ᴹAQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals and liquids; [{bdg}|{mnŋ}{bdg}] > [{βðɣ}|{mnŋ}{bdg}]
References ✧ PE19/32, 34, 40, 46; PE22/44
Order (03000)
| After | 00300 | second short vowel of same quality lost | ||
| After | 00400 | later [j], [w] became [i], [u] before consonants | ||
| After | 01300 | initial [ɣ] became [h] | ||
| After | 01400 | combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced | ||
| After | 01500 | [z] plus voiced stop became unvoiced | ||
| After | 02500 | voiced stops became nasals before nasals | ||
| After | 02800 | initial [dj] became [j] | ||
| After | 02900 | initial [d] became [l] | ||
| Before | 03100 | velars were dentalized before [j] | ||
| Before | 03200 | initial [ɣ] before [l], [r] sometimes became a vowel | ||
| Before | 04400 | [β], [ɣ] vocalized before voiced consonants | ||
| Before | 04700 | [z] and [ð] assimilated to following [r], [l] | ||
| Before | 00700 | ᴹQ. spirants became stops after [r], [l] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE19/38 (b > v); PE19/50 (b > v) |
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✧ PE19/51 (gy > ʒy); PE19/51 (gw > ʒw); PE19/38 (gl > l; initial); PE19/38 (gr > r; initial); PE19/38 (gw > w); PE19/38 (g > ø) |
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| abante > aβante | b > β | ᴹ✶abtā > ᴹQ. avante | ✧ PE19/45 |
| abār > aβār | b > β | ᴹ✶ábārō̆ > ᴹQ. Avar/Avaro | ✧ Ety/AB |
| ɣolbā > ɣolβā | b > β | ᴹ✶golbā > ᴹQ. olwa | ✧ Ety/GÓLOB |
| jābe > jāβe | b > β | ᴹ√YAB > ᴹQ. yáve | ✧ Ety/YAB |
| kabubā > kaβuβā | b > β | ᴹ√KAV- > kavuva > ᴹQ. kauva | ✧ PE22/105 |
| kjabe > kjaβe | b > β | ᴹ√KYAB > ᴹQ. tyave | ✧ PE22/102 |
| kjabin > kjaβin | b > β | ᴹ√KYAB > ᴹQ. tyavin | ✧ Ety/KYAB |
| kub- > kuβ- | b > β | ᴹ√KUB > ᴹQ. kuve | ✧ PE22/102 |
| laibē > laiβē | b > β | ᴹ✶laibē > ᴹQ. laive | ✧ Ety/LIB² |
| lab- > laβ- | b > β | ᴹ√DAB > ᴹQ. lav- | ✧ Ety/DAB |
| labe > laβe | b > β | ᴹ√LAB > ᴹQ. lave | ✧ PE22/102 |
| labin > laβin | b > β | ᴹ√LAB > ᴹQ. lavin | ✧ Ety/LAB |
| ndakuban > ndakuβan | b > β | ᴹ✶ndăkŭbā̆nyē > ᴹQ. nakuvan | ✧ PE21/65 |
| rāba > rāβa | b > β | ᴹ✶rāba > ᴹQ. ráva | ✧ Ety/RAB |
| rāba > rāβa | b > β | ᴹ√RAB² > ᴹQ. ráva | ✧ Ety/RAMBĀ |
| sāba > sāβa | b > β | ᴹ√SAB > ᴹQ. sáva | ✧ Ety/SAB |
| sub- > suβ- | b > β | ᴹ√SUB > ᴹQ. sumbe | ✧ PE22/127 |
| tawar > taβar | b > β | ᴹ✶tawar > ᴹQ. tavar | ✧ Ety/TÁWAR |
| tawaril > taβaril | b > β | ᴹ✶táwārē̆ > ᴹQ. tavaril | ✧ Ety/TÁWAR |
| tawaro > taβaro | b > β | ᴹ✶táwārō̆ > ᴹQ. tavaro/tavaron | ✧ Ety/TÁWAR |
| θabrō > θaβrō | b > β | ᴹ✶stabrō > ᴹQ. sauro | ✧ EtyAC/STAB |
| -uba > -uβa | b > β | ᴹ√UB > ᴹQ. -uva | ✧ VT48/32 |
| ūbe > ūβe | b > β | ᴹ√UB > ᴹQ. úve | ✧ Ety/UB |
| ubie > uβie | b > β | ᴹ√UB > ᴹQ. úvie | ✧ VT48/32 |
| balā > βalā | b > β | ᴹ✶bálā > ᴹQ. Vala | ✧ Ety/BAL |
| balī > βalī | b > β | ᴹ✶bal-ī́ > ᴹQ. †Vali | ✧ Ety/BAL |
| βalīndōr > βalīndōr | b > β | ᴹ✶balī́-ndō̆re > ᴹQ. Valinor | ✧ Ety/BAL |
