Sindarin Semantic Categories

1. Physical World

1.11 World

amar n. “world, the Earth, (lit.) settlement, the great habitation”

1.21 Earth, Land

ceven n. “*Earth”
-ian(d) suf. “-land, country”

1.214 Mud, Mire

both n. “fen, marsh”
l(h)ô n. “flood, fenland”
madha n. “mud”

1.22 Hill, Mountain

achad n. “rock ridge, neck (geographically)”
amon n. “hill, mountain with steep sides; lump, clump, mass”
orod n. “mountain”
orodben n. “mountaineer, one living in the mountains”
pind n. “crest, ridge”

1.221 Peak, Summit

#aeglir n. “line of peaks”
min² n. “peak”

1.222 Slope, Cliff

avras n. “precipice”
brass n. “great cliff”
îf n. “cliff, sheer descent”
*pedh- v. “to fall in steep slant, incline, slope”
pend n. and adj. “slope, steep incline, hill side; sloping (down), steeply inclined”

1.223 Mound, Pile

cerin n. “circular mound, artificial hill”
mâf n. “pile or mass of rock or earth”

1.23 Plain, Field

dalath n. “plain, low lying/flat ground”
lad n. “plain, valley”
ness n. “headland”
parth n. “field, lawn, sward, garden, enclosed grassland”
sâdh n. “sward, turf”
talath n. “flat lands, plain, vale”
talf n. “wang, flat field, topographical flat area”

1.24 Dale, Valley

†im³ n. “valley”
imlad n. “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully”
imrath n. “long narrow valley with road or watercourse running through it lengthwise, *(lit.) valley course”
nan(d) n. “vale, valley”
tum n. “valley, vale”

1.241 Ravine, Pass

cirith n. “cleft, ravine, defile”
#falch n. “*cleft, ravine”
iâ n. “chasm, pit; void, abyss”
imrad n. “path or pass between mountains or trackless forest, *(lit.) valley path”

1.25 Isle, Island

caer n. “*flat isle on a river”
#cast n. “cape, headland”
ras(t) n. “cape, shore”
tol(l) n. “island, (high steep-sided) isle”

1.27 Shore, Beach

falas n. “beach, shore, strand, surf(line)”

1.31 Water

nen n. “water; lake, pool; (lesser) river”

1.32 Sea

gaear n. “sea”
gaearon n. “ocean, (lit.) great sea”

1.33 Lake, Pond

#ael n. “lake, pool”
lîn n. “pool, mere”

1.34 Gulf, Bay

côf n. “bay”

1.35 Wave, Surge

faloth n. “large foamy wave”

1.351 Foam, Froth

gwing n. “foam, spindrift”

1.36 Brook, Stream, River

duin n. “(large) river”
ethir¹ n. “mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow”
lanthir n. “waterfall”
sîr n. “river, stream”

1.37 Spring, Well

eithel n. “source, spring, well”

1.41 Woods, Forest

eryn n. “wood, forest (of trees)”
glad n. “wood”
taur n. “forest, wood”
tauron n. “forester”
tawar n. “forest, woodland”

1.43 Wood, Timber

taw¹ n. “wood as material”
tawen adj. “wood (of material), ?wooden (of make)”

1.44 Rock, Stone

brith n. “gravel”
?brithon adj. “pebbly”
gôn n. “stone (a stone or a single thing made of stone)”
gond n. “stone, rock”
sarn n. and adj. “(small) stone, pebble, gem; stony (place)”
serni n. “shingle, pebble bank”

1.46 Cave

fela n. “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; minor excavations, den”
feleg n. “cave, mine, underground dwelling”
groth n. “large excavation, delving, underground dwelling”
rond n. “(vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]”

1.51 Sky, Heavens

menel n. “the heavens, firmament, region of the stars”

1.52 Sun

Anor n. “Sun”
#fael¹ n. and adj. “gleam of the sun; *gleaming”
glaw n. “sunshine”

1.53 Moon

cýron n. “new-moon”
Ithil n. “Moon”
ithildin n. “magical alloy that glows in moonlight, (lit.) moon-star”
#Raun n. “Moon”

1.54 Star

†êl n. “star”
gil [ng-] n. “star; (bright) spark, silver glint, twinkle of light”
tîn¹ n. “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars”

1.56 Noise, Thunder

lhôn n. “noise”

1.61 Light

calad n. “light, fire, brightness, shining”
galad [ng-] n. “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss”
glae(gal) n. “light (as an ethereal substance)”
#narthan n. “beacon”

1.62 Darkness

môr n. “dark(ness); †night”

1.622 Dark, Murky

dûr [nd-] adj. “dark (with evil implications), gloomy, hellish”
muil adj. “drear”

1.63 Shade, Shadow

dae n. “shadow”
dúath n. “night shadow, dark/black shadow”
esgal n. “cast shadow, shade; screen, hiding, veil”
gwath n. “shadow, dim light”
gwathra- v. “to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure”
gwathren adj. “shadowy, dim”
#gwathui adj. “*shadowy, of shadow”
#morchant n. “shadow cast by light, (lit.) dark shape”

1.72 Wind

gwae n. “wind”
gwael n. “?wind”
gwaeren adj. “windy”
sûl n. “wind”

1.722 Storm

gwaew n. “storm; blow”

1.723 Breeze

whaewar n. “breeze[?]”
whest n. “breeze, puff”

1.73 Cloud, Mirk

fân n. “(white) cloud; veil, curtain; form or vision of a spiritual being; spirit [embodied]”
fanui adj. “cloudy, (lit.) having much cloud”

1.74 Mist, Fog, Haze

faen n. “vapour; [disembodied] spirit”
hîth n. “mist”
#hithui adj. “misty”
mîdh n. “dew”

1.75 Rain

ross¹ n. “rain; spindrift, spray, foam”
#rost adj. “rainy”

1.752 Rainbow

ninniach n. “rainbow”

1.76 Snow

loss n. “snow”
lossen adj. “snowy”

1.77 Ice, Frost

aeglos n. “icicle, (lit.) snow-point; snowthorn (a plant)”
heleg n. “ice”

1.81 Fire

naur n. “fire”
?uir adj. “*fiery”
*ûr n. “fire”

1.82 Flame

bragollach n. “sudden flame”
lach n. “(leaping) flame”
#lacha- v. “to flame”
ruin n. and adj. “red flame; fiery red”

1.84 Ashes

lith n. “ash”
lithui adj. “ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty”

1.86 to Light, Kindle

†thoniel adj. “kindler (in the past)”

2. Mankind

2.1 Human Being

Adan n. “Man (as a species)”
Feir n. “Mortal”
Fíreb n. “Mortal”
pen² pron. “one, somebody, anybody”
-we suf. “person, being, individual”

2.21 Man

dîr¹ [nd-] n. “man”
Firion n. “(Male) Mortal”

2.22 Woman

adaneth n. “(mortal) woman”
Firieth n. “(Female) Mortal”

2.23 Male

-on¹ suf. “masculine suffix”

2.24 Female

-ien suf. “feminine ending”
-il suf. “feminine suffix”
-wen suf. “maiden, *female suffix”

2.26 Girl

gwend n. “maiden”
gweneth n. “maidenhood”
gwenneth n. “maiden”
neth n. “(little) girl; sister (diminutive)”

2.27 Child

hên n. “child”

2.28 Infant

gwinig n. “little-one, baby”

2.32 Wife

bess n. “wife”

