royal”
⚠️G. bridhon n. “king, prince”; see instead:
S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)”
S. ernil “prince”
S., N. -dor suf. “*king, lord”
⚠️ᴱN. idir n. “no king”
N. †taur³ n. “king (of a whole tribe)”
⚠️ᴱN., G. tîr n. “king”; see instead:
N. †taur³ “king (of a whole tribe)”
⚠️G. tûr n. “king”; see instead:
N. †taur³ “king (of a whole tribe)”
⚠️G. turioth n. “kingship”; see instead:
ᴺS. !aranas “kingship”

19.33 Queen

S., N. bereth n. and adj. “queen, spouse; supreme, sublime”
⚠️G. bridh(n)ir n. “queen, princess”; see instead:
S. bereth “queen, spouse; supreme, sublime”
S. brethil² “princess, (lit.) queen-daughter”
⚠️N. rhîs n. “queen”; see instead:
S. #rían “queen, *(lit.) crowned-lady”
S. bereth “queen, spouse; supreme, sublime”
S. #rían n. “queen, *(lit.) crowned-lady”
⚠️ᴺS. [N.] ^rîs n. “queen”; see instead:
S. #rían “queen, *(lit.) crowned-lady”
S. bereth “queen, spouse; supreme, sublime”
⚠️G. turwin n. “queen”; see instead:
S. #rían “queen, *(lit.) crowned-lady”
S. bereth “queen, spouse; supreme, sublime”

19.35 Prince

S. brethil² n. “princess, (lit.) queen-daughter”
S. caun¹ n. “prince, chief, head”
S. ^#cund n. “*prince”
⚠️N. †cunn n. “prince”; see instead:
S. ^#cund “*prince”
S., N. ernil n. “prince”
S., N. -gon suf. “lord, prince; [N.] valour”
⚠️ᴱN. †nîr² n. “hero, prince, warrior-elf”; see instead:
N. callon “hero”
S. dîr¹ “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
⚠️ᴱN. thing n. “prince”; see instead:
S. ernil “prince”
⚠️G. turinthi n. “princess”; see instead:
S. brethil² “princess, (lit.) queen-daughter”

19.352 Other Titles of Nobility

S. condir n. “mayor, *(lit.) chief-man”

19.36 Noble, Nobleman

S., N. ar(a)- pref. “noble, royal, high”
S. arod adj. “noble”
S. arphen n. “noble, knight”
S. besain [mb-] n. “the Lady, breadgiver”
N. callon n. “hero”
⚠️ᴱN. dain¹ adj. “high, noble, lofty, sublime, divine”; see instead:
S. raud¹ “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent”
N. taur² “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful, huge; high, sublime”
ᴺS. !balaen “divine”
⚠️G. malcrin adj. “lordly, noble, mighty”; see instead:
S. raud¹ “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent”
⚠️G. mandra adj. “noble”; see instead:
S. arod “noble”
⚠️G. nothrin adj. “highborn noble”; see instead:
S. arod “noble”
S. raud¹ adj. “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent”

19.41 Master

N. brannon n. “lord”
⚠️G. bridhweg n. “liege (m.)”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
⚠️G. bridhwig n. “liege (f.)”; see instead:
S. heryn “lady”
⚠️ᴱN. doirion n. “lord (of a certain district), chief”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
⚠️ᴱN. gorod¹ n. “chief, lord, master; size, might”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
S. #tûr “[N.] mastery, victory, [ᴱN.] power [over others]; ⚠️[S.] master”
⚠️G. gwir¹ n. “master, lord, possessor”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
S. herdir n. “master”
⚠️G. hermon n. “lord”; see instead:
N. heron “lord, master”
N. heron n. “lord, master”
S., N., ᴱN. hîr n. “lord, master”
⚠️G. hiros n. “guardian, overseer, lord, master”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
⚠️G. indor n. “master (of house), lord”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
⚠️G. malc² n. “lord”; see instead:
S. hîr “lord, master”
S., N., ᴱN. #tûr n. “[N.] mastery, victory, [ᴱN.] power [over others]; ⚠️[S.] master”

19.412 Lady

N. brennil n. “lady”
⚠️G. gwiniel n. “lady”; see instead:
S. heryn “lady”
S. híril “lady; ⚠️[G.] princess, †queen”
S. heryn n. “lady”
S., N., G. híril n. “lady; ⚠️[G.] princess, †queen”
⚠️N. rhien n. “(crowned) lady”; see instead:
S. #rían “queen, *(lit.) crowned-lady”
S. -riel suf. “crowned maiden”
S. rodel n. “lady, high lady”

19.42 Slave

⚠️ᴱN., G. drog n. “slave”; see instead:
N. mûl “slave, thrall”
⚠️G. drogod n. “slavery, bondage, thraldom”
⚠️G. drogwed adj. “servile, slavish; base, mean”
⚠️G. drogwin n. “slave woman”
⚠️G. guinir n. “slave”; see instead:
N. mûl “slave, thrall”
⚠️G. guinog n. “chattel”; see instead:
N. mûl “slave, thrall”
N. mûl n. “slave, thrall”
⚠️ᴱN. udhrog adj. “without slaves”
⚠️ᴱN. u(r)dhrog adj. “without slaves”

19.43 Servant

⚠️N. beor n. “follower, vassal”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^bŷr “follower, vassal”
N. buia- v. “to serve, hold allegiance to”
ᴺS. !bŷl n. “(single) service or favour”
ᴺS. [N.] ^bŷr n. “follower, vassal”

19.44 Free

⚠️G. balt adj. “rid, soluit, free”; see instead:
S. pen¹ “without, lacking, -less”
⚠️ᴱN. darhod adj. “not free”
⚠️G. faidwen n. “freedom”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leinas “freedom, liberty”
⚠️G. faina- v. “to get free”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^othra- “to get away, escape”
⚠️G. fair adj. “free, unconstrained”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rain² “free, *unconstrained”
⚠️G. fairtha- v. “to set free, release”; see instead:
S. #leithia- “to release, [N.] set free”
⚠️G. fairthos n. “liberty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leinas “freedom, liberty”
⚠️G. faith n. “liberty”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leinas “freedom, liberty”
⚠️G. faithir n. “liberator, Saviour”; see instead:
ᴺS. !leidhron “liberator, saviour”
⚠️G. fegrin adj. “free”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lain “free(d), *liberated”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lain adj. “free(d), *liberated”
ᴺS. !leidhron n. “liberator, saviour”
ᴺS. !leinas n. “freedom, liberty”
⚠️N. lhain adj. “free(d)”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lain “free(d), *liberated”
ᴺS. [N.] ^rain² adj. “free, *unconstrained”
⚠️N. rhain² adj. “free”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^rain² “free, *unconstrained”
⚠️ᴱN. rheidiant adj. “set free”

19.45 to Order, Command

ᴺS. !conui adj. “commanding”

19.47 to Let, Permit

N. dâf n. “permission”
ᴺS. !dav-¹ v. “to allow, yield, permit”

19.48 to Compel

S. gor-² v. “to warn, urge”
ᴺS. !goras n. “advice”
N. horn adj. “driven under compulsion, impelled (to do something)”
N. hortha- v. “to urge on, speed”
ᴺS. !huia- v. “to urge on”
ᴺS. !thaes n. “attraction, temptation”
S., N., G. thang n. “oppression, pressure; [N.] compulsion, duress, need; ⚠️[G.] crowd, crush, herd”