| βalīndōr > βalīndōr | b > β | ᴹ✶Bắlī + ndṓrḗ > Bálīndṑrē > Bálĭndṑrĕ > Balindor > ᴹQ. Valinor | ✧ PE19/59 |
| βalīnōr > βalīnōr | b > β | ᴹ✶Balī-nṓrē̆ > Bali-nṓr(e) > ᴹQ. Valinor | ✧ PE18/56 |
| balja > βalja | b > β | ᴹ√BAL > ᴹQ. valya | ✧ Ety/BAL |
| banā > βanā | b > β | ᴹ✶bánā > ᴹQ. Vana | ✧ Ety/BAN |
| banda > βanda | b > β | ᴹ✶banda > ᴹQ. vanda | ✧ EtyAC/BAD² |
| banima > βanima | b > β | ᴹ√BAN > ᴹQ. vanima | ✧ Ety/BAN |
| banjā > βanjā | b > β | ᴹ✶bányā > ᴹQ. vanya | ✧ Ety/BAN |
| banta > βanta | b > β | ᴹ√BAT > ᴹQ. vanta | ✧ Ety/BAT |
| banta- > βanta- | b > β | ᴹ√BAT > ᴹQ. vanta- | ✧ Ety/BAT |
| banwa > βanwa | b > β | √ABA/BA > Q. vanwa | ✧ PE17/16 |
| banwa > βanwa | b > β | ✶bā̆nwa > Q. vanwa | ✧ PE22/137 |
| banwa > βanwa | b > β | ᴹ√BĀ/BANA > ᴹQ. vanwa | ✧ PE22/97 |
| banwa > βanwa | b > β | ᴹ√vā- > ᴹQ. vanwa | ✧ PE22/106 |
| banwa > βanwa | b > β | ᴹ√BA > ᴹQ. vanwa | ✧ PE22/112 |
| bardā > βardā | b > β | ᴹ✶barádā > ᴹQ. Varda | ✧ Ety/BARÁD |
| bardā > βardā | b > β | ᴹ✶baradā > ᴹQ. Varda | ✧ Ety/BARATH |
| barile > βarile | b > β | ᴹ√BAR > ᴹQ. varile | ✧ EtyAC/BAR |
| barja- > βarja- | b > β | ᴹ✶baryā́- > ᴹQ. varya- | ✧ Ety/BAR |
| barnā > βarnā | b > β | ᴹ✶barnā́ > ᴹQ. varna | ✧ Ety/BAR |
| barne > βarne | b > β | ᴹ√BAR > ᴹQ. varne | ✧ Ety/BAR |
| barne > βarne | b > β | ᴹ√BARÁN > ᴹQ. varne | ✧ Ety/BARÁN |
| berie > βerie | b > β | ᴹ√BER > ᴹQ. verie | ✧ Ety/BER |
| berja > βerja | b > β | ᴹ√BER > ᴹQ. verya | ✧ Ety/BER |
| berja- > βerja- | b > β | ᴹ✶bérya- > ᴹQ. verya- | ✧ Ety/BER |
| berkā > βerkā | b > β | ᴹ✶berékā > ᴹQ. verka | ✧ Ety/BERÉK |
| besnō > βesnō | b > β | ᴹ✶besnō > ᴹQ. venno | ✧ Ety/BES |
| bessē > βessē | b > β | ᴹ✶bessē > ᴹQ. vesse | ✧ Ety/BES |
| besta- > βesta- | b > β | ᴹ√BES > ᴹQ. vesta- | ✧ Ety/BES |
| besta- > βesta- | b > β | ᴹ√BES > ᴹQ. vesta- | ✧ Ety/WED |
| bestā > βestā | b > β | ᴹ✶bestā > ᴹQ. vesta | ✧ Ety/BES |
| bestā > βestā | b > β | ᴹ√BES > ᴹQ. vesta | ✧ Ety/WED |
| besū > βesū | b > β | ᴹ✶besū > ᴹQ. veru | ✧ Ety/BES |
| bōre > βōre | b > β | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. vóre | ✧ EtyAC/BOR |
| bōrea > βōrea | b > β | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. vórëa | ✧ EtyAC/BOR |
| bōrima > βōrima | b > β | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. vórima | ✧ Ety/BOR |
| boro > βoro | b > β | ᴹ√BOR > ᴹQ. voro | ✧ Ety/BOR |
| boronwa > βoronwa | b > β | ᴹ√BORÓN > ᴹQ. voronwa | ✧ Ety/BORÓN |
| boronwie > βoronwie | b > β | ᴹ√BORÓN > ᴹQ. voronwie | ✧ Ety/BORÓN |
| gwad- > gwað- | d > ð | ᴹ√WAD > ᴹQ. ware | ✧ PE22/102 |
| j̊ade > j̊aðe | d > ð | ᴹ√SYAD > ᴹQ. hyare | ✧ PE22/102 |
| lāda > lāða | d > ð | ᴹ✶lāda > ᴹQ. lára | ✧ Ety/DAL |
| lāda > lāða | d > ð | ᴹ√LAD > ᴹQ. lāra | ✧ EtyAC/LAD |
| madja > maðja | d > ð | ᴹ√MAD > ᴹQ. marya | ✧ Ety/MAD |
| madja > maðja | d > ð | ᴹ√MAD > ᴹQ. marya | ✧ EtyAC/MAD |
| manad > manað | d > ð | ᴹ√MANAD > ᴹQ. manar | ✧ Ety/MANAD |
| med- > með- | d > ð | ᴹ√MED > ᴹQ. mere | ✧ PE22/102 |
| meldo > melðo | d > ð | ᴹ√MEL > ᴹQ. meldo | ✧ EtyAC/MEL |
