S. ú- pref. “no, not, negative; impossible” (Category: Negation)

S. ú-, pref. “no, not, negative; impossible; ⚠️[N.] bad-” (Category: Negation)

ᴱN. i- “negative”

G. il- “the opposite, the reversal”

ᴱN. ur- “privative prefix, without, -less”

ᴱN. au “*negative”

References ✧ LotR/1061; PE17/62, 144-145; PE22/160; UT/313; VT42/33; VT44/28; WJ/369

Glosses

• “impossible” ✧ PE22/160; VT42/33
• “negative” ✧ WJ/369 (ū)
• “no” ✧ LotR/1061
• “no, not” ✧ PE17/144
• “not” ✧ VT44/28 (#ú)

Variations

• ú- ✧ LotR/1061; PE17/144; PE17/144; PE17/144; PE17/145; PE22/160; VT42/33; PE17/144 (#ú-); VT44/28 (#ú)
• ū- ✧ PE17/62; PE17/144; PE17/144; WJ/369
• U- ✧ UT/313

Related

• ✶hō did not survive in Sindarin as it would have clashed with ū “negative” ✧ WJ/369
• pen- “have not” used for “without” instead of ū- ✧ PE17/144

Inflections

†únen	past 1st-sg	“I did not”	✧ PE17/145
†uin	present 1st-sg	“I do not”	✧ PE17/145

Elements

û

“no, not”

prefix

✧ PE17/144

Element In

• ᴺS. !úgan(n) “gutless, faint-hearted, diffident ”
• ᴺS. !úgethiol “boring, (lit.) not interesting”
• ᴺS. !úlam “dumb, unable to speak, (lit.) untongued”
• S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061
• S. Udalraph “Stirrupless” ✧ UT/313
• S. †uin gar “I do not make” ✧ PE17/145
• S. Úmarth “Ill-fate”
• S. úgarol “idling, not now doing or making” ✧ PE17/144
• S. #úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed” ✧ VT44/28 (úgerth)
• S. úlan(n) “narrow, (lit.) not broad” ✧ PE17/144 (ú-land)
• S. únodui “countless” ✧ PE17/144

Cognates

• Q. ú- “no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’” ✧ PE17/62 (ū-)

Derivations

• < √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element” ✧ VT42/33 (û)
• < √UG “dislike” ✧ PE22/160

Phonetic Developments

√û > ú

[ū-]

✧ VT42/33

N. ú- pref. “un, bad-” (Category: Negation)

Reference ✧ EtyAC/UGU ✧ “un, bad-”

Element In

• N. ubed “denial”
• N. uluithiad “unquenchable”
• N. uvan “*noone, nobody”

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ú- “not, un-, in-” ✧ Ety/UGU

Derivations

• < ᴹ✶gū̆- “no, not” ✧ Ety/UGU (ugu/gū)
  • < ᴹ√GŪ “no, not” ✧ Ety/GŪ
  • < ᴹ√UMU “negative stems” ✧ Ety/UGU (UGU)
    • < ᴹ√GŪ “no, not” ✧ Ety/UGU; Ety/UGU; Ety/GŪ

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ✶ugu/gū > ú-

[ugu-] > [uɣu-] > [uɣu-] > [ū-]

✧ EtyAC/UGU

ᴱN. um- v. “privative prefix; un-, -less, without”

References ✧ PE13/155

Glosses

• “privative prefix; un-, -less, without” ✧ PE13/155 (um-)

Changes

• um- “privative prefix; un-, -less, without” >> †ur- “privative prefix, without, -less” ✧ PE13/155

Element In

• ᴱN. Uchor “Ilkorin” ✧ PE13/155 (uchor)
• ᴱN. uchuil “lifeless” ✧ PE13/155 (uchuil)
• ᴱN. udhrog “without slaves” ✧ PE13/155 (udhrog)
• ᴱN. ufeth “without a word” ✧ PE13/155 (ufeth)
• ᴱN. umaith “naked” ✧ PE13/155 (umaith)
• ᴱN. ummast “without bread” ✧ PE13/155 (ummast)
• ᴱN. ungorod “without a chief” ✧ PE13/155 (ungorod)
• ᴱN. unnor “without a land” ✧ PE13/155 (unnor)
• ᴱN. urrost “never coming to life” ✧ PE13/155 (uvrost)
• ᴱN. uthir “without a king” ✧ PE13/155 (uthir)
• ᴱN. uvlant “pathless” ✧ PE13/155 (uvlant)
• ᴱN. uvost “without a town” ✧ PE13/155 (uvost)
• ᴱN. uwedheb “not married” ✧ PE13/155 (uwedhw)

G. u- pref. “negative prefix” (Category: Negation)

References ✧ GL/46, 50, 52, 73; LT2A/Nínin-Udathriol

Glosses

• “mere negation” ✧ GL/50
• “negative prefix” ✧ GL/73 (û-)
• “negative prefix with any part of speech” ✧ LT2A/Nínin-Udathriol (Û-)

Variations

• u- ✧ GL/50
• #gw- ✧ GL/46; GL/46; GL/52; GL/52
• uv- ✧ GL/50
• um- ✧ GL/50
• un- ✧ GL/50
• û- ✧ GL/73; LT2A/Nínin-Udathriol

Element In

• G. udrug “intractable, fierce, untamed” ✧ GL/73
• G. ufedhron “lawless man” ✧ GL/74
• G. ufestog “breathless”
• G. umir “nobody, no one (fem.)” ✧ GL/73
• G. uthairiol “unintentional, unintended; reluctant” ✧ GL/74
• G. gwirn “unwished for, unwelcome” ✧ GL/52
• G. gwirth “unwillingness, reluctance” ✧ GL/46
• G. gwista- “to be ignorant of, not to know” ✧ GL/46
• G. gwivrin “barren” ✧ GL/52
• G. uchir “recklessness; carelessness; security” ✧ GL/74
• G. udathnarol “countless, innumerable” ✧ GL/74; LT2A/Nínin-Udathriol
• G. udathriol “countless” ✧ GL/74
• G. ufedhwed “lawless” ✧ GL/74
• G. uf(f)edhin “outlaw, outcast; one who changes his clan and goes to a new kinship” ✧ GL/74
• G. ugwedriol “ineffable, unspeakable, awful” ✧ GL/74
• G. uir- “not to wish, not mean to, mean not to” ✧ GL/74
• G. uirol “unwilling, reluctant” ✧ GL/74
• G. uivrin “barren” ✧ GL/74
• G. unathriol “unreal; impossible” ✧ GL/74
• G. unaudrathrol “unabashed, shameless” ✧ GL/74
• G. unweg “nobody, no one” ✧ GL/73

Cognates

• ᴱQ. ú- “un-”

Derivations

• < ᴱ√Ū² “not”