19.51 Friend

S. #-dil suf. “friend, lover”
⚠️N. elf n. “friend”; see instead:
S. mellon “friend”
⚠️G. fedhin n. and adj. “bound by agreement; ally, friend”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwedhen “oath-bound, allied”
⚠️G. ged n. “kinsman†; friend, chum”; see instead:
S. mellon “friend”
N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman”
⚠️G. gedfel adj. “friendly, affable, amiable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nathol “affable, kindly, welcoming”
N. milui “friendly, loving, kind”
⚠️G. gedweth n. “kinship†, friendship”; see instead:
N. gwend “bond, friendship”
ᴺS. !rennas “kinship, relation”
⚠️G. gethli n. “friendship”; see instead:
N. gwend “bond, friendship”
⚠️G. gethlir n. “friend; †kinswoman”; see instead:
N. meldis “friend (f.)”
N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman”
⚠️G. gofedhrog n. “ally”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwedhron “ally, one bound by oath”
⚠️G. gwesol adj. “affable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nathol “affable, kindly, welcoming”
N. meldir n. “friend [m.]”
N. meldis n. “friend (f.)”
S., N. mellon n. “friend”
⚠️N. thond n. “friend”; see instead:
S. mellon “friend”

19.52 Foe, Enemy

S., N. #coth n. “enemy, foe; [N.] enmity”
ᴺS. !cothren adj. “hostile”
S. #cûd n. “foe”
ᴺS. !cuid adj. “hostile”
⚠️ᴱN. enne(i)rion n. “adversary, rival”
⚠️G. forog n. “enemy”; see instead:
S. #coth “enemy, foe; [N.] enmity”

19.53 Companion

S. aphadon n. “follower”
N. bôr adj. and n. “steadfast; trusty man, faithful vassal”
⚠️G. gadron n. “fellow, associate”; see instead:
N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
N. gwathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
⚠️G. gomodril n. “companion, associate, fellow (f.); nun”; see instead:
N. gwathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
⚠️G. gomodron n. “companion, associate, fellow; monk”; see instead:
N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
⚠️G. gwar(e)dhir n. “f. companion, comrade”; see instead:
N. gwathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]”
⚠️G. gwar(e)dhon n. “m. companion, comrade”; see instead:
N. gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”
S. sadron n. “trusty follower, loyal companion”

19.54 Neighbor

⚠️ᴱN. nebmerion n. “neighbour”; see instead:
S. sammar “*neighbor”
⚠️ᴱN. nebuin n. “neighbour (fem.)”; see instead:
S. sammar “*neighbor”
⚠️ᴱN. nebweb n. “neighbour”; see instead:
S. sammar “*neighbor”
S. sammar n. “*neighbor”

19.55 Stranger

S. edlon n. “outsider, stranger, *foreigner”
ᴺS. !edlonui adj. “foreign”
⚠️G. far(o)n adj. “separate, different, strange”
⚠️G. faronwed adj. “foreign”; see instead:
ᴺS. !edlonui “foreign”
⚠️G. faronweg n. “foreigner (m.)”; see instead:
S. edlon “outsider, stranger, *foreigner”
⚠️G. faronwin n. “foreigner (f.)”; see instead:
S. edlon “outsider, stranger, *foreigner”
⚠️G. gwâd n. “stranger, foreigner, traveller”; see instead:
S. edlon “outsider, stranger, *foreigner”
⚠️G. lenweg n. “‘arrival’, a stranger”; see instead:
S. edlon “outsider, stranger, *foreigner”
ᴺS. !othren adj. “strange, weird, odd”
⚠️G. sarothod n. “voyager, seafarer, (lit.) foreigner from overseas”

19.56 Guest

⚠️ᴺS. !galdol interj. “welcome”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maedol “welcome”
⚠️G. gwes- v. “to greet, welcome”; see instead:
S. #suila- “to greet”
ᴺS. !nathla- “to welcome”
⚠️G. gwest¹ n. “greeting, welcome, salute”; see instead:
S. suilad “greeting”
⚠️G. gwesta- v. “to entertain”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nethia- “to entertain, (orig.) to make welcome”
N. gwesta- “to swear”
⚠️G. gwethlir n. “song of welcome”
⚠️G. gwethrin adj. “welcome, acceptable”; see instead:
ᴺS. !nathren “welcome, acceptable, agreeable”
ᴺS. !maedol “welcome”
⚠️G. gwirn adj. “unwished for, unwelcome”; see instead:
S. rhudol “unwelcome, coming with evil omen or intent”
ᴺS. !maedol adj. and n. “welcome”
⚠️G. maiwest n. “welcome”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maedol “welcome”
⚠️G. maiwethrin adj. “welcome”; see instead:
ᴺS. !maedol “welcome”
S. nathal n. “guest”
ᴺS. !nathla- v. “to welcome”
ᴺS. !nathol adj. “affable, kindly, welcoming”
ᴺS. !nathren adj. “welcome, acceptable, agreeable”
ᴺS. !nethia- v. “to entertain, (orig.) to make welcome”
ᴺS. !nethias n. “entertainment”
S. othol n. “stranger, guest”
S. sennas n. “guesthouse”
⚠️S. #suila- v. “to greet”; see instead:
S. #suilanna- “to greet, *give greeting”
S. suilad n. “greeting”
S. #suilanna- v. “to greet, *give greeting”

19.58 to Help, Aid

⚠️S. eitha-² v. “to ease, assist”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ethia- “to ease, assist”
S. elia- v. “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one”
ᴺS. [S.] ^ethia- v. “to ease, assist”
ᴺS. [G.] grest n. “aid, support, help, succour, ⚠️salvation”
ᴺS. [G.] gresta- v. “to aid, help, succour, support”
⚠️G. grith- v. “to attend to, tend, care, care for, mind”
⚠️G. grithonwed adj. “thoughtful, careful; unselfish”
⚠️G. resta- v. “to support, to aid”; see instead:
ᴺS. gresta- “to aid, help, succour, support”
⚠️G. talpa- v. “to prop up, buttress up”
ᴺS. [G.] ^tolcha- v. “to support, *steady, comfort; ⚠️to make firm, confirm”

19.59 to Hinder, Prevent

N. dîl n. “stopper, stopping, stuffing”
N. dilia- v. “to stop (up)”
N. gasdil n. “stopgap”
S. gurgof n. “traitor”
N. gwarth n. “betrayer”
N. gweria- v. “to betray”
S. nuitha- v. “to stunt, prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue”
ᴺS. !tab- v. “to stop, block, close”

19.61 Custom, Usage

N. haew n. “custom, habit”

19.62 Strife, Quarrel

N. cost n. “quarrel, *dispute”
⚠️G. farc n. “split, crack; division, quarrel”; see instead:
S. #thanc “forked, [N.] cleft, split, [ᴱN.] divided, cloven, bifurcated; [ᴱN.] cleft, break, breach”
N. cost “quarrel, *dispute”
⚠️G. glamri n. “bitter feud”
⚠️ᴱN. oith n. “feud”

19.64 Common

ᴺS. !illadui adj. “general”
⚠️ᴺS. !sein adj. “usual”; see instead:
ᴺS. !senu “usual, *ordinary, common”
ᴺS. !senu adj. “usual, *ordinary, common”

19.65 to Meet

S. cova- v. “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble”
S. covad(a)- v. “to bring together, make meet”
⚠️S., N. govan- v. “to meet, come to same place”; see instead:
S. covad(a)- “to bring together, make meet”
⚠️G. gwalest n. “concourse, moot, folkmote”; see instead:
N. hûd “assembly, *gathering, moot”