| mid > mið | d > ð | ᴹ√MI > ᴹQ. mir | ✧ Ety/MI |
| nidwā > niðwā | d > ð | ᴹ✶nidwō > ᴹQ. nirwa | ✧ Ety/NID |
| nidwa > niðwa | d > ð | ᴹ√NID² > ᴹQ. nirwa | ✧ EtyAC/NID² |
| nidwe > niðwe | d > ð | ᴹ√NID² > ᴹQ. nirwe | ✧ EtyAC/NID² |
| njadrō > njaðrō | d > ð | ᴹ✶nyadrō > ᴹQ. nyarro | ✧ Ety/NYAD |
| palad > palað | d > ð | ᴹ√PAL > ᴹQ. palar | ✧ EtyAC/PAL |
| redin > reðin | d > ð | ᴹ√RED > ᴹQ. rerin | ✧ Ety/RED |
| sede > seðe | d > ð | ᴹ√SED > ᴹQ. sere | ✧ PE22/102 |
| sēde > sēðe | d > ð | ᴹ√SED > ᴹQ. sére | ✧ Ety/SED |
| sedin > seðin | d > ð | ᴹ√SED > ᴹQ. serin | ✧ Ety/SED |
| j̊ad- > sjað- | d > ð | ᴹ√SYAD > ᴹQ. hyar- | ✧ PE19/45 |
| j̊adin > sjaðin | d > ð | ᴹ√SYAD > ᴹQ. hyarin | ✧ Ety/SYAD |
| tad > tað | d > ð | ᴹ✶tad > ᴹQ. tar | ✧ Ety/TA |
| tad > tað | d > ð | ᴹ✶tad > ᴹQ. tar | ✧ PE19/52 |
| tad > tað | d > ð | ᴹ✶tā̆d > ᴹQ. tar | ✧ PE21/58 |
| wǣdē > wǣðē | d > ð | ᴹ✶wǣdē > ᴹQ. vēre | ✧ Ety/WED |
| xad- > xað- | d > ð | ᴹ√KHAD > ᴹQ. har- | ✧ EtyAC/KHAM |
| ga > ɣa | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶ga > ᴹQ. a | ✧ PE22/94 |
| gaira > ɣaira | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAY > ᴹQ. aira | ✧ Ety/GAY |
| gaista- > ɣaista- | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gais- > ᴹQ. aista- | ✧ Ety/GÁYAS |
| gal- > ɣal- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALA > ᴹQ. ’al | ✧ Ety/GALA |
| gal- > ɣal- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL > ᴹQ. al- | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| gala > ɣala | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALÁN > ᴹQ. ala | ✧ EtyAC/GAL¹ |
| galan > ɣalan | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALÁN > ᴹQ. alan | ✧ EtyAC/GAL¹ |
| galas > ɣalas | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALÁS > alasa > ᴹQ. alar | ✧ EtyAC/GALÁS |
| galas > ɣalas | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALAS > ᴹQ. alar | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| galasse > ɣalasse | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALÁS > ᴹQ. alasse | ✧ Ety/GALÁS |
| galdā > ɣaldā | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GÁLAD > ᴹQ. alda | ✧ Ety/GALAD |
| galdā > ɣaldā | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GÁLAD > ᴹQ. alda | ✧ Ety/GALAD |
| galdā > ɣaldā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶galadā > ᴹQ. Alda | ✧ SD/302 |
| galja > ɣalja | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALA > ᴹQ. alya | ✧ Ety/GALA |
| galja > ɣalja | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL > ᴹQ. alya | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| galla > ɣalla | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL > ᴹQ. ala/alla | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| galma > ɣalma | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALA > ᴹQ. alma | ✧ Ety/GALA |
| galma > ɣalma | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL² > ᴹQ. alma | ✧ EtyAC/GAL² |