2.35 Father

adar n. “father”
atheg n. “[little] father; thumb”

2.36 Mother

emel n. “mother”
emig n. “[little] mother, *mommy”

2.41 Son

-ion¹ suf. “-son”
ion(n) n. “son”

2.42 Daughter

-iel¹ suf. “daughter; feminine suffix”
sell n. “*daughter”

2.44 Brother

hanar n. “brother”
†hawn n. “brother”
honeg n. “brother (diminutive)”

2.45 Sister

nethel n. “sister”
nethig n. “sister, girl (diminutive)”
†nîth n. “sister”

3. Animals

3.11 Animal

gwê n. “living creature”
lavan n. “animal”

3.21 Bull

mund n. “bull”

3.41 Horse (generic)

roch n. “horse”

3.61 Dog

hû² n. “hound (or ?heart)”
huan n. “great dog, hound”

3.64 Bird

aew n. “(small) bird”
#aewen adj. “of birds”

3.641 Eagle, Hawk

thoron n. “eagle”

3.642 Crow, Raven

craban n. “bird of crow-kind, *raven”

3.647 Gull, Petrel

#maew n. “gull”
#mŷl n. “gull”

3.648 Swan

alph n. “swan”

3.649 Bird (other)

dúlin n. “nightingale”
flinc n. “finch”

3.71 Wolf

baw² [mb-] n. “howling”
draug n. “wolf”
gaur [ng-] n. “werewolf”

3.73 Bear

graw n. “bear”

3.74 Fox

rusc n. “fox”

3.75 Deer

aras n. “deer”

3.79 to Hunt

faroth n. “*hunting”

3.811 Spider

ungol n. “spider”

3.83 Fly (n)

budhu n. “large fly”
cáfru n. “?flea”

3.84 Worm

leweg n. “worm”
lhinc n. “earthworm”

3.85 Snake

lhûg n. “reptile, snake, serpent, worm”
lŷg n. “snake”

3.99 Animals (other)

felagund n. “den-dweller; brock, badger”

4. Body Parts and Functions

4.11 Body

rhond n. “body”

4.12 Skin, Hide

#flâd n. “skin”

4.13 Flesh

rhaw² n. “flesh, body”

4.14 Hair

fîn n. “(single) hair, filament”
find n. “tress; single hair”
fing n. “lock of hair”
finnel n. and adj. “head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair”

4.142 Beard

fang n. “beard”

4.143 Hair (other)

gwain² adj. “blonde”
gwân adj. “pale, fair”

4.15 Blood

#agar n. “blood”
sereg n. “blood”

4.17 Horn (animal)

ras(s) n. “horn”

4.20 Head

dol(l) n. “head, hill”

4.204 Face

thîr n. “face”

4.207 Jaw

carach n. “jaws, rows of teeth”

4.21 Eye

hen(d) n. “eye”

4.212 Sharpeyed

maecheneb adj. “sharp-eye[d]”

4.22 Ear

lheweg n. “ear”

4.26 Tongue

lammen adj. “of tongue, spoken with tongue”

4.27 Tooth

carch n. “fang”

4.28 Neck

ach¹ n. “neck”
lang n. “passage; neck”

4.33 Hand

cam n. “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful”
dond n. “fist”
mâb n. “hand”
†maw n. “hand”
paur n. “fist, closed hand”

4.332 Hand (other)

molif n. “wrist, (lit.) hand-link”
plad n. “palm, flat of the hand”

4.34 Finger

lebdas n. “index finger”
lebenedh n. “middle finger”
lebent n. “fourth finger”
leber n. “finger”
lebig n. “little finger”
niged n. “little finger”
tas n. “index finger”
toleg n. “*sticker-up”

4.342 Thumb

lebed n. “thumb”
naub n. “thumb”
nobad n. “thumb and index finger as a pair, *(lit.) pickers”

4.37 Foot

tâl n. “foot; [lower] end”

4.392 Wing

raw n. “wing”
roval adj. and n. “winged”

4.393 Feather

#laud n. “feather”

4.44 Heart

hûn n. “*heart”

4.51 to Breathe; Breath

faw n. “*breath, puff of breath”

4.58 to Bite

narch adj. “bitter-biting”

4.59 to Lick

laudh n. “gluttonous eating”

4.62 Dream

?fanwos n. “mind-picture (of apparition in dream)”

4.63 to Wake

echui n. “awakening”

4.72 to Bear (of Mother)

#onna- v. “*to birth, give birth to”
#onnen adj. “born”

4.74 to Live; Living; Life

#cuia- v. “to live”
#cuina- v. “to be alive”

4.742 Immortal

alfirin adj. and n. “immortal, (lit.) not dying; a species of flower”

4.75 to Die; Dead; Death

#fern n. and adj. “dead”
#fir- v. “to fade, *die”
fíreb adj. “mortal”
firin adj. “mortal, dying”
gurth [ng-] n. “death”
guru [ng-] n. “death”
guruthos [ng-] n. “dread of death, death-horror, shadow of death”

4.76 to Kill

#dag- [nd-] v. “to slay”
dagnir [nd-] n. “slayer, bane”
dangen [nd-] adj. “slain”

4.77 Corpse, Body

#gorth¹ [ng-] adj. and n. “dead; dead (person)”
tor n. “the Dead”

4.79 Grave, Tomb

haudh n. “(funeral) mound, grave; heap, piled mound”
sarch n. “grave”
torn¹ n. “burial mound”

4.81 Strong, Mighty, Powerful

balt n. “force”
belaith [mb-] adj. “mighty”

4.83 Well; Health

*alu adj. “wholesome”
tharan adj. “vigorous”

4.85 to Wound; Wound; Wounded

naedh n. “wounding, wound”

4.86 to Cure, Heal

athae n. and adj. “*healing herb, healing”
athra-² v. “to treat medically”

4.88 Medicine, Drug

athelas n. “kingsfoil, a healing herb”

4.89 Poison

lhoer n. “venom, poison(ousness)”
lhoew n. “poison(ous substance)”

4.93 Bald

rûdh n. “bald”

4.97 Blind

dom adj. “blind”

4.99 Naked, Bare

lanc² adj. “naked”
paran adj. “bare, naked; smooth, shaven”
parch adj. “naked (of persons)”

5. Food and Drink

5.11 to Eat

#mad- v. “to eat”
madweg adj. “gluttonous”

5.151 Thirsty

faug adj. “gape”

5.35 Cup

ylf n. “drinking-vessel, *cup”

5.51 Bread

#bas(t) [mb-] n. “bread”
lembas n. “waybread, journey-bread”

5.72 Apple

cordof n. “pippin, *a type of yellow and red apple”

5.91 Mead

miruvor n. “a special wine or cordial”

5.92 Wine

herw n. “wine”

5.94 Juice

nîdh¹ n. “juice”

6. Clothing and Adornment

6.38 Thread

esbin n. “thin thread, tress”
#lain n. “thread, warp, ‽twine”

6.41 Cloak

#coll¹ n. “cloak, mantle”

6.55 Hat, Cap

rî n. “wreath, garland”

6.57 Belt, Girdle

lest n. “girdle”

6.63 Pin, Brooch

tachol n. “brooch, clasp, pin”

6.71 Adornment (personal)

cathrae n. “tressure, *headdress”

6.72 Gem, Jewel

mîr n. “jewel, precious thing, treasure”
#mírdan n. “jewel smith”
míria- v. “to sparkle like jewels”
míriel adj. “sparkling like jewels, like a jewel”