20. Warfare and Hunting

20.11 to Fight

N. maetha- v. “to fight”
⚠️G. sactha- v. “to fight”; see instead:
N. maetha- “to fight”
⚠️ᴱN. sag- v. “to fight”; see instead:
N. maetha- “to fight”

20.12 Battle

S., N. dagor [nd-] n. “battle”
N. dagra- [nd-] v. “to battle”
⚠️G. gothwen n. “battle”; see instead:
S. dagor “battle”
⚠️G. macha n. “slaughter, battle”; see instead:
N. maeth “fight, battle”
ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”
N. maeth n. “fight, battle”
⚠️G. magru n. “slaughter, battle”; see instead:
N. maeth “fight, battle”
ᴺS. ^dagras “slaughter”

20.13 War

N. auth n. “war, battle”
⚠️G. goth n. “war, strife”; see instead:
N. auth “war, battle”
S. #coth “enemy, foe; [N.] enmity”
⚠️G. gothri n. “warfare”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othas “warfare”
⚠️G. gothriol adj. “warlike”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othrol “warlike”
ᴺS. !othas n. “warfare”
ᴺS. !othrol n. “warlike”

20.14 Peace

⚠️G. gothwilm n. “armistice”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othidh “armistice”
⚠️G. gwilthi n. “peace”; see instead:
N. sîdh “peace”
S. îdh n. “rest, repose, peace, tranquility”
ᴺS. !othidh n. “armistice”
N. sîdh n. “peace”
ᴺS. !sídheb adj. “peaceful, full of peace”

20.15 Army

S. dírnaith [nd-] n. “wedge-shaped battle-formation, (lit.) man-spearhead”
N. herth n. “household, troop”
⚠️G. hothri n. “army”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othrim “army”
ᴺS. !othrim n. “army”

20.17 Soldier

⚠️G. †aith(i)or n. “warrior, swordsman”; see instead:
S. #magor “swordsman”
N. maethor “warrior”
⚠️ᴱN. †aithr¹ n. “spearman, warrior”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^eithron “*spearman, ⚠️[ᴱN.] warrior”
⚠️G. aithrog n. “warrior”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^eithron “*spearman, ⚠️[ᴱN.] warrior”
N. maethor “warrior”
⚠️G. aithron n. “warrior, †swordsman”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^eithron “*spearman, ⚠️[ᴱN.] warrior”
S. #magor “swordsman”
N. maethor “warrior”
⚠️G. aithweg n. “warrior”; see instead:
N. maethor “warrior”
N. daug [nd-] n. “warrior, soldier [with evil connotations]”
⚠️G. †drio [nd-] n. “hero, warrior”; see instead:
N. callon “hero”
S. dîr¹ “man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix”
⚠️G. driodweg [nd-] n. “hero, warrior”; see instead:
N. callon “hero”
⚠️G. ecthor n. “warrior, swordsman”; see instead:
S. #magor “swordsman”
N. maethor “warrior”
⚠️ᴱN. e(i)ngion n. “spearman, †warrior”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^eithron “*spearman, ⚠️[ᴱN.] warrior”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^eithron n. “*spearman, ⚠️[ᴱN.] warrior”
⚠️G. gothweg n. “warrior”; see instead:
N. maethor “warrior”
⚠️G. gothwin n. “amazon”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othwen “amazon”
N. maethor n. “warrior”
⚠️G. mort n. “warrior, champion, hero; man; †sword, †shepherd”; see instead:
N. callon “hero”
ᴺS. !othwen n. “amazon”
S. rochir n. “knight, horse-lord”

20.20 Captain

ᴺS. [G.] hothron n. “captain”

20.21 Arms, Weapons

ᴺS. !escar n. “weapon”

20.22 Club

N. grond n. “club”

20.23 Sling

ᴺS. [N.] ^hadlath n. “sling”
⚠️N. haglath n. “sling”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^hadlath “sling”
⚠️ᴱN. tlaiw n. “sling”

20.24 Bow

⚠️G. brant² n. “bow (for shooting)”; see instead:
N. peng “bow (for shooting)”
S., N., G. cû n. “bow; [N.] arch, crescent; ⚠️[G.] waxing or waning moon”
⚠️G. cwing n. “bow”; see instead:
N. peng “bow (for shooting)”
⚠️G. cwingfim adj. “skilled at archery”
⚠️G. cwingfimli n. “skill at archery”
⚠️G. cwinglios n. “archery”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pengas “archery”
⚠️G. cwingron n. “archer”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pengron “archer”
N. peng n. “bow (for shooting)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pengas n. “archery”
ᴺS. [G.] ^pengron n. “archer”
ᴺS. !pítha- v. “to shoot”
N. tang n. “bowstring”

20.25 Arrow

⚠️G. feng n. “arrow, war arrow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pilin(d) “arrow, [G.] dart”
⚠️G. fengvain n. “quiver”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwaelphilin “quiver, (lit.) case of arrows”
⚠️G. fengwathil n. “arrow feathering”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pilimbes “arrow feathering”
⚠️G. gothfeng n. “(war-)arrow, a great arrow; an arrow sent as a summons to war”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pilinoth “arrow of war, arrow sent as a summons to war”
ᴺS. !gwaelphilin n. “quiver, (lit.) case of arrows”
⚠️ᴱN. lhinn n. “arrow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pilin(d) “arrow, [G.] dart”
⚠️G. piligwathil n. “feathering of an arrow”; see instead:
ᴺS. !pilimbes “arrow feathering”
ᴺS. !pilimbes n. “arrow feathering”
ᴺS. [ᴱN.] ^pilin(d) n. “arrow, [G.] dart”
ᴺS. !pilinoth n. “arrow of war, arrow sent as a summons to war”
⚠️G. pilon n. “arrow, dart”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pilin(d) “arrow, [G.] dart”
⚠️ᴺS. !plinn n. “arrow”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^pilin(d) “arrow, [G.] dart”
⚠️ᴱN. yrlhinn adj. “arrowless”

20.26 Spear

ᴺS. [ᴱN.], G. ^aith n. “spear-point, [ᴱN.] spear, ⚠️thorn”
⚠️ᴱN. anc n. “spear”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aith “spear-point, [ᴱN.] spear, ⚠️thorn”
⚠️N. eith n. “spear-point”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aith “spear-point, [ᴱN.] spear, ⚠️thorn”
⚠️G. engan n. “spear”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^aith “spear-point, [ᴱN.] spear, ⚠️thorn”
ᴺS. [G.] hadang n. “javelin, (lit.) hurling iron”
N. thela n. “point (of spear)”

20.27 Sword

⚠️G. aith² n. “sword”; see instead:
S. megil “sword, longsword”
S., N., G. crist n. “cleaver; ⚠️[N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice”
⚠️ᴱN. dailir n. “cleaver”; see instead:
S. crist “cleaver; ⚠️[N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice”
⚠️G. ectha n. “sword”; see instead:
S. megil “sword, longsword”
ᴺS. [G.] falchon n. “great two-handed sword, twibill”
N. †hâdh n. “*cleaver”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lang n. “cutlass, sword”
⚠️N. lhang n. “cutlass, sword”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lang “cutlass, sword”
⚠️G. magli n. “great sword”; see instead:
S. megil “sword, longsword”
⚠️N. magol n. “sword”; see instead:
S. megil “sword, longsword”
S. #magor n. “swordsman”
S., ᴱN., N. megil n. “sword, longsword”
⚠️ᴱN. segeth n. “sword”
⚠️ᴱN. uraithr adj. “swordless”; see instead:
S. megil “sword, longsword”

