N. verbal nouns grammar.
| Examples (gerund) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bacthad | ← bactha- | ✧ EtyAC/MBAKH | |||||||
| gawad | “howling” | ← gaw- | ✧ Ety/ÑGAW | ||||||
| Harthad | “hope” | [← #hartha-] | ✧ SD/62 | ||||||
| heniad | “*understanding” | ← henio (infinitive) | ✧ EtyAC/KHAN | ||||||
| #nœdiad | ← nœdia | ✧ Ety/NOT | |||||||
| Nestad | “healing” | [← #nesta-] | ✧ WR/380 | ||||||
| #onoded | ← gonod- | soft-mutation g-mutation | ✧ Ety/NOT | ||||||
| Examples (infinitive) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| atlanno | “to slope, slant” | [← atlanna-] | ✧ Ety/TALÁT | ||||||
| †adlegi | [← †#adleg-] | ✧ EtyAC/LEK | |||||||
| Adleitho | [← adleitha-] | ✧ EtyAC/LEK | |||||||
| anno | “to give” | [← anna-] | ✧ Ety/ANA¹ | ||||||
| ath-rado | “to cross, traverse” | [← athrada-] | ✧ Ety/RAT | ||||||
| #vedi | [← *bad-] | ✧ Ety/BAT | |||||||
| bartho | “to doom” | [← bartha-] | ✧ Ety/MBARAT | ||||||
| batho | “trample” | [← batha-] | ✧ Ety/BAT | ||||||
| bauglo- | “to oppress” | [← baugla-] | ✧ Ety/MBAW | ||||||
| berio | “to protect” | [← beria-] | ✧ Ety/BAR | ||||||
| bertho | “dare” | [← bertha-] | ✧ Ety/BER | ||||||
| blebi | “flap, beat (wings etc.)” | [← #blab-] | ✧ Ety/PALAP | ||||||
| breitho | “break out suddenly” | [← breitha-] | ✧ Ety/BERÉK | ||||||
| brenio | “endure” | [← brenia-] | ✧ Ety/BORÓN | ||||||
| brono | “last, survive” | [← brona-] | ✧ Ety/BORÓN | ||||||
| buio | “serve, hold allegiance to” | [← buia-] | ✧ Ety/BEW | ||||||
| critho | “reap” | [← critha-] | ✧ Ety/KIRIK | ||||||
| cuino | “to be alive” | [← cuina-] | ✧ Ety/KUY | ||||||
| degi | “to slay” | [← dag-] | ✧ Ety/NDAK | ||||||
| dagro | “to battle” | [← dagra-] | ✧ Ety/NDAK | ||||||
| deri | “stop, halt” | [← dar-] | ✧ Ety/DAR | ||||||
| dæri | [← dar-] | ✧ EtyAC/DAR | |||||||
| delio | “conceal” | [← delia-] | ✧ Ety/DUL | ||||||
| dilio | “to stop up” | [← dilia-] | ✧ Ety/DIL | ||||||
| dilio | “to stop” | [← dilia-] | ✧ EtyAC/DIL | ||||||
| dravo | “to hew” | [← drava-] | ✧ Ety/DARÁM | ||||||
| dringo | “to beat” | [← dringa-] | ✧ Ety/DRING | ||||||
| echedi | “fashion, shape” | [← echad-] | ✧ Ety/KAT | ||||||
| egledhio | “go into exile” | [← egledhia-] | ✧ Ety/LED | ||||||
| ercho | “to prick” | [← ercha-] | ✧ Ety/ERÉK | ||||||
| erio | “rise” | [← eria-] | ✧ Ety/ORO | ||||||
| faltho | “to foam” | [← faltha-] | ✧ Ety/PHAL | ||||||
| faro | “to hunt” | [← fara-] | ✧ Ety/SPAR | ||||||
| faro | “to hunt” | [← fara-] | ✧ EtyAC/PHAR² | ||||||
| fuio | “feel disgust at, abhor” | [← fuia-] | ✧ Ety/PHEW | ||||||
| gedi | “catch” | ← gad- | ✧ Ety/GAT | ||||||
| galo- | “to grow” | [← gala-] | ✧ Ety/GALA | ||||||