6.75 Necklace

sigil n. “necklace”

6.96 Mirror

cenedril n. “mirror, looking-glass, (lit.) looking-crystal”

7. Dwelling and Furniture

7.12 House

barthan [mb-] n. “dwelling-house, large building of masonry used as a dwelling”

7.122 Home

bâr [mb-] n. “house, dwelling, home”
bardh [mb-] n. “home”
bardor [mb-] n. “home land, native land”
milbar n. “dear home, beloved dwelling [place]”
torech n. “lair, (secret) hole, excavation”

7.14 Tent

echad n. “camp”
?estola- v. “to encamp, *erect tents”
estolad n. “encampment”

7.21 Room

#sam n. “chamber”

7.22 Door, Gate

annon n. “(great) gate, door”
fend n. “door”
fennas n. “great door, doorway, gateway”

7.25 Window

henneth n. “window”

7.26 Floor

talan n. “platform, flat space, flet [Middle English = ‘floor’]”

7.27 Wall

ram n. “wall”
rammas n. “great wall”

7.31 Hearth, Fireplace

ruist n. “fireplace, hearth”

7.412 Furniture (other)

#dim n. “stair”

7.43 Chair

arahadhw n. “throne, (lit.) high seat”
hadhu n. “seat”

7.45 Lamp

calar n. “(portable) lamp”
calardan n. “lampwright”

8. Agriculture and Vegetation

8.12 Field for Cultivation

haedh n. “fenced enclosure”
#pêl n. “*fenced field”
rîdh n. “sown field”

8.13 Garden, Orchard

sant n. “garden, field, yard”

8.22 to Dig, Delve

#sabar n. “delving”

8.51 Grass

glae n. “grass”
#lisg n. “reed”

8.54 Root

thond n. “root”

8.56 Leaf

golas n. “foliage, collection of leaves”
las(s) n. “leaf”

8.57 Flower

elloth n. “single flower”
loth n. “flower, single blossom; inflorescence, head of small flowers”
lotheg n. “single flower”

8.571 Bloom

goloth n. “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
lûth n. “blossom, inflorescence”

8.58 Rose

meril n. “rose”

8.599 Flower (other)

eirien n. “daisy”
elanor n. “pimpernel, small golden star-shaped flower, (lit.) sun-star”
lissuin n. “a fragrant flower”
mallos n. “golden flower”
ninglor n. “golden water-flower”
niphredil n. “white flower (similar to a snowdrop); *(lit.) pale point”
pirin n. “flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light”
uilos n. “white flower like a star”

8.60 Tree (generic)

galadh n. “tree”
galadhremmen adj. “tree-meshed”
orn n. “(tall straight) tree”

8.61 Oak

nordh n. “oak”

8.62 Beech

neldor n. “beech”

8.63 Birch

brethil¹ n. “silver birch”
whinn n. “birch”

8.635 Elm

alaf n. “elm”

8.64 Pine

thôn n. “pine-tree”

8.655 Tree (other)

faran n. “rowan”
huorn n. “?spirit tree”
lebethron n. “Gondorian hardwood, *(lit.) finger tree”
mallorn n. “gold tree, yellow tree”
#rîf n. “bark”
tathar n. “willow (tree)”
tathren adj. “of willow(s)”
^uimallen adj. “ever-golden”

8.68 Tobacco

galenas n. “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”

8.99 Vegetation (other)

ereg n. “holly, thorn”
Onod n. “Ent”
seregon n. “stonecrop, plant with red flowers, (lit.) blood of stone”

9. Physical Acts and Materials

9.11 to Do, Make

car- v. “to do, make”

9.112 Doer, Agent

#-or suf. “agental suffix”
#-(r)on suf. “agental suffix”

9.114 Action

athragared n. “interaction”
#cared n. “action”
#carn n. “deed”
#carth n. “deed”
carweg adj. “active; busy”
úgarol adj. “idling, not now doing or making”

9.18 Chain

nadha n. “fetter”

9.19 Rope, Cord

hithlain n. “mist thread, grey elvish rope”
#raph n. “?rope, strap”

9.21 to Hit, Strike, Beat

#tôn n. “*tap”

9.22 to Cut

criss n. “cleft”
#rest n. “*cut”
tewch n. “(?chip)”

9.25 Ax

hathol n. “axe”

9.27 to Split

riss n. “cleft; cleft, cloven, separate”
#thanc adj. and n. “forked”

9.41 Craft, Trade

curu n. “skill (of the hand), craft, magic”
maed² adj. “handy, skillful”
rovaed adj. “[most] skillful”
tavn n. “thing made by handicraft”

9.412 Art

maeron n. “artist”

9.413 Horn, Trumpet

rom n. “horn, trumpet”

9.42 Artisan, Craftsman

#tân n. “builder, smith, wright, artificer”

9.423 to Use

maetha- v. “to handle, wield, use, manage, treat, deal with”

9.43 Carpenter

cathr n. “carpenter”

9.455 to Poke, Prick, Stab

eitha-¹ v. “to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult”

9.49 Hammer

#dring n. “hammer”

9.51 Beam

#tagol n. “post, mark”

9.635 Metal

galvorn n. “type of dark metal devised by Eöl, *(lit.) shining-black”
#raud² n. “metal”

9.64 Gold

glaur n. and adj. “gold [light or colour]”
glawar n. “gold (light or colour)”
#glóriel adj. “golden”
#glórin adj. “*golden”
mallen adj. “golden”
malt n. “gold”

9.65 Silver

celeb n. “silver”
celebrin adj. “like silver (in hue or worth)”
mithril n. “Moria-silver, true-silver”

9.66 Copper, Bronze

rust n. “copper”
rustui adj. “copper”

9.67 Iron

ang n. “iron”
angren adj. “of iron”

9.74 Glass

?bril n. “glass, crystal”
glathralvas n. “flashing glass/crystal, *heliograph”
heledh n. “glass”
silef n. and adj. “crystal (white)”
silivren adj. “(white) glittering, crystalline”

9.90 Thing

rhû² n. “matter”

9.91 Be

dha v. “there is”
#na- v. “to be”
tho- v. “*will be”

9.96 Easy

ath- pref. “easy, easily”
athgar adj. “easy (easy to do)”
athgen adj. “easily seen”
rhae adj. “easy”

9.97 Difficult

dîr² adj. “hard, difficult”
dirbedui adj. “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce”
gor-¹ pref. “hard, difficult”
gorbedui adj. “only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell”
gordh¹ adj. “difficult, laborious”
gornod(ui) adj. “hard to count”
rhanc adj. “awkward, hard”

9.98 to Try

dev- [nd-] v. “to try”
ritha- v. “to try, strive”

10. Motion and Transportation

10.14 to Wind, Wrap

raen¹ adj. “netted, enlaced”
raew n. “net”
rem n. “mesh, net (for catching)”
remmen adj. “meshed, netted, woven, (en)tangled”

10.21 to Rise

amrad- v. “to climb”
brasta- v. “to tower up, loom”
reth n. “*climber”

10.22 to Lift, Raise

#ortha- v. “to raise”
orthad n. “*raising”

10.23 to Fall

danna- v. “to fall”
dant n. “*fall”
dúnad n. “descent”
penna- v. “to come down (in a slant), fall”

10.26 to Shake

#gir- v. “to shudder”
girith n. “shuddering”

10.32 to Flow

dannen [nd-] n. “ebb, lowtide”
duinen n. “flood, high tide”
sirith n. “flowing”