20.31 Armor

ᴺS. !barf n. “armour, armor”
⚠️ᴱN. garion n. “hauberk”

20.32 Corslet, Breastplate

⚠️ᴱN. am(b)os n. “breastplate”; see instead:
ᴺS. ammos “*breast, chest; ⚠️breastplate”

20.33 Helmet

S. amloth n. “helm crest, (orig.) uprising flower”
S. castol n. “helmet”
⚠️G. cathor n. “helmet, (lit.) head-ward”; see instead:
S. castol “helmet”
⚠️ᴱN. caul n. “helmet”; see instead:
S. castol “helmet”
⚠️N. harn³ n. “helmet”; see instead:
S. thôl “helmet, helm”
S. thôl n. “helmet, helm”

20.34 Shield

⚠️ᴱN. alch n. “shield”; see instead:
S. #thand “shield”
S. #thand n. “shield”
S. thangail n. “shield-fence, shield-wall”

20.35 Fortress

N. garth n. “fort, fortress”
⚠️G. grann n. “strong place, fort; walled town, city”; see instead:
S. minas “tower, fort, city (with a citadel and central watch tower)”
S., N. othrond n. “underground stronghold, [N.] underground city, fortress”

20.36 Tower

S., N. barad n. “tower, great towering building, [N.] fort, fortress”
S. brand² n. “steeple”
⚠️G. est(i)rin n. “pinnacle, tower”; see instead:
N. egnas “sharp point, peak”
S. barad “tower, great towering building, [N.] fort, fortress”
⚠️G. gwarestrin n. “watch-tower”; see instead:
S. Minas Tirith “Tower of Guard, Tower of Watch”
S. minas n. “tower, fort, city (with a citadel and central watch tower)”
N., G. mindon n. “tower, isolated hill (especially a hill with a watchtower)”
⚠️N. minnas n. “tower”; see instead:
S. minas “tower, fort, city (with a citadel and central watch tower)”
⚠️G. tirin n. “watch-tower, turret, tower”; see instead:
N. mindon “tower, isolated hill (especially a hill with a watchtower)”
N. #tirion n. “tower”

20.41 Victory

⚠️G. abair n. “victory”; see instead:
N. tûr “mastery, victory”
ᴺS. !degil [nd] n. “victor, winner”
N. gellui adj. “triumphant”
N. #orthor- v. “to master, conquer”
ᴺS. !tor- v. “to win, have victory”
⚠️ᴱN. turu- v. “to master”; see instead:
N. #orthor- “to master, conquer”

20.42 Defeat

ᴺS. !dadhra- [nd-] v. “to face, oppose, stand in way; to resist, thwart”
ᴺS. !taugla- v. “to resist”

20.43 Attack

ᴺS. !aetha- v. “to narrow (intr.); to besiege [with o(h)]”
ᴺS. !aethad(a)- v. “to (make something) narrow”
ᴺS. !aethas n. “siege”
ᴺS. !angab- v. “to assail, (lit.) towards-leap”
ᴺS. !annor- v. “to attack, assault, (lit.) towards-run”

20.45 Retreat

⚠️G. nam- v. “withdraw, draw out, draw back, take back; (intr.) withdraw, retire”

21. Law and Judgment

21.12 General Law

⚠️G. fedhir n. “law; properly bond, convention, agreement”; see instead:
N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty”
ᴺS. !theinas “law, rule”
⚠️G. fedhwed adj. “lawful”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thain¹ “law-abiding, regular, normal, *lawful, formal, according to custom”
⚠️G. sôm n. “law, custom, rule”; see instead:
ᴺS. !theinas “law, rule”
ᴺS. !thain¹ adj. “law-abiding, regular, normal, *lawful, formal, according to custom”
⚠️ᴺS. !thain² n. “law, rule”; see instead:
ᴺS. !theinas “law, rule”
⚠️ᴺS. !thein adj. “lawful, formal, according to custom”; see instead:
ᴺS. !thain¹ “law-abiding, regular, normal, *lawful, formal, according to custom”
ᴺS. !theinas n. “law, rule”

21.14 Lawyer

⚠️G. fedhirweg n. “lawman, lawyer”; see instead:
ᴺS. !theinweg “lawman, lawyer”
ᴺS. !theinweg n. “lawman, lawyer”

21.16 to Judge

N. #badh- [mb-] v. “to judge”
⚠️ᴺS. !dav-² v. “to judge”; see instead:
N. #badh- “to judge”

21.162 to Decide

ᴺS. !cil- v. “to choose, select”
ᴺS. !cilith n. “choice, choosing, *selection”
⚠️G. lanc n. “chance; pick, choice, selection”; see instead:
ᴺS. !cilith “choice, choosing, *selection”
⚠️G. pridu- v. “to decide”
⚠️G. thaig n. “choice”
⚠️G. thaigra adj. “choice, select, elegant”
⚠️G. thig- v. “to pick out, select, choose”
⚠️G. thinc n. “a pick, a choice; a bunch, posy”

21.17 Judgment

N. baudh [mb-] n. “judgement”
⚠️G. pridwen n. “judgment”

21.18 Judge

N. badhor [mb-] n. “judge”
N. badhron [mb-] n. “judge”
ᴺS. !bedhril n. “judge (f.)”
⚠️G. pridwir n. “judge”

21.23 Witness

ᴺS. !gwesta- v. “to witness”

21.25 Oath

⚠️G. fedhril n. “one bound by oath [f.]”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwedhron “ally, one bound by oath”
⚠️G. fedhrog n. “one bound by oath”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gwedhron “ally, one bound by oath”
N. gwaedh n. “bond, troth, compact, oath”
ᴺS. !gwedhen adj. “oath-bound, allied”
ᴺS. !gwedhron n. “ally, one bound by oath”
N. gwest n. “oath”
N. gwesta- v. “to swear”

21.37 Penalty, Punishment

S. #achar- v. “to avenge, do back, react, requite”
S. achared n. “vengeance”
S. acharn n. “vengeance, (an act of) revenge”
⚠️ᴱN., G. bodruith n. “revenge”; see instead:
S. acharn “vengeance, (an act of) revenge”
⚠️G. hadruith n. “revenge”; see instead:
S. acharn “vengeance, (an act of) revenge”
⚠️G. hadruithog adj. “thirsting for vengeance”
⚠️G. hadruithol adj. “vengeful”
⚠️G. obaidra- v. “to expiate (crime), avenge”; see instead:
S. #achar- “to avenge, do back, react, requite”

21.38 Fine, Settlement

S. danwedh [nd-] n. “ransom”
⚠️G. samri n. “arrangement”; see instead:
ᴺS. pan “arrangement, settlement, *grouping; ⚠️place, spot”
⚠️G. samtha- v. “to settle a matter legally”

21.39 Jail, Prison

S., N., ᴱN., G. band [mb-] n. “prison, custody, [N.] duress; ⚠️[ᴱN.] hell”
ᴺS. !banna- [mb-] v. “to imprison”
ᴺS. !bannan [mb-] n. “prisoner, (lit.) imprisoned-one”
N. gador n. “prison, dungeon”

