S. ar- pref. “without; by; **beside” (Category: Near)
A prefix mostly used in the privative sense “without”, for example arnoediad “unnumbered” = “without reckoning” as in Nirnaeth Arnoediad “[Battle of] Tears Unnumbered” (S/192; SA/ar).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. ar- “beside, along with; compared with” related to G. ar “and” (GL/20). Early Noldorin word-lists had the (initially unrelated) privative prefixes ᴱN. {um- >>} ur-, or- or yr- “without, -less” where the variant or- occurred before words with a in their first syllable and yr- before words with i in their first syllable via a-affection and i-affection respectively (PE13/155-156). The prefix or- appeared in contemporaneous Nirnaith Ornoth “Unnumbered Tears” (LB/59), a precursor to Nirnaeth Arnoediad.
These two senses were blended in The Etymologies of the 1930s, which had N. ar- “without” under the root ᴹ√AR² “beside, outside”, saying:
In N ar- developed a privative sense (as English “without”), probably by blending with [primitive] al [“not”], which is only preserved in Alchoron = Q Ilkorin [LA]. Thus arnediad “without reckoning” = “numberless” (Ety/AR²).
In the 1930s the word for “and” was still N. ar, and this continued into the 1950s where Tolkien had ar- derived from √ÑAR {“by, beside, near” >>} “by” in Notes on Names (NN) from the 1957 (PE17/169). However, Tolkien used S. a “and” in The Lord of the Rings and by the 1960s it was derived from either √AD(A) or √AS “beside”, neither of which could produce prefix ar-. In notes from the late 1960s on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor, Tolkien said of Arnen “beside the water” that “ar- in this sense is Quenya, not Sindarin” (VT42/17).
Neo-Sindarin: So far as we know, Tolkien never replace privative ar- in arnoediad “without reckoning”, but I believe this sense could still be derived from the revised sense of the root √AR “beyond, further than” from 1959 (PE17/147). I would therefore assume Sindarin ar- means “outside” or “without” both in a locational and privative sense, but does not mean “beside”.
References ✧ PE17/169; VT42/17
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| √ÑAR > ar- | [ŋar-] > [ar-] | ✧ PE17/169 |
N. ar-¹ pref. “outside, beside; without” (Category: Out, Outside)
References ✧ Ety/AR², AWA, NOT; EtyAC/AWA
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| ᴹ√AR² > ar- | [ar-] | ✧ Ety/AR² |
ᴱN. ur- v. “privative prefix, without, -less” (Category: Negation)
References ✧ PE13/155-156
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G. ar- pref. “beside, along with, compared with” (Category: Near)
References ✧ GL/20; LT1A/Eruman
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