10.38 to Blow

thos n. “puff (of air)”

10.43 to Jump, Leap

#cab- v. “to leap”
#laba- v. “to hop”

10.432 Leaping

cabed n. “leap”

10.45 to Walk

pad- v. “to step, walk”
padra- v. “to walk”

10.46 to Run

nor- v. “to run (of men and animals using legs)”

10.47 to Go

†ban- v. “?to go”
#glenna- v. “*to go, travel”
#men- v. “to go”

10.48 to Come

#tol- v. “to come”

10.49 to Depart, Go Away

ego interj. “be off!”
#gwae- v. “to go, depart”
gwanwen adj. “departed”

10.50 to Fade

#pel- v. “*to fade, wane”
#peleth n. “waning”

10.51 to Flee

#drega- v. “to flee”

10.52 to Follow

aphad- v. “to follow”
#echil n. “follower”

10.54 to Overtake

raeda- v. “to catch in a net”

10.56 to Approach

#anglenna- v. “to approach”

10.57 to Enter

minna- v. “to enter, go in”

10.645 to Wander, Stray

rain n. “erratic wandering”
randir n. “wanderer, wandering man, pilgrim”

10.66 to Ride

north n. “riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop”
northa- v. “to make run”
rochben n. “rider”
rochon n. “rider”
#talraph n. “stirrup”

10.71 Road

#bâd n. “road”
men² n. “road, way”
pâd n. “a step; track, road; ford”

10.72 Path

?fû n. “path”
#râd n. “path, pass”
rant n. “course, water-channel; lode”

10.73 Street

rath n. “street”

10.74 Bridge

iant n. “bridge”

10.75 Cart, Wagon, Carriage

rasg n. “wain, *wagon”

10.81 Ship

cair n. “ship”
círdan n. “shipbuilder, shipwright”
gwaelod n. “wind feather”

10.90 Port, Harbor

lond n. “(land-locked) haven”
#lonnas n. “harbourage”

11. Possession and Trade

11.11 to Have

#sav- v. “to have”

11.17 to Keep, Retain

#heb- v. “to keep”

11.21 to Give

ann¹ n. “gift”
#anna- v. “to give, †add to”
oneth n. “*giver [f.]”

11.22 to Return, Give Back

dadwen- [nd-] v. “to return, go back”
dandol- [nd-] v. “to return, come back”

11.23 to Restore

cŷl n. “*renewal”
cŷr adj. “renewed”
cýra- v. “to renew”

11.25 to Save, Rescue

edraith n. “rescue, saving”
natha- v. “to bring help to, save, rescue”

11.27 to Destroy

dangar- [nd-] v. “to undo”

11.29 to Spoil

saur adj. “bad (of food), putrid”

11.34 to Release

#leithia- v. “to release”
leithian n. “release from bondage”

11.41 Property

said adj. “private, separate, not common, excluded”

11.42 Wealth, Riches

maelig n. “wealth, abundance”

11.44 Coin

mirian n. “Gondorian coin”

11.46 Treasure

maen n. “a treasure”

11.48 Heir

advir n. “heirloom”
#hîl n. “heir”

11.52 Poor

pen- v. “to have not, *to lack”

11.66 Account, Reckoning

#genedia- v. “to reckon”
genediad n. “reckoning”
#nedia- v. “to count, number”
†nod- v. “to count”

12. Spatial Relations

12.11 Place

sad n. “place, spot”

12.13 to Sit

hadhwa- v. “to seat”

12.16 to Stay, Wait, Remain

reth- v. “to remain in same place”
#send n. “?rest”

12.19 Quiet

dîn n. “silence; silent, quiet”
dínen adj. “silent”

12.22 to Join, Unite

#adertha- v. “to reunite”
aderthad n. “reuniting”
#ertha- v. “to unite”
#lîf n. “link”
#tag- v. “to fix”

12.221 Together

go- pref. “together, co-, com-”

12.222 And

a¹ conj. “and; †by, near, beside”

12.223 Also

eithro adv. “*also”

12.23 to Separate

edregol adv. “in especial”
seidia- v. “to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner”

12.24 to Open

edra- v. “to open (out)”

12.25 to Shut, Close

#hol- v. “to close, shut”
hollen adj. “closed, shut”

12.27 to Hide, Conceal

*fanna- v. “to veil, cloak”

12.272 Hidden, Concealed

dolen adj. “hidden”
torn² adj. “hidden, secret”

12.31 High

taer adj. “lofty”

12.35 End

methed n. “end”

12.352 Point

ceber n. “stake, spike”
till n. “point, spike, (sharp) horn, tine, ending”
trunc n. “great stake”

12.353 Edge

glân² n. “hem, border”
lanc¹ n. “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end”

12.37 Middle

enaid adj. “central, middle”
enedh n. “centre, middle”

12.371 Between

im² prep. “between”
mîn prep. and n. “between; gap, space, barrier; anything intervening between two other things”

12.391 In, Inside

mi prep. “*in”

12.392 Out, Outside

ed¹ prep. and pref. “out, out of”

12.393 Across, Athwart

athra-¹ v. “to cross (to and fro)”
athrad n. “ford, crossing”
#iach n. “ford”
thar prep. and pref. “across, athwart, over”

12.394 Up, Above, Over

#am adv. “up”
#po prep. “*on”

12.395 Down, Below, Beneath

di¹ [nd-] prep. “beneath, under”
nu prep. “under”

12.396 Behind, At the Rear

dan [nd-] prep. “back to, (back in return) against, down upon, back on, back again”

12.398 To, Towards

na¹ prep. “to, towards, at”

12.399 From, Away

go-² pref. “*away”
#gwahae adj. “*far away”

12.41 Right (vs. Left)

forvo n. “right hand, right side”
fuir adj. “north”

12.42 Left (vs. Right)

harvo n. “left hand, left side”

12.43 Near

ar- pref. “without; by; **beside”
nef prep. “hither, on this (the speaker’s) side of; †beyond [loose translation]”
sí adv. “here, in this place (of speaker)”

12.44 Far

ennas adv. “there”
hae adj. and adv. “far, very far away”
haer adj. “remote”
haered n. “remoteness, (remote) distance”
haeron adj. “*distant”
palan adv. “afar, abroad, far and wide”
palan-díriel n. “far-gazer”
taw² adv. “thither”

12.45 East

rhûn n. “east”
rhúnen adj. “eastern”

12.46 West

annui adj. “west[ern]”
dûn [nd-] n. “west”

12.47 North

for- pref. “north”
forn adj. “north”
forod n. “north”

12.48 South

harad n. “south”
harn adj. “south, southern”

12.51 Form, Shape

#cannas n. “[abstract] shape”
#cant n. “shape”
echad- v. “to form, make, shape, cut out; (lit.) to shape out”

12.53 to Grow

gala- v. “to grow”
theria- v. “to be vigorous, flourish”

12.54 to Measure

daur n. “league; †stop, pause”

12.55 Big, Large, Great

beleg adj. “great, mighty; large, big”
daer¹ adj. “great, large”

12.56 Small, Little

#pîn adj. “little”

12.57 Long

anann adv. “(for) long”
and adj. “long”

12.58 Tall

brand¹ adj. “towering; tall and massive”
orchal adj. “tall”

12.59 Short

esten(t) adj. “short”
thent adj. “short”

12.61 Wide, Broad

iand adj. “wide”
iaun adj. “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge”
#land adj. “wide, broad”