21.395 Exile, Outlaw

⚠️ᴱN. difedhui adj. “?outlaw”; see instead:
ᴺS. !uwedhen “outlaw, outcast”
ᴺS. [N.] ^edledhia- v. “to go into exile”
ᴺS. [N.] ^edledhron n. “exile”
S. edlen(n) adj. “exiled”
S. eglan adj. “forsaken”
⚠️N. egledhia- v. “to go into exile”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^edledhia- “to go into exile”
⚠️N. egledhron n. “exile”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^edledhron “exile”
⚠️N. eglenn adj. “exiled”; see instead:
S. edlen(n) “exiled”
S. neithan n. “one deprived, exile whose rights and goods have been confiscated”
⚠️G. nifedhin adj. and n. “outlaw, outcast”; see instead:
ᴺS. !uwedhen “outlaw, outcast”
ᴺS. !uwedhron “outlaw, outcast”
⚠️G. uf(f)edhin adj. and n. “outlaw, outcast; one who changes his clan and goes to a new kinship”; see instead:
ᴺS. !uwedhen “outlaw, outcast”
ᴺS. !uwedhron “outlaw, outcast”
ᴺS. !uwedhen adj. “outlaw, outcast”
ᴺS. !uwedhron n. “outlaw, outcast”

21.41 Crime, Misdeed

⚠️G. ufedhron n. “lawless man”
⚠️G. ufedhwed adj. “lawless”

21.44 Rape, Violation

ᴺS. !avauth n. “ravishment; seizure”
ᴺS. !avautha- v. “to ravish, seize (forcibly)”
ᴺS. !avauthron n. “seizer, ravisher”
⚠️ᴱN. maith n. “ravishment; seizure”; see instead:
ᴺS. !avauth “ravishment; seizure”
⚠️ᴱN., G. maitha- v. “to ravish; [G.] to rule, govern, wield control, hold”; see instead:
ᴺS. !avautha- “to ravish, seize (forcibly)”
S. maetha- “to handle, wield, use, manage, treat, deal with”
⚠️ᴱN. maithion n. “seizer, ravisher”; see instead:
ᴺS. !avauthron “seizer, ravisher”
⚠️ᴱN. maithod n. “rapture”
⚠️ᴱN. maithweg n. “ravisher”; see instead:
ᴺS. !avauthron “seizer, ravisher”
⚠️ᴱN. orvaith¹ adj. “unravished”

21.999 Law (other)

⚠️G. fedhwen n. “treaty”; see instead:
N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty”
N. gowest n. “contract, compact, treaty”

22. Religion and Beliefs

22.11 Religion

ᴺS. !aedaith n. “reverence, worship, religion”
⚠️G. aist n. “reverence, awe”; see instead:
S. anwar “awe”
ᴺS. !aedaith “reverence, worship, religion”
⚠️G. aista- v. “to revere”; see instead:
ᴺS. !aeda- “to revere, worship”
⚠️G. aistog adj. “holy, revered, awful”; see instead:
S. aer “*hallowed, holy”
S. gorn¹ “revered”

22.12 God

ᴺS. !aenor n. “god”
⚠️G. ain¹ n. “god”; see instead:
ᴺS. !aenor “god”
⚠️G. ainil n. “(female) god”; see instead:
ᴺS. !Aeni “(female) angel”
⚠️G. ainos n. “(male) god”; see instead:
ᴺS. !Aenu “(male) angel”
S. bal- v. “*to have power”
⚠️ᴺS. !bâl¹ n. “divinity, divine power”; see instead:
ᴺS. !balas “divinity, divine power”
⚠️ᴺS. !bâl² adj. “divine”; see instead:
ᴺS. !balaen “divine”
ᴺS. !balaen adj. “divine”
S., N. Balan n. “Vala, [N.] Power, ⚠️God”
ᴺS. !balas n. “divinity, divine power”
⚠️G. Ban¹ n. “god, one of the Valar”; see instead:
S. Balan “Vala, [N.] Power, ⚠️God”
ᴺS. !Eru n. “God”
⚠️G. Gwala n. “one of the gods”; see instead:
S. Balan “Vala, [N.] Power, ⚠️God”
⚠️G. Gwalon n. “male god”
⚠️G. Gwalthir n. “female god”

22.13 Temple

⚠️G. alc(hor) n. “shrine, fane, temple”; see instead:
N. iaun “holy place, fane, sanctuary, *shrine, temple”
⚠️ᴱN. alcor n. “temple”; see instead:
N. iaun “holy place, fane, sanctuary, *shrine, temple”
⚠️G. gorthin n. “fane, temple”; see instead:
N. iaun “holy place, fane, sanctuary, *shrine, temple”
N. iaun n. “holy place, fane, sanctuary, *shrine, temple”

22.16 to Worship

ᴺS. !aeda- v. “to revere, worship”
S. gorn¹ [ng-] adj. “revered”

22.17 to Pray

ᴺS. !hav- v. “to pray”
⚠️ᴺS. !her- v. “to pray”; see instead:
ᴺS. !hav- “to pray”

22.183 Monk

ᴺS. !aeron n. “saint”

22.19 Holy, Sacred

S. aer adj. “*hallowed, holy”
S. aerlinn n. “*hymn, (lit.) holy song”
⚠️G. †air(in) adj. “holy, sacred”; see instead:
S. aer “*hallowed, holy”
⚠️G. mani adj. “good (of men and character only), holy”; see instead:
S. bain “beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; ⚠️fair, fair-haired”
S. aer “*hallowed, holy”

22.23 to Bless

⚠️ᴺS. !gal- pref. “well, blessedly”; see instead:
S. mae “well; excellent, admirable”
S. gal- “to shine clear, [G.] shine golden as the Sun”
ᴺS. [G.] list n. “grace, favour, kindness”
⚠️G. lista- v. “to bless”; see instead:
S. elia- “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one”
ᴺS. !lista- “to show grace, kindness”
ᴺS. !lista- v. “to show grace, kindness”

22.24 to Curse

S. daebeth [nd-] n. “blasphemy”
ᴺS. !húda- v. “to curse”
S. #rhach n. “curse”

22.31 Heaven

⚠️G. daimoth n. “heaven”; see instead:
S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
⚠️G. ilbar n. “heaven, the uttermost region beyond the world”; see instead:
S. menel “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”
⚠️ᴱN. telingail n. “sign of heaven”

22.33 Angel

ᴺS. !Aeni n. “(female) angel”
ᴺS. !Aenu n. “(male) angel”
S. Rodon n. “Vala”

22.35 Demon, Evil Spirit

S. raug n. “demon, powerful hostile and terrible creature”
⚠️N. rhaug n. “demon”; see instead:
S. raug “demon, powerful hostile and terrible creature”

22.37 Idol

ᴺS. !aerem n. “icon”
ᴺS. !codhon n. “idol”
⚠️G. dungort n. “(evil) idol”
⚠️G. gort n. “idol”; see instead:
ᴺS. !codhon “idol”