| galo | “to grow” | [← gala-] | ✧ EtyAC/GAL² | ||||||
| gannado | “play a harp” | [← gann(ad)a-] | ✧ Ety/ÑGAN | ||||||
| ganno | “play a harp” | [← gann(ad)a-] | ✧ Ety/ÑGAN | ||||||
| garo- | “hold, have” | [← gar-] | ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR | ||||||
| garo | ← gar- | ✧ EtyAC/GAR | |||||||
| garo | “hold, keep” | [← gar-] | ✧ EtyAC/GAR | ||||||
| gartho | “defend, keep” | [← gartha-] | ✧ EtyAC/GAR | ||||||
| giri | “shudder” | [← gir-] | ✧ Ety/GIR | ||||||
| glavro | “to babble” | [← glavra-] | ✧ Ety/GLAM | ||||||
| lirio | “sing” | [← glir-] | ✧ EtyAC/LIR¹ | ||||||
| gwaedo | “enfold” | [← gwaeda-] | ✧ EtyAC/WAY | ||||||
| gwanno | “depart, die” | [← gwanna-] | ✧ Ety/WAN | ||||||
| gwatho | “to soil, stain” | [← gwatha-] | ✧ Ety/WAƷ | ||||||
| †gwedi | “bind” | [← #gwedh-] | ✧ Ety/WED | ||||||
| gwerio | “betray” | [← gweria-] | ✧ Ety/WAR | ||||||
| gwesto | “to swear” | [← gwesta-] | ✧ Ety/WED | ||||||
| hedi | “hurl” | [← had-] | ✧ Ety/KHAT | ||||||
| heli | “lift” | [← #hal-] | ✧ EtyAC/KHAL² | ||||||
| harno | “to wound” | [← harna-] | ✧ Ety/SKAR | ||||||
| hasto | “hack through” | [← hasta-] | ✧ Ety/SYAD | ||||||
| henio | “understand” | [← henia-] | ✧ Ety/KHAN | ||||||
| herio | “begin suddenly and vigorously” | [← heria-] | ✧ Ety/KHOR | ||||||
| chwinio | “twirl, whirl, eddy” | [← chwinia-] | ✧ Ety/SWIN | ||||||
| iuitho | “employ” | [← iuitha-] | ✧ Ety/YUK | ||||||
| lhathro | “listen in, eavesdrop” | [← lhathr(ad)a-] | ✧ Ety/LAS² | ||||||
| lhathrado | “listen in, eavesdrop” | [← lhathr(ad)a-] | ✧ Ety/LAS² | ||||||
| lhathra | [← lhathr(ad)a-] | ✧ EtyAC/LAS² | |||||||
| lhefi | “to lick” | [← #lhav-] | ✧ Ety/LAB | ||||||
| lheitho | “to release, set free” | [← lheithia-] | ✧ Ety/LEK | ||||||
| medi | “eat” | [← mad-] | ✧ Ety/MAT | ||||||
| medi | “to eat” | [← mad-] | ✧ PE17/44 | ||||||
| matho | “stroke, feel, handle” | [← matha-] | ✧ Ety/MAƷ | ||||||
| melo | “to love” | [← mela-] | ✧ EtyAC/MEL | ||||||
| mîl | “love, kindness” | [← mîl] | ✧ EtyAC/MEL | ||||||
| minno | “enter” | [← minna-] | ✧ EtyAC/MI | ||||||
| misto | “stray about” | [← mista-] | ✧ Ety/MIS | ||||||
| mudo | “labour, toil” | [← muda-] | ✧ Ety/MŌ | ||||||
| negro | “to pain” | [← negra-] | ✧ Ety/NÁYAK | ||||||
| †naro | “tell” | [← †nara-] | ✧ Ety/NAR² | ||||||
| nartho | “kindle” | [← nartha-] | ✧ EtyAC/NARTA | ||||||
| neledhi | “walk” | [← #neledh-] | ✧ TAI/150 | ||||||
| nestegi | “insert, stick in” | [← #nestag-] | ✧ Ety/STAK | ||||||
| nestegi | “insert, thrust in” | [← #nestag-] | ✧ EtyAC/NĒ̆ | ||||||
| ortho | “raise” | [← ortha-] | ✧ Ety/ORO | ||||||
| ortheli | “roof, screen above” | [← orthel-] | ✧ Ety/TEL | ||||||