12.62 Narrow

úlan(n) adj. “narrow, (lit.) not broad”

12.64 Thick (in Density)

delch adj. “dense”

12.65 Thin (in Dimension)

fim adj. “slender, slim”

12.71 Flat

#laden adj. “flat, wide”

12.72 Hollow, Concave

coll² adj. “hollow”
†naw adj. “hollow”

12.75 Hook, Crook

gamp n. “hook, crook”

12.76 Angle, Corner

naith n. “spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory; angle”

12.82 Circle

cor n. “ring, circle”
*corod n. “circle”
echor n. and adj. “outer circle; encircling”

12.84 Line

#lîr n. “line”

12.92 Like, Similar

#be prep. “in; ?as, like”

12.925 Different, Other

sennui adv. “?rather, instead, thisly”

13. Quantity and Number

13.11 Amount, Quantity

arnediad adj. “unnumbered”
†arnoediad adj. “unnumbered, without reckoning”
pennod adj. “without count”
pennoediad adj. “innumerable”
únodui adj. “countless”

13.13 Whole

#pân adj. “all”

13.14 All, Every

il adj. “*all”

13.16 More

íd adv. “extremely, very”
ro- pref. “*superlative”

13.19 Crowd, Multitude

hoth n. “host, horde”
rim n. “host, great number, people (of one kind or origin)”

13.21 Full

#pant adj. “full”

13.22 Empty

#lost adj. “empty”

13.24 Half

#per- pref. “half”
Perian n. “Halfling, Hobbit”

13.25 Fraction, Division

canath n. “quarter”

13.32 One

er adj. “one, alone”
min¹ num. card. “one”

13.33 Alone, Only

air adj. “lonely”
ereb adj. “single, alone, lonely”
ero adv. “*only, alone”

13.34 First

main adj. “prime, chief, pre-eminent”
†mein num. ord. “first”
minui num. ord. “first”
ned n. “first”

13.35 Last

medui adj. “end, final, last”
#meth adj. and n. “last”

13.36 Two

gwanon n. “twin”
tâd num. card. “two”
#tad-dal adj. “two-legged”
#ui- pref. “twi-”

13.37 Second (ordinal)

edwen num. ord. “second”
tadui num. ord. “second”
taid adj. “supporting, second in command”

13.38 Double, Twice

adu adj. “double”
edaid adj. “double”

13.41 Three

neledh num. card. “three”

13.42 Third (ordinal)

†nail num. ord. “third”
nelui num. ord. “third”

13.54 Cardinal Number

caen num. card. “ten”
canad num. card. “four”
eneg num. card. “six”
leben num. card. “five”
#meneg num. card. “thousand”
minib num. card. “eleven”
neder num. card. “nine”
odog num. card. “seven”
pae num. card. “ten”
tolodh num. card. “eight”
yneb num. card. “*twelve”
ýneg num. card. “twelve”

13.55 Ordinal Number

caenui num. ord. “tenth”
canthui num. ord. “fourth”
enchui num. ord. “sixth”
levnui num. ord. “fifth”
nedrui num. ord. “ninth”
nelchaenen num. ord. “*thirtieth”
nerthui num. ord. “ninth”
othui num. ord. “seventh”
paenui num. ord. “tenth”
tollui num. ord. “eighth”
#tolothen num. ord. “eighth”

14. Time

14.13 New

cîw adj. “fresh, new, renewed”
laew adj. “fresh”

14.14 Young

#gwain¹ adj. “young, *new”
gwîn n. “youth”

14.15 Old

einior adj. “elder”
iaur adj. “old”
ifant adj. “*aged”
ioron n. “old man”

14.18 Now

hí adv. “now”

14.19 Soon, Immediately

fergar adj. “soon done”

14.21 Fast, Swift, Quick

#bregol adj. “quick, sudden”
celeg adj. “*hasty”
fair adj. “quick, ready, prompt”
lim adj. “quick, swift”

14.254 Patience, Endurance

andreth n. “long-suffering, patience”

14.28 to Cease

#dar- v. “*to stop, halt”

14.29 Ready

feria- v. “to make ready (promptly)”
ferui adj. “ready to hand, (quickly) available”

14.31 Always

#him¹ adv. and adj. “ever”
ui adv. “ever”

14.35 Again

#ad- pref. “back, again, re-”

14.36 Before (temporal)

#eb prep. “?before”

14.37 After

#ab prep. “after”
atha- v. “will (future)”
#cad adv. “*after”

14.41 Day

aur n. “(whole) day”
calan n. “day(light)”
erin ? “on the ... day”
or- pref. “-day”

14.412 Daily

ilaurui adj. “*daily”

14.42 Night

dû n. “night, dimness; dim, dark”
fuin n. “night, gloom, darkness”

14.43 Dawn

amrûn n. “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”
minuial n. “(dawn) twilight”

14.462 Dusk

aduial n. “(evening) twilight”
annûn n. “sunset, west; (lit.) going down”
moth n. “dusk”
#tinnu n. “*twilight”
uial n. “twilight, evendim”

14.47 Today

sír n. “*today, this day”

14.62 Sunday

Oranor n. “*(lit.) Sun-day, Sunday”

14.63 Monday

Orithil n. “*Moon-day, Monday”

14.64 Tuesday

Orgaladh n. “Day of the Tree, *Tuesday”
Orgaladhad n. “Day of the Two Trees, *Tuesday”

14.65 Wednesday

Ormenel n. “*Heavens-day, Wednesday”

14.66 Thursday

Oraeron n. “Sea-day, *Thursday”

14.67 Friday

Orbelain n. “*Day of the Valar, Friday”
Rodyn n. “alternate name of the last day of the Eldarin six-day week”

14.68 Saturday

Orgilion n. “*Star-day, Saturday”

14.72 Names of the Months

Cadlaer n. “July, *After-summer”
Cerveth n. “July”
Eblaer n. “June, ?Before-summer”
Girithron n. “December, *Shuddering-one”
Gwaeron n. “March, *Windy-one”
Gwirith n. “April, *Freshness”
Hithui n. “November, *Misty-one”
Ivanneth n. “September, *Yavanna-ness”
Lothron n. “May, *Flower-ness”
Narbeleth n. “October, Sun-fading, Sun-waning”
Narwain n. “January, *(lit.) New Fire”
Nínui n. “February, *Watery”
Nórui n. “June, *Fiery”
Úrui n. “August, *Hot-one”

14.73 Year

#în¹ n. “year”

14.74 Winter

rhîw n. “winter”

14.75 Spring

echuir n. “early Spring, (lit.) stirring”
ethuil n. “spring”
#tuil n. “spring”

14.76 Summer

laer¹ n. “summer”

14.77 Autumn

firith n. “fading; [late] autumn”
iavas n. “autumn”

14.79 Festival, Holiday

mereth n. “feast”

14.81 History

ínias n. “annals”

14.99 Time (other)

eno adv. “*still”

15. Sense Perception

15.25 Fragrant, Good Smelling

?liss adj. “fragrant, sweet”

15.26 Stinking, Bad Smelling

thû¹ n. “horrible darkness, black mist”

15.31 to Taste (subj)

caw- v. “to taste”

15.35 Sweet

laich adj. “sweet”

15.42 to Listen, Harken

lasta- v. “to listen, give ear”
lasto interj. “listen, *hark”

15.44 Sound

#brui adj. “loud”
glam n. “din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts”