22.42 Magic, Witchcraft, Sorcery

N. †angol¹ n. “deep lore, magic”
⚠️G. curusôn n. “witchcraft”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lúthad “enchantments, sorcery”
S. guldur “black arts, sorcery”
⚠️G. curuthli n. “enchantments, sorcery”; see instead:
ᴺS. !lúthad “enchantments, sorcery”
S. guldur “black arts, sorcery”
⚠️N. durgul n. “sorcery”; see instead:
S. guldur “black arts, sorcery”
S., N., ᴱN. gûl [ng-] n. “black arts, sorcery, (evil) knowledge, [N.] magic; ⚠️[ᴱN.] wisdom”
S. guldur [ng-] n. “black arts, sorcery”
⚠️N., ᴱN. lhûth n. “spell, charm”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûth “spell, charm, [ᴱN.] magic”
⚠️N. lhûtha- v. “to enchant”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lútha- “to enchant”
⚠️ᴱN. luith n. “magic, spell”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûth “spell, charm, [ᴱN.] magic”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lûth n. “spell, charm, [ᴱN.] magic”
ᴺS. [N.] ^lútha- v. “to enchant”
ᴺS. !lúthad n. “enchantments, sorcery”
S., N. morgul n. “black arts, sorcery, necromancy”
⚠️G. thairin adj. “magic”
⚠️G. thairiniol adj. “magical”
⚠️G. thoth n. “spell, evil enchantment of magic”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^lûth “spell, charm, [ᴱN.] magic”
⚠️G. thothri n. “black magic”

22.43 Witch, Sorceress

ᴺS. [G.] ^curunis n. “witch”
⚠️G. curus n. “witch”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^curunis “witch”

22.431 Sorcerer, Wizard

⚠️G. curug n. “wizard”; see instead:
S. curunír “wizard, [N.] man of craft”
S., N. curunír n. “wizard, [N.] man of craft”
N. gollor [ng-] n. “magician”
S. ithron n. “Wizard”
⚠️G. thothweg n. “wizard”; see instead:
S. curunír “wizard, [N.] man of craft”
⚠️G. throthriol n. “wizardous”

22.44 Elf, Fairy

⚠️G. Cwenn n. “Elf”; see instead:
S. †penedh “Elf”
⚠️S. Edel n.; see instead:
S. Edhel “Elf”
S. Edhel n. “Elf”
⚠️N. Edhel n. “firstborn, eldest”; see instead:
S. Edhel “Elf”
S. edhellen adj. “elvish”
⚠️G. Egla n. “fairy, (lit.) being from outside”; see instead:
S. †Eglan “Forsaken (Elf)”
S. Edhel “Elf”
S., N. †Eledh n. “Elf”
S. Eledhes n. “*Elf-maid”
S. Eledhon n. “*Elf-man”
S. †Ell n. “Elf”
S. Elleth n. “Elf-maid”
S. Ellon n. “Elf-man”
⚠️G. Golda [ng-] n. “Gnome, wise one”; see instead:
S. Golodh “one of the wise folk, Noldo”
⚠️G. Goldrin adj. “Gnome”
S., N., ᴱN. Golodh [ng-] n. “one of the wise folk, Noldo”
⚠️ᴱN. Goloth [ng-] n. “gnome”; see instead:
S. Golodh “one of the wise folk, Noldo”
⚠️G. golweg n. “*Gnomish man”; see instead:
S. Ellon “Elf-man”
⚠️G. golwin n. “*Gnomish woman”
⚠️ᴱN. Gwenn n. “Elf”; see instead:
S. †penedh “Elf”
⚠️ᴱN., G. Im n. “a royal elf (high-elf), fairy”; see instead:
S. Edhel “Elf”
⚠️G. inweg n. “*fairy (male)”; see instead:
S. Ellon “Elf-man”
⚠️G. inwin n. “*fairy (female)”; see instead:
S. Elleth “Elf-maid”
S. Mîth n. “*Sinda, Grey-Elf”
S. Mithres n. “*Grey-Elf (f.)”
S. Mithron n. “*Grey-Elf (m.)”
S. †Noll [ng-] n. “Noldo”
S. Ogol n. “?Elf”
⚠️ᴱN. o(r)ngolodh adj. “without gnomes”
S., N. †penedh n. “Elf”
S. †teleir adj. “*Telerin”
S. †Thend n. “*Sinda, Grey-Elf”
S. †Thenneth n. “*Grey-Elf (f.)”
S. †Thennor n. “*Grey-Elf (m.)”
⚠️G. tilithli n. “little elf”
⚠️G. tilithril n. “f. elf”
⚠️G. tilithrin adj. “elfin”
⚠️G. tilithron n. “m. elf”
⚠️ᴱN. Uidhel n. “elf, fairy”; see instead:
S. Edhel “Elf”

22.441 Dryad, Nymph

⚠️G. flathwin n. “foam fay”; see instead:
ᴺS. gwingil “mermaid, (lit.) foam maiden”
ᴺS. [G.] gwingil n. “mermaid, (lit.) foam maiden”
⚠️G. nendil n. “waterfay”
⚠️G. nermil n. “a fay that haunts the meadows and riverbanks”

22.442 Dwarf

⚠️S. cadhad n. “dwarf”; see instead:
S. Hadhod “Dwarf”
S. Hadhod n. “Dwarf”
S., N., G. naug n. “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
⚠️ᴱN. naugl n. “dwarf”; see instead:
S. naug “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
⚠️G. naugla adj. “of or belonging to the dwarves”; see instead:
S. naug “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
⚠️G. naugli n. “dwarf”; see instead:
S. naug “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
⚠️N. naugol (naugl-) n. “Dwarf (diminutive)”; see instead:
S. naug “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
⚠️N. Nawag n. “Dwarf”; see instead:
S. naug “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
S. Noegin n. “Petty Dwarf”
S. Nogoth n. “[Greater] Dwarf”
S. Nogotheg n. “Dwarflet”

22.445 Goblin, Monster

N. noroth n. “giant”
N. úan n. “monster”
N. uanui adj. “monstrous”
⚠️N. ulun n. “monster, deformed and hideous creature”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ulunn “monster, deformed and hideous creature”
ᴺS. [N.] ^ulunn n. “monster, deformed and hideous creature”
⚠️G. ulvon n. “*monster, giant”

22.446 Orc, Goblin

⚠️ᴱN. engluid coll. “Stonefaces”
ᴺS. !erchion adj. “orchish”
S. glamog n. “orc”
⚠️G. orc n. “goblin”; see instead:
S. orch “Orc, [N.] goblin”
S., N., ᴱN. orch n. “Orc, [N.] goblin”
S. Torog n. “Troll”
S. urug n. “bogey”

22.447 Dragon

N. amlug n. “dragon”
⚠️G. fuithlug n. “dragon (who guards treasure)”; see instead:
N. amlug “dragon”
⚠️ᴱN. gonnas n. “dragon’s lair”
⚠️ᴱN., G. gunn n. “dragon”; see instead:
N. amlug “dragon”
⚠️G. lingwir n. “dragon”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^limlug “fish-dragon, sea-serpent”
⚠️G. uluch n. “she-dragon”; see instead:
S. lhûg “reptile, snake, serpent, worm, *lizard; [N.] dragon”
⚠️G. ulug¹ n. “dragon”; see instead:
S. lhûg “reptile, snake, serpent, worm, *lizard; [N.] dragon”

22.45 Ghost, Specter, Phantom

S. auth n. “dim shape, spectral or vague apparition”
S. gorthad [ng-] n. “wraith, spirit of Dead”
⚠️S. hû¹ n. “spirit, shadow”; see instead:
N. hû “dog”
S. faer “spirit (in general)”
S. esgal “cast shadow, shade; screen, hiding; ⚠️veil”
S. nivol n. “phantom, a seeming”
⚠️ᴱN. oif n. “terror, horror; (evil) phantom, ghost”; see instead:
S. gorthad “wraith, spirit of Dead”
⚠️G. ûl n. “a ghost”; see instead:
S. gorthad “wraith, spirit of Dead”