| galma > ɣalma | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL > ᴹQ. alma | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| galmare > ɣalmare | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GALA > ᴹQ. almare | ✧ Ety/GALA |
| galmare > ɣalmare | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL > ᴹQ. almare | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| galwa > ɣalwa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAL > ᴹQ. alwa | ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) |
| gampa > ɣampa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAP > ᴹQ. ampa | ✧ Ety/GAP |
| garda > ɣarda | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. arda | ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR |
| garja- > ɣarja- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. arya- | ✧ EtyAC/GAR |
| garjon > ɣarjon | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. aryon | ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR |
| garjon > ɣarjon | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. aryo/aryon | ✧ EtyAC/GAR |
| garma > ɣarma | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. arma | ✧ EtyAC/GAR |
| garmar > ɣarmar | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. armar | ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR |
| garta > ɣarta | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GARAT > ᴹQ. arta | ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT |
| garwa > ɣarwa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. arwa | ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR |
| garwa > ɣarwa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. arwa | ✧ EtyAC/GAR |
| -garwa > -ɣarwa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. -arwa | ✧ EtyAC/GAR |
| garwe > ɣarwe | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAR > ᴹQ. arwe | ✧ EtyAC/GAR |
| gassā > ɣassā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gassā > ᴹQ. assa | ✧ Ety/GAS |
| gatsa > ɣatsa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAT > ᴹQ. atsa | ✧ Ety/GAT |
| gaule > ɣaule | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAWA > ᴹQ. aule | ✧ Ety/GAWA |
| gauta- > ɣauta- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GAWA > ᴹQ. auta- | ✧ Ety/GAWA |
| geigolosse > ɣeiɣolosse | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶Geı̯golosse > ᴹQ. Iolosse | ✧ Ety/GEY |
| geira > ɣeira | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GEY > ᴹQ. íra | ✧ Ety/GEY |
| geire > ɣeire | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GEY > ᴹQ. íre | ✧ Ety/GEY |
| geja > ɣeja | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶geı̯ā > ᴹQ. ia | ✧ Ety/GEY |
| geŋgwā > ɣeŋgwā | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GENG-WĀ > ᴹQ. engwa | ✧ Ety/GENG-WĀ |
| gilma > ɣilma | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GIL > ᴹQ. Ilma | ✧ Ety/GIL |
| gilmen > ɣilmen | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GIL > ᴹQ. ilmen | ✧ Ety/WIL |