| ortheri | ← orthor (present) | ✧ Ety/TUR | |||||||
| esgeri | “cut round, amputate” | [← #osgar-] | ✧ Ety/OS | ||||||
| ovro | “to abound” | [← ovra-] | ✧ Ety/UB | ||||||
| panno | “to open, enlarge” | [← panna-] | ✧ Ety/PAT | ||||||
| pathro | “fill” | [← pathra-] | ✧ Ety/KWAT | ||||||
| pelio | “spread” | [← pelia-] | ✧ Ety/PAL | ||||||
| penio | “fix, set” | [← penia-] | ✧ Ety/PAN | ||||||
| presto | “to affect, trouble, disturb” | [← presta-] | ✧ Ety/PERES | ||||||
| puio | “spit” | [← puia-] | ✧ Ety/PIW | ||||||
| rado | “to make a way, find a way” | [← rada-] | ✧ Ety/RAT | ||||||
| rheði | “to sow” | [← #rhedh-] | ✧ Ety/RED | ||||||
| rhenio | “wander” | [← rhenia-¹] | ✧ Ety/RAM | ||||||
| rhenio | “to stray” | [← rhenia-¹] | ✧ Ety/RAN | ||||||
| rhenio | “fly, sail” | [← rhenia-²] | ✧ Ety/RAM | ||||||
| thribi | “to scratch” | [← thrib-] | ✧ Ety/SRIP | ||||||
| rhimmo | ← rhib- | ✧ Ety/RIP | |||||||
| rhisto | “cut” | [← rhista-] | ✧ Ety/RIS² | ||||||
| risto | “rend, rip” | [← rista-] | ✧ Ety/RIS¹ | ||||||
| rhitho | “jerk, twitch, snatch” | [← rhitha-] | ✧ Ety/RIK(H) | ||||||
| rosto | “to hollow out, excavate” | [← rosta-] | ✧ Ety/ROD | ||||||
| sirio | “flow” | [← siria-] | ✧ Ety/SIR | ||||||
| sogo | “drink” | [← #sog-] | ✧ Ety/SUK | ||||||
| taetho | “fasten, tie” | [← taetha-] | ✧ Ety/TAK | ||||||
| tammo | “to knock” | [← tamma-] | ✧ Ety/TAM | ||||||
| tangado | “to make firm, confirm, establish” | [← tangad(a)-] | ✧ Ety/TAK | ||||||
| tangado | “to confirm, establish” | [← tangad(a)-] | ✧ PE17/44 | ||||||
| teitho | “write” | [← teitha-] | ✧ Ety/TEK | ||||||
| telio | “to play” | [← telia-] | ✧ Ety/TYAL | ||||||
| teilio | [← telia-] | ✧ Ety/TYAL | |||||||
| thio | “to seem” | [← thia-] | ✧ Ety/THĒ | ||||||
| thilio | “to glisten” | [← thilia-] | ✧ Ety/THIL | ||||||
| thosto | “to stink” | [← thosta-] | ✧ EtyAC/THUS | ||||||
| thuio | “breathe” | [← thuia-] | ✧ Ety/THŪ | ||||||
| tinno | “it glints” | [← tinna-] | ✧ Ety/TIN | ||||||
| tiri | “watch” | [← tir-] | ✧ Ety/TIR | ||||||
| tirio | “watch” | [← tiria-] | ✧ Ety/TIR | ||||||
| tobo | “to cover, roof over” | [← toba-] | ✧ Ety/TOP | ||||||
| tegi | “to bring” | ← tôg (present) | ✧ Ety/TUK | ||||||
| teli | “to come” | ← tôl (3rd-sg present) | ✧ Ety/TUL | ||||||
| toltho | “fetch” | [← toltha-] | ✧ Ety/TUL | ||||||
| tortho | “to wield, control” | [← tortha-] | ✧ Ety/TUR | ||||||
| treneri | “recount, tell to the end” | [← trenar-] | ✧ Ety/NAR² | ||||||
| trevedi | “traverse” | [← #trevad-] | ✧ Ety/BAT | ||||||
| tuio | “to swell” | [← tuia-] | ✧ Ety/TIW | ||||||
| tuio | “sprouts, springs” | [← tuia-] | ✧ Ety/TUY | ||||||
Element In
ᴱN. verbal nouns grammar.