15.441 Echo

#lam² n. “echo”
?lamma- v. “to echo”
lammad n. “*echoing”
loven adj. “echoing”

15.51 to See

#cen- v. “to see, perceive, look”
fergenol adj. “quick to see or perceive, sharp-sighted or witted”
#tíra- v. “to see”

15.52 to Look

#cened¹ n. “looking”
#ethir² n. “spy”
glintha- v. “to glance (at)”
#tir- v. “to look (towards), watch (over), guard”
tiria- v. “to watch, gaze; to ward, guard”
tirith n. “watching, guarding, watch, ward, guard”
#tirnen adj. “guarded”

15.53 Sight (subj)

foen n. “long sight”

15.56 to Shine, Glisten

#cal- v. “to shine”
fain adj. and n. “white, shimmering, shining; white and shining [thing]; dim, dimmed; filmy, fine-woven; (vague) apparition; cloud”
gal- [ng-] v. “to shine clear”
#síla- v. “*to shine”

15.562 Blinking

glîn(n) n. “gleam, glint”

15.61 Color

rhaed n. “peculiar hue, (special) fashion”

15.62 Light in Color

nimp adj. “pale, pallid, white”
niphred n. “pallor”

15.64 White

#glân¹ adj. “white”
gloss adj. “(dazzling) white”
glosui adj. “snow white”
nim adj. “white”

15.65 Black

morn adj. and n. “black, dark; night”

15.66 Red

caran adj. “red”
#rhosc adj. “russet”
ross² adj. “red-haired, copper-coloured”

15.67 Blue

luin adj. “blue”

15.68 Green

calen adj. “green; fresh, vigorous; †bright”
†laeg adj. “fresh and green, viridis, green (of leaves/herbiage)”

15.69 Yellow

baran adj. “brown, golden-brown”

15.70 Grey

hithren adj. “grey”
mith adj. “grey, light grey, pale grey”
#mithren adj. “grey”
thind adj. “grey”

15.72 to Feel of

leutha- v. “to pick (up/out)”
plada- v. “to feel with the hand, stroke”

15.74 Hard

dern adj. “tough, thrawn”
dorn adj. and n. “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate; Dwarf”
gorn² adj. “hard, stiff, thrawn”
norn adj. and n. “hard; dwarf”
taug adj. “firm, strong, (?withstand)”

15.76 Rough

tarch adj. “stiff, rough (or tough)”

15.77 Smooth

lhim adj. “sliding, gliding, slippery, sleek”
ron adj. “smoothed by polishing”

15.78 Sharp

#aeg adj. “sharp”
maeg adj. “sharp, piercing”
†megr adj. “sharp-pointed”
negen adj. “sharp, angular”

15.81 Heavy, Weighty

caul n. “great burden, affliction”
cûl n. “load”
grond adj. “weighty, ponderous”
#lung adj. “heavy”

15.82 Light, Nimble

#legol adj. “[Ilk.] nimble, active, running free”

15.83 Wet, Damp

loen adj. “soaking wet, swamped”
?mêd(h) adj. “[Ilk.] wet”
nîn¹ adj. “wet, *watery”

15.85 Hot, Warm

ast n. “light or heat of the sun”
bôr n. “heat”
born¹ [mb-] adj. “hot, red”

15.86 Cold, Frigid

him² adj. “cool”
#oel adj. “cool”
ring adj. “cold, chill”

15.88 Dirty, Soiled

#gwaen adj. “stained”
saw n. “filth, putrescence”

16. Emotion

16.11 Soul, Spirit

fae n. “incarnate spirit”
faer n. “spirit (in general)”
thû² n. “movement of spirit”

16.15 Wonder, Astonishment

elo interj. “behold!”

16.17 Fortune (Good or Bad)

amarth n. “fate, doom”
amartha- v. “to define, decree, destine”

16.18 Good Fortune

alwed adj. “prosperous, fortunate”

16.24 Happy; Happiness

al-² pref. “well, happily”
gelir adj. “merry”

16.25 to Laugh

gladh- v. “to laugh”
#lala- v. “to laugh”
lalaith n. “laughter”

16.255 Smile

raen² adj. “smiling, gracious, sweet-faced”

16.27 to Love; Love

#mel- v. “to love”
melui adj. “lovely, sweet”
seron n. “lover”
úvelui adj. “not amiable, unloveable”

16.28 Dear

mell adj. “dear, beloved”

16.315 Torture, Torment

bauglir [mb-] n. “constrainer; tyrant, oppressor”

16.37 to Cry, Weep

naergon n. “woeful lament”
naeth n. “woe”
nirnaeth n. “tears”

16.38 Tear

#gêl n. “weeping”
#nîn² n. “tear”

16.41 Hate

deloth n. “abhorrence”

16.42 Anger

balch adj. “fierce, ferocious”
rhaw¹ adj. and n. “wild; wild beast”

16.43 Rage, Fury

oroth n. “rage, anger”
rûth n. “wrath, anger”
ruthra- v. “to rage”

16.45 Shame

eithad n. “*insult”
niben adj. “petty”

16.46 Honor

fael² adj. “fair-minded, just, generous”

16.47 Fame, Glory

aglar n. “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance”
aglareb adj. “glorious, brilliant”
aglor adj. “brilliant, glorious”

16.48 Proud

tarlang adj. and n. “proud, (lit.) stiff-necked; stiff neck (a nickname applied to men of haughty carriage or mood); the stiff/tough passage”

16.52 Brave, Courageous

thalion adj. and n. “strong, dauntless”

16.53 Fear, Fright

anwar n. “awe”
dae- [nd-] pref. “dreadful, abominable, detestable”
daedelos [nd-] n. “horrible fear”
dael [nd-] n. “horror”
daer² [nd-] adj. “dreadful, abominable, detestable”
del n. “horror”
#gaer¹ adj. “awful, fearful”
goe n. “terror, great fear”
goeol adj. “*fell, terrible, dire”
gor [ng-] n. “horror, dread, fear”
gorgor [ng-] n. “extreme horror, terror, haunting fear”
gorog n. “horror”
goroth [ng-] n. “horror, dread”
gorthob [ng-] adj. “horrible”
groga- v. “to feel terror”
gruitha- v. “to terrify”
naer adj. “dreadful, horrible, unendurable”
thaur adj. “abominable, horrible”
thoss n. “fear”

16.62 to Desire

#aníra- v. “to desire”
ídh(r)a- v. “to long for, desire”

16.63 Hope

amdir n. “hope [based on reason], (lit.) looking up”
estel n. “hope, trust”

16.65 Faithful

astor n. “loyalty”
astorad n. “loyalty”
?born² adj. “[stead]fast”
sador adj. “steadfast, trusty, loyal”
thorn¹ adj. “steadfast”

16.69 to Forgive

#díhena- v. “*to forgive”
#gohena- v. “*to forgive”

16.71 Good

ein- pref. “excellent, admirable”
ma interj. “good, excellent, that’s right”
mae adv. and adj. “well; excellent, admirable”
mael adj. “well”
maer adj. “good, excellent, fair”

16.72 Bad

oer adj. “nasty”

16.74 Wrong

#neitha- v. “to wrong, deprive”
ogol adj. “bad, evil, wrong; gloom(y)”
ogron n. “wicked or evil person”
oth- pref. “[wrong] with a bad sense; unsuitable, bad, improper, useless, wrong”
othgar(ed) n. “doing wrong, *wrong doing”
othgarn n. “misdeed”
rhu- pref. “evil-”
rhû¹ n. and adj. “evil, wicked”
rhudol adj. and n. “unwelcome, coming with evil omen or intent”
rhugarol adj. “wicked, doing evil”