| gjello > ɣjello | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GYEL > ᴹQ. yello | ✧ Ety/GYEL |
| gjerja- > ɣjerja- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GYER > ᴹQ. yerya | ✧ Ety/GYER |
| gjernā > ɣjernā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gyernā > ᴹQ. yerna | ✧ Ety/GYER |
| glaire > ɣlaire | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GLIR > ᴹQ. laire | ✧ Ety/GLIR |
| glin- > ɣlin- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GLIN > ᴹQ. lin- | ✧ Ety/GLIN |
| glind > ɣlind | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GLINDI > ᴹQ. ilin | ✧ Ety/GLINDI |
| glinde > ɣlinde | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GLIN > ᴹQ. linde | ✧ Ety/GLIN |
| gliŋga- > ɣliŋga- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GLING > ᴹQ. linga- | ✧ Ety/GLING |
| gola- > ɣola- | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶golā > ᴹQ. ola- | ✧ PE22/113 |
| golbā > ɣolbā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶golbā > ᴹQ. olwa | ✧ Ety/GÓLOB |
| golosse > ɣolosse | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOLÓS > ᴹQ. olosse | ✧ Ety/GOLÓS |
| golosse > ɣolosse | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOLÓS > ᴹQ. †olos/olosse | ✧ Ety/GOLÓS |
| golosse > ɣolosse | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOLÓS > ᴹQ. olosse | ✧ Ety/LOT(H) |
| gondo > ɣondo | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GÓNOD/GONDO > ᴹQ. ondo | ✧ Ety/GOND |
| gondolindē > ɣondolindē | g > ɣ | ✶Gondō̆-lindē > Q. Ondolinde | ✧ PE17/133 |
| gondōm > ɣondōm | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶góndōm > góndōr > ᴹQ. ondor | ✧ PE21/58 |
| gondōm > ɣondōm | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gondōm > ʒondō̆n > ᴹQ. ondor | ✧ PE21/63 |
| gondōt > ɣondōt | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gondōt > ʒondō̆t > ᴹQ. ondot | ✧ PE19/52 |
| gorme > ɣorme | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOR > ᴹQ. orme | ✧ Ety/GOR |
| gorme > ɣorme | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOR > ᴹQ. orme | ✧ Ety/KHOR |
| gorna > ɣorna | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOR > ᴹQ. orna | ✧ Ety/GOR |
| gorōmē > ɣorōmē | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶Górōmē > ᴹQ. Orōme | ✧ EtyAC/GÓROM |
| gosse > ɣosse | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶Goss > ᴹQ. Osse | ✧ Ety/GOS |
| gosse > ɣosse | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GOS > ᴹQ. osse | ✧ Ety/GOS |
| gū- > ɣū- | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gū̆- > ᴹQ. ū- | ✧ Ety/GŪ |
| gū- > ɣū- | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶ugu/gū > ᴹQ. ú- | ✧ Ety/UGU |
| gwa- > ɣwa- | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gwo- > ᴹQ. wá | ✧ PE19/53 |
| gwað- > ɣwað- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√WAD > ᴹQ. ware | ✧ PE22/102 |
| gwēn > ɣwēn | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GWEN > ᴹQ. wēn | ✧ Ety/GWEN |
| gwende > ɣwende | g > ɣ | ᴹ√WEN(ED) > ᴹQ. wende | ✧ Ety/GWEN |