22.46 Guardian Spirit

⚠️G. sulus n. “air-spirit”

22.47 Omen

ᴺS. !abgen- v. “to foresee, expect”
S. albeth n. “(word of) good omen”
⚠️G. laur adj. “threatening, foreboding, darkling”

23. Grammar

23.1 Article

S., N., ᴱN., G. i¹ article. “the”

23.2 Negation

S., N. al-¹ pref. “no, not”
⚠️ᴺS. !alben pron. “no one”; see instead:
ᴺS. !alphen “no one, nobody”
ᴺS. !alhad pron. “nowhere”
ᴺS. !alnad pron. “nothing”
ᴺS. !alphen pron. “no one, nobody”
⚠️ᴱN. au adv. “*negative”; see instead:
S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible; ⚠️[N.] bad-”
S. baw¹ interj. “no, do not!”
⚠️ᴱN. dan- pref. “negative prefix attached to adjectives”
⚠️ᴱN. i- pref. “negative”; see instead:
S. al-¹ “no, not”
S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible; ⚠️[N.] bad-”
⚠️G. il- pref. “the opposite, the reversal”; see instead:
S. al-¹ “no, not”
S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible; ⚠️[N.] bad-”
⚠️ᴺS. !lae- v. “to not be”; see instead:
ᴺS. !law² “not”
⚠️ᴺS. !law² adv. “not”; see instead:
S. û “no, not, [G.] nor”
⚠️N. mû interj. “no”; see instead:
S. û “no, not, [G.] nor”
⚠️G. ni prep. “without (both senses)”
ᴺS. [G.] ^ont adj. and adv. “no, none”
S. pen- v. “to have not”
S. pen¹ prep. and pref. “without, lacking, -less”
S., N., G. ú- pref. “no, not, negative; impossible; ⚠️[N.] bad-”
S., G. û adv. and interj. “no, not, [G.] nor”
⚠️G. û- v. “not to be, not to do”
⚠️G. ub² adj. “no, none”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ont “no, none”
ᴺS. !úben n. “nobody, no one”
⚠️G. ug- v. “negative verb”
⚠️ᴱN. um- v. “privative prefix; un-, -less, without”; see instead:
S. pen- “to have not”
⚠️G. umir n. “nobody, no one (fem.)”; see instead:
ᴺS. !úben “nobody, no one”
⚠️G. untha adj. and adv. “no, none”; see instead:
ᴺS. ^ont “no, none”
⚠️G. unweg n. “nobody, no one”; see instead:
ᴺS. !úben “nobody, no one”
⚠️ᴱN. ur- v. “privative prefix, without, -less”; see instead:
S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible; ⚠️[N.] bad-”
N. uvan pron. “*noone, nobody”

23.3 Preposition

⚠️ᴺS. !aden prep. “until”; see instead:
ᴺS. !naden “until, up to, as far as”
S., N., G. an prep. “to, for; ⚠️[N. and G.] of”
⚠️ᴱN. a(n) prep. “of (the)”
⚠️G. a(n) prep. “of”; see instead:
S. an “to, for; ⚠️[N. and G.] of”
S. na(n) “of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, ⚠️with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by”
N. an- pref. “with, by”
⚠️G. da prep. “?with, into”; see instead:
S. di¹ “beneath, under; ⚠️[N.] in”
ᴺS. !gu “(together) with”
⚠️S. di² prep. “with”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gu “(together) with”
⚠️ᴱN. dir prep. “through, over”
ᴺS. !eb prep. “save, except”
S. en¹ prep. “of the”
⚠️ᴱN., G. heb prep. “about; ?from, [G.] round about, around”
⚠️G. ir prep. “dative and allative”
⚠️G. ma prep. “with instrument or by agent”; see instead:
ᴺS. !mo “by (agent of)”
ᴺS. !mo prep. “by (agent of)”
ᴺS. !naden prep. “until, up to, as far as”
S., N., ᴱN., G. na(n) prep. “of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, ⚠️with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by”
S., N., ᴱN., G. o prep. “from, of”
⚠️ᴱN. ô prep. “to, on”; see instead:
S. na¹ “to, towards, at”
S. bo “*on”
N. o² prep. “about, concerning; *around”
⚠️G. od¹ prep. “at, up to, against”; see instead:
S. na¹ “to, towards, at”
S. dan “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”
S. os prep. “*about”
⚠️ᴱN. os prep. “*around”
N. os- pref. “about”
ᴺS. !sa² prep. and adv. “beside, alongside, next (to)”
S. sui prep. “*as”

23.4 Pronoun

⚠️G. a-¹ pron. “it, they; 3rd-person pronoun”
S. ai² pron. “*those who”
⚠️G. atha¹ pron. “they, 3rd pl. pronoun”
S. ci pron. “thou”
ᴺS. !cin pron. “you (sg. fam.)”
ᴺS. !cîn pron. “your (sg. fam.)”
S. de pron. “you”
⚠️G. deg pron. “what (n[euter])”; see instead:
S. man “*what, who”
⚠️G. dir pron. “who (f.)”; see instead:
S. man “*what, who”
⚠️G. don pron. “who”; see instead:
S. man “*what, who”
S. e pron. “he”
S. ech pron. “?you, yourself (singular)”
S. -ed² suf. “3rd person singular possessive suffix”
S. ed² pron. “*it”
S. -eg² suf. “2nd person singular familiar possessive suffix”
S. -egir suf. “2nd person plural familiar possessive suffix”
S. -el suf. “2nd person singular polite possessive suffix”
S. -elir suf. “2nd person plural polite possessive suffix”
S. -emir suf. “1st person plural exclusive possessive”
S. -en² suf. “my, 1st sg. poss. suffix”
S. en² pron. “1st sg pronoun”
S. -enc suf. “our (inclusive), 1st pl. incl. poss. suffix”
S. -ent suf. “their, 3rd pl. poss. suffix”
S. ent pron. “they, 3rd pl. pronoun”
S. est¹ pron. “he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun”
⚠️G. fi- pron. “you, 2nd-person singular”
ᴺS. !gwe pron. “we (inclusive)”
⚠️G. gwe- pron. “you (plural), 2nd-plural pronoun”
ᴺS. !gwen pron. “us (inclusive)”
ᴺS. !gwîn pron. “our (inclusive)”
⚠️N. ha pron. “it”; see instead:
S. #san “that”
N. he pron. “she”
N. ho pron. “he”
S., N., G. im¹ pron. “I, I myself; reflexive, self(same)”
S. în² pron. “his, *reflexive possessive = his own”
S. î(r) pron. “impersonal plural pronoun”
⚠️G. irtha pron. “her”
⚠️G. ith² n. “anything”
⚠️G. ithog adj. “any”
⚠️G. ithrin adj. “of any kind”
⚠️G. ithweg n. “anyone”
S. le pron. “thee, you (polite)”
S. lín pron. “*thy”
⚠️G. madheg n. “something”
⚠️G. madhin adj. “some”
⚠️G. madhir n. “someone (f.)”
⚠️G. madhon n. “someone (m.)”
ᴺS. !me pron. “we (exclusive)”
⚠️G. me- pron. “we, 1st-plural pronoun”
S., N. men¹ pron. “us”
S. mín pron. “our”
ᴺS. [G.] ni pron. “I”
S. nin pron. “me”
S. nín pron. “my”
⚠️G. on pron. “he”
⚠️G. ontha pron. “his”
⚠️G. ost³ pron. “yourselves”
⚠️G. oth pron. “ye”
ᴺS. !pe pron. “we (inclusive)”
ᴺS. !pen pron. “us (inclusive)”
ᴺS. !pîn pron. “our (inclusive)”
ᴺS. !sa¹ pron. “that”
ᴺS. !sai pron. “those”
S. #san pron. “that”
ᴺS. !se pron. “this”
S. sen pron. “this”
ᴺS. !sin pron. “these”
⚠️G. sitha² adj. “this”; see instead:
S. sen “this”
⚠️ᴺS. !taw pron. “that”; see instead:
S. #san “that”
S. #ten pron. “*it, passive voice marker”
⚠️G. thas pron. “thy”
S. #ti pron. “*they”
ᴺS. !tin pron. “them”
S. #tîn² pron. “his”
⚠️G. um¹ pron. “we”
⚠️G. unc¹ pron. “ourselves”