16.75 Sin, Impiety

oew n. “an evil deed”
rhugar n. “evil deed”
#úgarth n. “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed”
úthaes n. “inducement to do wrong, *temptation”

16.77 Error, Mistake

#dew- v. “to fail, miss”
dýgar n. and adj. “mistaken act; doing a wrong thing”
dŷl n. “mistake”
dŷr adj. “mistaken, off point, not right”

16.79 Praise

#egleria- v. “to glorify”

16.81 Beautiful

bain adj. “fair, beautiful; good, wholesome, favorable; fair-haired”
dail adj. “beautiful, fine, delicate, lovely”
edhelvein adj. “elven fair”
írui adj. “desirable, lovely”
#lind² adj. “fair”
maed¹ adj. “shapely”
wanedhel adj. “elven fair”

17. Mind and Thought

17.11 Mind

gûr n. “heart (inner mind)”

17.13 to Think, Reflect

geria- v. “to ponder”
gordh² n. “deep thought”

17.151 Guess, Suppose

aen adv. “*should, could”
ce adv. “*might, maybe”

17.171 Knowledge, Science

dorgannas [nd-] n. “shapes of the lands, *geography”

17.21 Wise

#sael adj. “wise”

17.27 Teacher

golodh [ng-] n. “lore-master, sage”
pengolodh n. “teaching sage, doctor (of lore), teacher of lore”

17.31 to Remember

ephola- v. “?to remember”
rîn n. “remembrance”

17.34 Clear, Plain (to the Mind)

limp adj. and n. “clear, sparkling; (bright/clear/gleaming) liquid”

17.36 Secret

hûl n. “secret”
thurin adj. “secret, hidden”

17.41 Purpose, Intention

ind n. “some particular purpose or intention of an individual; heart”
innas n. “*will”
nidh- v. “to will, mean to, intend”
nîdh² n. “full vigorous purpose, exertion of will”
nídha- v. “to be determined to”
thel- v. “to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will”

18. Language and Music

18.11 Voice

#glim n. “voice”

18.12 to Sing

lind¹ n. “song, chant, singing; singer”
linna- v. “to sing, chant”

18.13 to Shout, Cry Out

can- v. “to cry out, shout, call”
caun² n. “outcry, clamour”
#nalla- v. “to cry”
nallan n. “call”

18.14 Various Cries

a² interj. “O!”
ai¹ interj. “hail; ha, there you are”
alae interj. “?”

18.21 to Speak, Talk

athrabeth n. “conversation, debate, (lit.) interchange of words”
carfa- v. “to talk, speak, use tongue”
paeth n. “speech”
ped- v. “to say, speak”
*pedui adj. “*utterable, pronouncable, able to be spoken”
pedweg adj. “talkative, saying a lot”
penbed adj. “not pronouncable”
úbedui adj. “not fit to say, unspeakable”

18.22 to Say

adbed- v. “to rephrase”
ephed- v. “to say out”

18.24 Language

lam¹ n. “(physical) tongue; language”

18.26 Word

peth n. “word”

18.28 Name

#en- v. “*to name”
eneth n. “*name”
#esta- v. “to call, *name”

18.311 What

man pron. “*what, who”

18.32 to Answer

aphed- v. “to answer”
danbeth [nd-] n. “*answer, (lit.) back-word”
dangweth [nd-] n. “answer, *(lit.) back-report”
#gweth- v. “*to report”

18.37 to Refuse

#ava- v. “will not, do not”
avad n. “refusal, reluctance”

18.38 to Forbid

ablad n. “prohibition, refusal”
boda- v. “to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid”

18.41 to Call, Summon

18.51 to Write

teitha- v. “to write, draw, inscribe, make marks or signs”

18.53 Letter of the Alphabet

andaith n. “long-mark”
angerthas n. “runic alphabetic, (lit.) long rune-rows”
certh n. “rune”
certhas n. “runes-rows, runic alphabet”
taith n. “sign, symbol, mark”
têw n. “letter”

18.57 Pen

tegil n. “pen”

18.66 Author, Writer

pethron n. “speaker, reciter”

18.67 Poet

glaer n. “tale”
linnod n. “type of poetic meter, (lit.) ?seven-chant”
minlamad n. “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”

18.68 Tale, Story

narn n. “tale”

19. Social Relations

19.11 Country, Nation

aranarth n. “*kingdom”
arnad n. “*kingdom”
dôr [nd-] n. “land”

19.13 Country (vs. Town)

rhovan n. “wilderness; wild beast, large beast”

19.14 Region, Territory

arthor n. “realm”
gardh n. “region”
?gardhon n. “province”
-ion² suf. “-region, -land”
#trann n. “shire”
#trannail adj. “[of the] shire”

19.15 Town, City

caras n. “city, fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks, circular earthwall with dike”
ost n. “fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; fortified town; enclosure”

19.16 Village

gobel n. “village, town (enclosure)”

19.17 Boundary

cai n. “hedge”
cail n. “fence, palisade of spikes or sharp stakes”
ephel n. “outer fence, surrounding ring”
glandagol n. “boundary mark”
glan(n) n. “boundary”
gleina- v. “to bound, enclose, limit”
iath n. “fence”
#taeg n. “boundary, limit, boundary line”

19.21 People, Populace

gwaith n. “people; region”
lî n. “people (of one kind or origin)”

19.23 Tribe, Clan, Family

nos(s) n. “family, kindred, clan, house; race, tribe, people”

19.31 to Rule, Govern

maeth n. “management”

19.32 King

aran n. “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person”
-dor suf. “*king, lord”

19.33 Queen

bereth n. and adj. “queen, spouse; supreme, sublime”
#rían n. “queen”

19.35 Prince

brethil² n. “princess, (lit.) queen-daughter”
caun¹ n. “prince, chief, head”
^#cund n. “*prince”
ernil n. “prince”
-gon suf. “lord, prince”

19.352 Other Titles of Nobility

condir n. “mayor, *(lit.) chief-man”

19.36 Noble, Nobleman

ar(a)- pref. “noble, royal, high”
arod adj. “noble”
arphen n. “noble, knight”
besain [mb-] n. “the Lady, breadgiver”
raud¹ adj. “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent”

19.41 Master

herdir n. “master”
hîr n. “lord, master”
#tûr n. “master”

19.412 Lady

heryn n. “lady”
hiril n. “lady”
-riel suf. “crowned maiden”
rodel n. “lady, high lady”

19.42 Slave

mûl n. “slave”

19.48 to Compel

gor-² v. “to warn, urge”
thang n. “oppression, pressure”

19.51 Friend

#-dil suf. “friend, lover”
mellon n. “friend”

19.52 Foe, Enemy

#coth n. “enemy, foe”
#cûd n. “foe”

19.53 Companion

aphadon n. “follower”
sadron n. “trusty follower, loyal companion”

19.54 Neighbor

sammar n. “*neighbor”

19.55 Stranger

edlon n. “outsider, stranger”

19.56 Guest

nathal n. “guest”
othol n. “stranger, guest”
sennas n. “guesthouse”
#suila- v. “to greet”
suilad n. “greeting”
#suilanna- v. “to greet, *give greeting”

19.58 to Help, Aid

eitha-² v. “to ease, assist”
elia- v. “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one”