| gwende > ɣwende | g > ɣ | ᴹ√WENED > wende > ᴹQ. vende | ✧ Ety/WEN |
| gwenja > ɣwenja | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GWEN > ᴹQ. wenya | ✧ Ety/GWEN |
| gwil- > ɣwil- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√WIL > ᴹQ. vilin | ✧ Ety/WIL |
| gwil- > ɣwil- | g > ɣ | ᴹ√WIL > ᴹQ. wilin | ✧ Ety/WIL |
| gwilmā > ɣwilmā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶wilmā > ᴹQ. wilma | ✧ Ety/WIL |
| gwilnā > ɣwilnā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶wilnā > wilda > ᴹQ. vilda | ✧ EtyAC/WIL |
| gwilwā > ɣwilwā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶wilwā > wilwa > ᴹQ. vilwa | ✧ Ety/WIL |
| gwinde > ɣwinde | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GWINDI > winde > ᴹQ. vinde | ✧ EtyAC/GWINDI |
| gwinja > ɣwinja | g > ɣ | ᴹ√GWIN > ᴹQ. winya | ✧ EtyAC/GWIN |
| gwo- > ɣwo- | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶gwo- > ᴹQ. o-´ | ✧ PE19/53 |
| jagwē > jaɣwē | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶yagwē > ᴹQ. yáwe | ✧ Ety/YAG |
| lagra > laɣra | g > ɣ | ᴹ√DAG > ᴹQ. lára | ✧ EtyAC/DAG |
| lagwe > laɣwe | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶dagwe > ᴹQ. lau(w)e | ✧ PE19/46 |
| l̥igā > l̥iɣā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶ligā > ᴹQ. lia | ✧ Ety/SLIG |
| l̥igante > l̥iɣante | g > ɣ | ᴹ√SLIG > ᴹQ. liante | ✧ Ety/SLIG |
| luge > luɣe | g > ɣ | ᴹ√LUG > ᴹQ. lue | ✧ PE22/102 |
| magā > maɣā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶magā > ᴹQ. mā | ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ |
| magjā > maɣjā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶magyā > ᴹQ. mai(y)a | ✧ PE19/46 |
| magrā > maɣrā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶magrā > ᴹQ. mára | ✧ Ety/MAƷ|MAG |
| magra > maɣra | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶magra > ᴹQ. mára | ✧ PE19/46 |
| manwege > manweɣe | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶Manwege > ᴹQ. Manwe | ✧ EtyAC/MAN |
| pege > peɣe | g > ɣ | ᴹ√PEG > ᴹQ. pē | ✧ Ety/PEG |
| rīgē > rīɣē | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶rīgē > ᴹQ. ríe | ✧ Ety/RIG |
| sagrā > saɣrā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶sagrā > ᴹQ. sára | ✧ Ety/SAG |
| soglā > soɣlā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶soglā > ᴹQ. sóla | ✧ PE19/46 |
| suglo > suɣlo | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶suglu > ᴹQ. súlo | ✧ Ety/SUK |
| targā > tarɣā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶targā > ᴹQ. tarya | ✧ Ety/TÁRAG |
| tūgo > tūɣo | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶tūgu > ᴹQ. tuo | ✧ Ety/TUG |
| θegrā > θeɣrā | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶stegrā > ᴹQ. thḗra | ✧ PE19/46 |
| ugin > uɣin | g > ɣ | ᴹ√UGU > ᴹQ. uin | ✧ Ety/UGU |
| ulgundō > ulɣundō | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶ulgundō > ᴹQ. ulundo | ✧ Ety/ÚLUG |
| -weg > -weɣ | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶-wego > weg > ᴹQ. -we | ✧ Ety/WEG |
