ᴹQ. ea- v. (irregular-verb) “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” (Category: Be)

References ✧ PE19/48; PE22/119, 122-124; PE23/92

Glosses

• “be” ✧ PE19/48; PE22/122
• “to exist, to have being, to be found, extant, in the real world” ✧ PE22/123

Variations

• ea ✧ PE19/48; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/123

Changes

• vā >> ŭva ✧ PE22/123
• ēva >> euva ✧ PE22/123

Inflections

ëa	aorist	“there is, there exists”	✧ PE22/124
ëa	aorist	“(there) is”	✧ PE22/124
ëat	aorist dual		✧ PE22/122
ëar	aorist plural		✧ PE22/122
ëan	aorist with-1st-sg-object	“there is to me”	✧ PE22/122
ëanye	aorist with-1st-sg-object	“there is to me”	✧ PE22/122
euva	future	“will exist”	✧ PE22/123
vā	future		✧ PE22/123
éva	future		✧ PE22/124
ëava	future	“will exist”	✧ PE22/123: late classical and TQ form
ēva	future	“will exist”	✧ PE22/123
ŭva	future		✧ PE22/123
vár	future plural	“shall be”	✧ PE22/124
ie	gerund	“existing”	✧ PE22/122
ie	gerund	“existence”	✧ PE22/124
ére	gerund	“existing”	✧ PE22/122
ëa	imperfect-participle	“existing”	✧ PE22/122
eane	past		✧ PE23/92
†eñge	past		✧ PE22/122; PE22/122
ne	past	“was”	✧ PE22/119
né	past		✧ PE19/48: from a different stem
né	past	“was”	✧ PE22/124
nē	past	“was”	✧ PE22/123
ëane	past	“existed”	✧ PE22/123
ëane	past		✧ PE22/124
ēne	perfect		✧ PE22/123
nea	perfect-participle	“existed”	✧ PE22/123
†énea	perfect-participle		✧ PE22/124
†ēnea	perfect-participle	“existed”	✧ PE22/123

Element In

• ᴹQ. easte “being, essence” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. angwion ie uman enwa “the existence of dragons at one time (is) a fact” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. aran ie mólome “being a king is a burden” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. Ea “all that is, the World” ✧ PE22/122
• ᴹQ. eane sasse maire ma “*there was a rose” ✧ PE23/92
• ᴹQ. enna¹ “fact, (primary) thing [that exists]” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. enno “person, *being” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. enwa “existent, real, true; fact” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. évea “future” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. i·nér né raiqa ar sí aphastat “the man was angry but now is in good humor (lit. it pleases him)” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. †parka ëan “I am thirsty” ✧ PE22/122
• ᴹQ. parka ëa nyé “I am thirsty” ✧ PE22/122
• ᴹQ. qáqi me·vár tasse “we shall all be there” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. vahaia nóre ëa i a-esta Valinor “far away (there) is a land called Valinor” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. yára Túro mante ilqa masta ha mé·ne úmahtale “old Túro’s eating of all the bread was a nuisance to us” ✧ PE22/119

Derivations

• < ᴹ√EƷ “be” ✧ PE19/48
• < ᴹ✶eʒ- “to be” ✧ PE22/122 (e-ñ-ʒe); PE22/122 (e-ñ-ne); PE22/122 (ē̆ʒā); PE22/122 (eʒyā)
  • < ᴹ√EƷ “be”

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ√EƷ > ea	[eɣa] > [ea]	✧ PE19/48
ᴹ✶e-ñ-ʒe > †eñge	[eŋɣe] > [eŋge]	✧ PE22/122
ᴹ✶ē̆ʒā > ëa	[eɣa] > [ea]	✧ PE22/122
ᴹ✶eʒyā > ëa	[eɣja] > [eja] > [ea]	✧ PE22/122

ᴹQ. ye- v. (irregular-verb) “to be” (Category: Be)

References ✧ LR/72; PE22/11, 107, 115, 117, 119-120, 123; PE23/104

Glosses

• “be” ✧ PE22/123 (yē)

Variations

• yē ✧ PE22/123

Changes

• ie >> yē ✧ PE22/123
• enie >> yénie ✧ PE22/123

Inflections

ye	aorist	“is”	✧ LR/72; LR/72; PE22/11; PE22/117; PE22/119; PE23/104
ye	aorist	“is”	✧ PE22/107
ye	aorist		✧ PE22/115
ye	aorist	“it is”	✧ PE22/120
yér	aorist plural		✧ PE22/123
vá	future		✧ PE22/123
yéva	future	“there will be”	✧ LR/72
yéva	future	“is”	✧ LR/72
yéva	future		✧ PE22/123
váya	future-participle		✧ PE22/123
yevalya	future-participle		✧ PE22/123
ie	gerund		✧ PE22/123
yē	gerund		✧ PE22/123
yea	imperfect-participle		✧ PE22/123
†yelya	imperfect-participle		✧ PE22/123
úye	negated	“[is] not”	✧ LR/72
né	past		✧ PE22/123
yene	past		✧ PE22/123
ener	past plural		✧ PE22/123
nér	past plural		✧ PE22/123
enie	perfect		✧ PE22/123
yénie	perfect; augmentless		✧ PE22/123
enea	perfect-participle		✧ PE22/123
†enelya	perfect-participle		✧ PE22/123
nea	perfect-participle		✧ PE22/123