19.59 to Hinder, Prevent

gurgof n. “traitor”
nuitha- v. “to stunt, prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue”

19.65 to Meet

cova- v. “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble”
covad(a)- v. “to bring together, make meet”
govan- v. “to meet, come to same place”

20. Warfare and Hunting

20.12 Battle

dagor [nd-] n. “battle”

20.14 Peace

îdh n. “rest, repose, peace, tranquility”

20.15 Army

dírnaith [nd-] n. “wedge-shaped battle-formation, (lit.) man-spearhead”

20.17 Soldier

rochir n. “knight, horse-lord”

20.24 Bow

cû n. “bow”

20.27 Sword

crist n. “cleaver”
#magor n. “swordsman”
megil n. “sword, longsword”

20.33 Helmet

amloth n. “helm crest, (orig.) uprising flower”
castol n. “helmet”
thôl n. “helmet, helm”

20.34 Shield

#thand n. “shield”
thangail n. “shield-fence, shield-wall”

20.35 Fortress

othrond n. “underground stronghold”

20.36 Tower

barad n. “tower, great towering building”
brand² n. “steeple”
minas n. “tower, fort, city (with a citadel and central watch tower)”

21. Law and Judgment

21.37 Penalty, Punishment

#achar- v. “to avenge, do back, react, requite”
achared n. “vengeance”
acharn n. “vengeance, (an act of) revenge”

21.38 Fine, Settlement

danwedh [nd-] n. “ransom”

21.39 Jail, Prison

band [mb-] n. “prison, custody, duress”

21.395 Exile, Outlaw

edlen(n) adj. “exiled”
eglan adj. “forsaken”
neithan n. “one deprived, exile whose rights and goods have been confiscated”

22. Religion and Beliefs

22.12 God

bal- v. “*to have power”
Balan n. “Vala”

22.16 to Worship

gorn¹ [ng-] adj. “revered”

22.19 Holy, Sacred

aer adj. “*hallowed, holy”
aerlinn n. “*hymn, (lit.) holy song”

22.24 to Curse

daebeth [nd-] n. “blasphemy”
#rhach n. “curse”

22.33 Angel

Rodon n. “Vala”

22.35 Demon, Evil Spirit

raug n. “demon, powerful hostile and terrible creature”

22.42 Magic, Witchcraft, Sorcery

gûl [ng-] n. “black arts, sorcery, (evil) knowledge”
guldur [ng-] n. “black arts, sorcery”
morgul n. “black arts, sorcery, necromancy”

22.431 Sorcerer, Wizard

curunír n. “wizard”
ithron n. “Wizard”

22.44 Elf, Fairy

Edel n.
Edhel n. “Elf”
edhellen adj. “elvish”
†Eledh n. “Elf”
Eledhes n. “*Elf-maid”
Eledhon n. “*Elf-man”
†Ell n. “Elf”
Ellas n. “*Elf-maid”
Elleth n. “Elf-maid”
Ellon n. “Elf-man”
Golodh [ng-] n. “one of the wise folk, Noldo”
Mîth n. “*Sinda, Grey-Elf”
Mithres n. “*Grey-Elf (f.)”
Mithron n. “*Grey-Elf (m.)”
†Noll [ng-] n. “Noldo”
Ogol n. “?Elf”
†penedh n. “Elf”
†teleir adj. “*Telerin”
†Thend n. “*Sinda, Grey-Elf”
†Thenneth n. “*Grey-Elf (f.)”
†Thennor n. “*Grey-Elf (m.)”

22.442 Dwarf

cadhad n. “dwarf”
Hadhod n. “Dwarf”
naug n. “dwarf; dwarf(ed), stunted”
Noged n. “Petty Dwarf”
Nogoth n. “[Greater] Dwarf”
Nogotheg n. “Dwarflet”

22.446 Orc, Goblin

glamog n. “orc”
orch n. “Orc”
Torog n. “Troll”
urug n. “bogey”

22.45 Ghost, Specter, Phantom

auth n. “dim shape, spectral or vague apparition”
gorthad [ng-] n. “wraith, spirit of Dead”
hû¹ n. “spirit, shadow”
nivol n. “phantom, a seeming”

22.47 Omen

albeth n. “(word of) good omen”

23. Grammar

23.1 Article

i¹ article. “the”

23.2 Negation

al-¹ pref. “no, not”
baw¹ interj. “no, do not!”
pen¹ prep. and pref. “without, lacking, -less”
ú- pref. “no, not, negative; impossible”
û adv. and interj. “no, not”

23.3 Preposition

an prep. “to, for”
di² prep. “with”
en¹ prep. “of the”
na(n) prep. “of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with”
o prep. “from, of”
os prep. “*about”
sui prep. “*as”

23.4 Pronoun

ai² pron. “*those who”
ci pron. “thou”
de pron. “you”
e pron. “he”
ech pron. “?you, yourself (singular)”
-ed² suf. “3rd person singular possessive suffix”
ed² pron. “*it”
-eg² suf. “2nd person singular familiar possessive suffix”
-egir suf. “2nd person plural familiar possessive suffix”
-el suf. “2nd person singular polite possessive suffix”
-elir suf. “2nd person plural polite possessive suffix”
-emir suf. “1st person plural exclusive possessive”
-en² suf. “my, 1st sg. poss. suffix”
en² pron. “1st sg pronoun”
-enc suf. “our (inclusive), 1st pl. incl. poss. suffix”
-ent suf. “their, 3rd pl. poss. suffix”
ent pron. “they, 3rd pl. pronoun”
est¹ pron. “he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun”
im¹ pron. “I, I myself; reflexive, self(same)”
în² pron. “his, *reflexive possessive = his own”
î(r) pron. “impersonal plural pronoun”
le pron. “thee, you (polite)”
lín pron. “*thy”
men¹ pron. “us”
mín pron. “our”
nin pron. “me”
nín pron. “my”
#san pron. “that”
sen pron. “this”
#ten pron. “*it, passive voice marker”
#ti pron. “*they”
#tîn² pron. “his”

23.5 Noun Inflection

†-a suf. “[old] genitive suffix”
†-ad suf. “dual”
#-ad¹ suf. “noun-suffix”
#-as suf. “abstract noun”
-ath suf. “collective or group plural”
-i suf. “adjectival suffix”
-in¹ suf. “plural suffix”
-rim suf. “collective or group plural”

23.6 Verb Inflection

-ant suf. “3rd person past tense”
#-ed¹ suf. “gerund”
-iel³ suf. “perfective-participle”
-ir suf. “past of intransitive verbs”
-nt suf. “past of transitive verbs”
-o suf. “imperative”
-ol suf. “continuative participle”
-th suf. “abstract noun”

23.7 Comparative, Intensive

#an- pref. “intensive prefix”
-oth suf. “augmentative suffix”

23.8 Conjunction

ach² conj. “*but”
egor conj. “or”
i² pron. “who, that”
ir conj. “?when, while”

23.9 Affix

-eb suf. “adjective suffix”
-eg¹ suf. “diminutive/singular ending”
#-en¹ suf. “adjective suffix”
-eth suf. “feminine ending”
#-iel² suf. “adjective suffix”
#-og suf. “singular suffix”
-on² suf. “augmentative suffix”
-ra suf. “many Sindarin adverbs end in [this]”
#-ren suf. “adjective suffix”
-u suf. “a person or being”
-ui suf. “-ful, having quality, adjective suffix; [as verbal suffix] possibility, suitability, *-able”
-weg¹ suf. “active in doing”