| wega > weɣa | g > ɣ | ᴹ√WEG > ᴹQ. vea | ✧ Ety/WEG |
| wegē > weɣē | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶weʒē > ᴹQ. vie | ✧ Ety/WEG |
| wegō > weɣō | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶wegō > ᴹQ. †veo | ✧ Ety/WEG |
| xōgorē > xōɣorē | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶Khō-gorē > ᴹQ. Huore | ✧ Ety/KHŌ-N |
| xugan > xuɣan | g > ɣ | ᴹ√KHUGAN > ᴹQ. huan | ✧ Ety/KHUGAN |
| xugan > xuɣan | g > ɣ | ᴹ✶khugan > ᴹQ. huan | ✧ Ety/KHUGAN |
| xugo > xuɣo | g > ɣ | ᴹ√KHUG > ᴹQ. huo | ✧ Ety/KHUGAN |
| ɸelgā > ɸelɣā | g > ɣ | ᴹ√PHÉLEG > ᴹQ. felya | ✧ Ety/PHÉLEG |
ᴱQ. initial voiced stops were unvoiced; [{bdggʷ}-] > [{ptkkʷ}-]
Reference ✧ PE12/17
Order ()
| After | initial [gʷ] became [w] | |||
| After | palatals became dentals before [i] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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Phonetic Rule Examples
| balava- > palava- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palava- | ✧ QL/71 |
| balis > palis | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palis | ✧ QL/71 |
| balo > palo | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palo | ✧ QL/71 |
| balta > palta | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palta | ✧ QL/71 |
| balwa- > palwa- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PALA > ᴱQ. palwa- | ✧ QL/71 |
| bē > pē | b- > p- | ᴱ√PĒ > ᴱQ. pē | ✧ QL/72 |
| benda > penda | b- > p- | ᴱ✶bendā > ᴱQ. #penda | ✧ PE13/159 |
| bondo > pondo | b- > p- | ᴱ√BOÐO > ᴱQ. pondo | ✧ QL/75 |
| bonte > ponte | b- > p- | ᴱ√POT-I > ᴱQ. ponte | ✧ QL/75 |
| bosta > posta | b- > p- | ᴱ√BOÐO > ᴱQ. posta | ✧ QL/75 |
| bote > pote | b- > p- | ᴱ√POT-I > ᴱQ. pote | ✧ QL/75 |
| botsi > potsi | b- > p- | ᴱ√POT-I > ᴱQ. potsi | ✧ QL/75 |
| bulko > pulko | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulko | ✧ QL/75 |
| bulme > pulme | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulme | ✧ QL/75 |
| bulu- > pulu- | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulu- | ✧ QL/75 |
| bulwa > pulwa | b- > p- | ᴱ√PULU > ᴱQ. pulwa | ✧ QL/75 |
| burja- > purja- | b- > p- | ᴱ✶búrı̯ā > ᴱQ. purya | ✧ PE13/116 |
| dā > tā | d- > t- | ᴱ✶dagā́ > ᴱQ. tá- | ✧ PE13/161 |
| dā > tā | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tā | ✧ QL/87 |
| da > ta | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tă | ✧ QL/87 |
| dā > tā | d- > t- | ᴱ✶da’a > dā > ᴱQ. tá | ✧ PE13/142 |
| dajorme > tajorme | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAʕA > ᴱQ. tayorme | ✧ QL/87 |
| dāra > tāra | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tāra | ✧ QL/87 |
| daramb > taramb | d- > t- | ᴱ√TARAMA > ᴱQ. taran | ✧ QL/89 |
| dāri > tāri | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > ᴱQ. tāri | ✧ QL/87 |
| darwa > tarwa | d- > t- | ᴱ✶dar’wa- > ᴱQ. tarwa | ✧ PE13/161 |
| dorme > torme | d- > t- | ᴱ√TAHA > tahorme > taorme > ᴱQ. torme | ✧ QL/87 |