23.5 Noun Inflection

S., G. †-a suf. “[old] genitive suffix”
S. †-ad suf. “dual”
S. #-ad¹ suf. “noun-suffix”
S., N. #-as suf. “abstract noun”
S., N. -ath suf. “collective or group plural”
⚠️G. #-c suf. “noun or adjective suffix”
⚠️G. -chi suf. “dim[inutive] suffix”; see instead:
S. -eg¹ “diminutive/singular ending”
S. -i suf. “adjectival suffix”
⚠️G. -i suf. “dative suffix”
S., N., G. -in¹ suf. “plural suffix”
⚠️G. #-la² suf. “noun suffix”
⚠️G. #-li suf. “noun suffix”
⚠️G. -n suf. “genitive suffix”
⚠️N. #-od suf. “singular suffix”; see instead:
S. #-og “singular suffix”
⚠️G. #-od suf. “noun suffix”; see instead:
S. #-og “singular suffix”
⚠️G. -odro(n) suf. “augmentative”; see instead:
S. -on² “augmentative suffix”
S. -oth “augmentative suffix”
⚠️N., G. #-os suf. “abstract noun”; see instead:
S. #-as “abstract noun”
S., N., G. -rim suf. “collective or group plural”
⚠️G. -th suf. “plural suffix”; see instead:
S. -ath “collective or group plural”
⚠️G. †-tt suf. “dual”
⚠️G. -wi¹ suf. “dual”

23.6 Verb Inflection

S., N. -ant suf. “3rd person past tense”
S., N. #-ed¹ suf. “gerund”
S. -iel³ suf. “perfective-participle”
S. -ir suf. “past of intransitive verbs”
⚠️G. #-la¹ suf. “verbal suffix”
S. -nt suf. “past of transitive verbs”
S. -o suf. “imperative”
S., N., G. -ol suf. “continuative [active] participle; adjective suffix”
⚠️G. -r¹ suf. “plural in verbs”
S., N. -th suf. “abstract noun”

23.7 Comparative, Intensive

N. a- pref. “intensive prefix”
⚠️G. a-² pref. “?”
⚠️G. ach adv. “too, *excessively”
⚠️ᴱN. agos adv. “very”
⚠️G. agra adj. “extreme, vehement, excessive”
⚠️G. agros adv. “excessively, too; excess”
S. #an- pref. “intensive prefix”
⚠️ᴱN. balodog adj. “too much”; see instead:
ᴺS. !othovor “too much, (lit.) abundant in a bad way”
⚠️ᴱN. -iad suf. “comparative ending”
⚠️ᴱN. -iant suf. “superlative ending”
⚠️G. -inci suf. “diminutive superlative”; see instead:
S. -eg¹ “diminutive/singular ending”
⚠️G. -inthir suf. “diminutive”; see instead:
S. -eg¹ “diminutive/singular ending”
⚠️G. -iont(ha) suf. “*superlative”
S. -oth suf. “augmentative suffix”
⚠️G. -wen² suf. “*augmentative”; see instead:
S. -on² “augmentative suffix”
S. -oth “augmentative suffix”

23.8 Conjunction

S. ach² conj. “*but”
S. egor conj. “or”
⚠️G. el conj. “or”; see instead:
S. egor “or”
⚠️G. eltha adv. “or, otherwise”; see instead:
S. egor “or”
ᴺS. !ened adv. “moreover”
⚠️G. far adv. “yet, however”
S., G. i² pron. “who, that, [G.] indefinite indeclinable relative particle”
ᴺS. !io conj. “when”
S. ir conj. “?when, while”
⚠️G. li prep. “with; and”; see instead:
ᴺS. !gu “(together) with”
ᴺS. !lo conj. “while”

23.9 Affix

S., N., ᴱN. -eb suf. “adjective suffix”
S., N. -eg¹ suf. “diminutive/singular ending”
⚠️N. -eg² suf. “suffix for ordinal numbers”; see instead:
S. -ui “-ful, having quality, adjective suffix; [as verbal suffix] possibility, suitability, *-able”
S., N. #-en¹ suf. “adjective suffix”
S. -eth suf. “feminine ending”
⚠️G. -glin suf. “suffix in the name of languages”; see instead:
S. #-ren “adjective suffix”
S., N. #-iel² suf. “adjective suffix”
N., G. #-(i)on suf. “adjectival suffix”
⚠️ᴱN. #-ion suf. “*agental suffix”
⚠️G. #-og suf. “adjectival suffix”; see instead:
S. -eb “adjective suffix”
S. #-og suf. “singular suffix”
⚠️G. #-og² suf. “agental suffix”; see instead:
S. #-og “singular suffix”
⚠️G. #-on suf. “noun suffix”; see instead:
S. -on² “augmentative suffix”
S. -on² suf. “augmentative suffix”
⚠️G. -onta suf. “superlative”
⚠️G. #-(o)th suf. “abstract noun”; see instead:
S. -th “abstract noun”
⚠️S. -ra suf. “many Sindarin adverbs end in [this]”
⚠️G. #-ra¹ suf. “adjective suffix”
⚠️G. #-ra² suf. “verb suffix”
S., N. #-ren suf. “adjective suffix”
⚠️G. #-ri suf. “abstract noun”
⚠️G. #-(r)in suf. “adjective suffix”; see instead:
S. #-ren “adjective suffix”
⚠️G. #-r(i)ol suf. “adjective suffix”
⚠️ᴱN. -rod suf. “abstract nom[inals]”
⚠️G. #-st suf. “noun suffix”
⚠️ᴱN. -tha suf. “causative suffix”
⚠️G. #-tha¹ suf. “verb suffix”
⚠️G. #-tha² suf. “noun or adjective suffix”
⚠️G. #-thi¹ suf. “noun suffix”
⚠️G. -thlib suf. “-ly or -like”
⚠️G. *-thol suf. “adjective suffix”
S. -u suf. “a person or being”
S., N., ᴱN. -ui suf. “-ful, having quality, adjective suffix; [as verbal suffix] possibility, suitability, *-able”
⚠️G. *-uin suf. “*noun suffix”
⚠️G. -(u)m suf. “?indefinite suffix”
⚠️G. #-wed suf. “adjective suffix”
S. -weg¹ suf. “active in doing”
⚠️G. #-wen¹ suf. “noun suffix”
⚠️G. #-weth suf. “noun suffix”
⚠️G. #-wi² suf. “noun suffix”

23.99 Grammar (other)

⚠️G. godaithrinwed adj. “grammatical”