Element In

• ᴹQ. yeste “being, existence” ✧ PE22/123 (yeste)
• ᴹQ. en ye tá “that is a tee” ✧ PE22/11
• ᴹQ. etta matie the ye úmahta “his eating it is a nuisance” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. há ye “that is it, that is so” ✧ PE23/104
• ᴹQ. íre ilqa yéva nótina, hostainiéva, yallume “when all is counted, and all numbered at last” ✧ LR/72
• ᴹQ. írima ye Númenor “lovely is Númenor” ✧ LR/72
• ᴹQ. karie ye mólome “making (things) is hard work” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. matie ye mára “eating is (a) good (thing)” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. nan úye sére indo-ninya símen, ullume “but my heart resteth not here for ever” ✧ LR/72
• ᴹQ. ten sí ye tyelma, yéva tyel ar i narqelion “for here is ending, and there will be an end and the Fading” ✧ LR/72
• ᴹQ. te ye matina “it is eaten” ✧ PE22/107
• ᴹQ. yé karalya “to be making” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. (ye) mólome nakie·nye “(it is) hard work to kill me” ✧ PE22/120
• ᴹQ. ye ortalya “is raising” ✧ PE22/117
• ᴹQ. ye sirinyella “*has flown” ✧ PE22/115

Derivations

• < ᴹ√YĒ “to be” ✧ PE22/123 (YE)

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ√YE > yē

[jē]

✧ PE22/123

ᴱQ. e-² v. “to be” (Category: Be)

References ✧ PE14/51, 54, 57; PE16/62, 66, 140-141, 143

Changes

• e >> i ✧ PE14/51
• ie >> ien “it was” ✧ PE16/66
• -ie >> -nye “past tense” ✧ PE16/141

Inflections

va	future		✧ PE14/57
va	future	“will be”	✧ PE14/57
van(da)	future active-participle		✧ PE14/57
vasta	future gerund		✧ PE14/57
var	future impersonal		✧ PE14/57
val	future plural		✧ PE14/57
vakto	future reflexive		✧ PE14/57
ī	infinitive	“be”	✧ PE16/140
hye	past		✧ PE14/57
ie	past		✧ PE14/57
ie	past		✧ PE16/66
ie	past	“was”	✧ PE16/143
inye	past		✧ PE16/141
ye	past		✧ PE14/57
ien	past active-participle		✧ PE14/57
ien	past active-participle	“it was”	✧ PE16/62
yen	past active-participle		✧ PE14/57
yenda	past active-participle		✧ PE14/57
iesta	past gerund		✧ PE14/57
yesta	past gerund		✧ PE14/57
ier	past impersonal		✧ PE14/57
iel	past plural		✧ PE14/57
iekto	past reflexive		✧ PE14/57
ielko	past reflexive plural		✧ PE14/57
ie	perfect	“had ... been”	✧ PE14/54
e	present	“is”	✧ PE14/51
e	present		✧ PE14/57
e	present	“is”	✧ PE14/57
ea	present		✧ PE16/140
i	present	“is”	✧ PE14/51
i	present		✧ PE14/57
in(d-)	present active-participle		✧ PE14/57
inda	present active-participle		✧ PE14/57
ista	present gerund		✧ PE14/57
ir	present impersonal		✧ PE14/57
il	present plural		✧ PE14/57
ikto	present reflexive		✧ PE14/57
ilko	present reflexive plural		✧ PE14/57
-ie	suffix		✧ PE16/141
-nye	suffix	“past tense”	✧ PE16/141

Element In

• ᴱQ. en ilta n·ner ya me·qetsime ka húyo ne hwa·telpe ie-rautanéma ompa va húyo “thereupon in came the man {from whom we heard >>} by whom we were told his money had all been stolen from him” ✧ PE14/54
• ᴱQ. e tulien “is having come, has come” ✧ PE14/57
• ᴱQ. hue yullume i hualqe “twice nine is eighteen” ✧ PE14/51
• ᴱQ. ná- “to be, exist” ✧ PE16/141 (nanye)
• ᴱQ. oilim’ ambar ien oilin “it was the morning” ✧ PE16/62
• ᴱQ. (tu·)méliel ielko “they loved themselves” ✧ PE14/57
• ᴱQ. va tulien “will be having come” ✧ PE14/57

Derivations

• < ᴱ√Ī “be” ✧ PE16/140

ᴱQ. ó- v. “to be” (Category: Be)

Reference ✧ QL/69 ✧ ō- “am”

Derivations

• < ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” ✧ QL/69

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ√Ō > ō-

[ō-]

✧ QL/69