| gala- > kala- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kala- | ✧ QL/44 |
| gala > kala | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kala | ✧ QL/44 |
| galaine > kalaine | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalaine | ✧ QL/44 |
| gāle > kāle | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kále | ✧ QL/44 |
| galenda > kalenda | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalenda | ✧ QL/44 |
| galle > kalle | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalle | ✧ QL/44 |
| gallu- > kallu- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kal(l)u- | ✧ QL/44 |
| galma > kalma | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalma | ✧ QL/44 |
| galmarn > kalmarn | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalmar | ✧ QL/44 |
| galta- > kalta- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalta- | ✧ QL/44 |
| galwa > kalwa | g- > k- | ᴱ√KALA > ᴱQ. kalwa | ✧ QL/44 |
| gargo > kargo | g- > k- | ᴱ✶grgu- > ᴱQ. karko | ✧ PE13/144 |
| garθa- > karθa- | g- > k- | ᴱ√gṛþ- > ᴱQ. karda | ✧ GL/42 |
| giw- > kiw- | g- > k- | ᴱ√giu̯i > ᴱQ. kiu̯ | ✧ GL/39 |
| gōpa > kōpa | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOPO > ᴱQ. kópa | ✧ QL/47 |
| gos > kos | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOSO > ᴱQ. kos | ✧ QL/48 |
| gosar > kosar | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOSO > ᴱQ. kosar | ✧ QL/48 |
| gosta- > kosta- | g- > k- | ᴱ√KOSO > ᴱQ. kosta- | ✧ QL/48 |
| gwin > kwin | g- > k- | ᴱ√QIMI > ᴱQ. qin | ✧ QL/77 |
| gwinde > kwinde | g- > k- | ᴱ√QIMI > ᴱQ. (i) qinde | ✧ QL/77 |
| gʷārā > kʷāra | gʷ- > kʷ- | ᴱ√QARA > ᴱQ. qāra | ✧ QL/76 |
| gʷen > kʷen | gʷ- > kʷ- | ᴱ✶Gwendi- > ᴱQ. Qen | ✧ PE13/146 |
ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels; [V{bddʲggʷ}] > [V{βððʲɣɣʷ}]
Order ()
| Before | [ð] became [θ] before voiceless stops and [s] | |||
| Before | [ð] became [z] | |||
| Before | 02400 | [ɣ] otherwise vanished |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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✧ PE12/16 (b > v (w); medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (d > z; medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (d͡y > ẏ; medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (g > -; medial) |
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✧ PE12/16 (g͡w > ẇ; medial) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
| ambodt > amboðt | Vd > Vð | ᴱ✶a-mbod-t’ > ᴱQ. ambos | ✧ PE13/139 |
| fada > faða | Vd > Vð | ᴱ✶swada > ᴱQ. fara | ✧ PE13/146 |
| daga > daɣa | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶dagā́ > ᴱQ. tá- | ✧ PE13/161 |
| daɣā > daɣa | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶da’a > dā > ᴱQ. tá | ✧ PE13/142 |
| gʷegie > gʷeɣie | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶gu̯eg- > ᴱQ. wie | ✧ GL/44 |
| nēgitte > nēɣitte | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶nēgittĕ > ᴱQ. neite | ✧ GL/60 |
| negōn > neɣōn | Vg > Vɣ | ᴱ✶negōn > ᴱQ. nion | ✧ GL/60 |