| Examples (infinitive) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -tho | ← -tha | ✧ PE13/153 | |||||||
| adog | ← adag- | ✧ PE13/132 | |||||||
| adob | “to build, erect” | [← adag-] | ✧ PE13/158 | ||||||
| adob | “build, building” | [← adag-] | ✧ PE13/165 | ||||||
| amrost | [← †amra-] | ✧ PE13/159 | |||||||
| meriad | “to dwell, live, stay” | [← #meria-] | ✧ PE13/150 | ||||||
| carach | “to make oneself, become” | ← cara | ✧ PE13/161 | ||||||
| curenni | “to curdle (intr.)” | [← #curann-] | ✧ PE13/141 | ||||||
| crenni | “to finish, complete, accomplish” | [← crann-] | ✧ PE13/161 | ||||||
| dangu | [← dag-] | ✧ PE13/130 | |||||||
| dengwi | [← dag-] | ✧ PE13/130 | |||||||
| eithran | “stabbing, pricking” | [← eithra-] | ✧ PE13/158 | ||||||
| eithlod | “springing, welling forth” | [← #eithla-] | ✧ PE13/158 | ||||||
| alaith | “shielding, warding off” | [← elaig-] | ✧ PE13/158 | ||||||
| glabod | “babbling” | [← #glaba-] | ✧ PE13/162 | ||||||
| gonoth | ← go-nod | ✧ PE13/145 | |||||||
| †goenoid | ← go-nod- | ✧ PE13/162 | |||||||
| genaid | ← go-nod- | ✧ PE13/162 | |||||||
| genedi | ← go-nod- | ✧ PE13/162 | |||||||
| lhui | “to wash” | ← †lub- | ✧ PE13/132 | ||||||
| maded | ← #mad- | ✧ PE13/127 | |||||||
| madwi | [← mad-] | ✧ PE13/129 | |||||||
| medi | ← mad- | ✧ PE13/131 | |||||||
| medi | ← mad (present) | ✧ PE13/163 | |||||||
| medi | “eat” | ← mad | ✧ PE13/163 | ||||||
| medi | “to eat, eating” | ← mad | ✧ PE13/163 | ||||||
| medi | “eat, eating” | [← mad-] | ✧ PE13/165 | ||||||
| peda | “to say” | [← ped-] | ✧ PE13/152 | ||||||
| rhengi | “to slay in battle” | [← rhang-] | ✧ PE13/152 | ||||||
| rheing | ← rhengi (infinitive) | ✧ PE13/152 | |||||||
| rhoid | “to let go” | ← rhoid (infinitive) | ✧ PE13/152 | ||||||
| glathrad | ← glathra | ✧ PE13/126 | |||||||
| glathrod | [← glathra-] | ✧ PE13/129 | |||||||
| sagoth | ← sag- | ✧ PE13/153 | |||||||
| tangod | “fixing, to fix” | ← tangad- | ✧ PE13/131 | ||||||
| tangod | “to fix, fixing” | [← tangad-] | ✧ PE13/153 | ||||||
| thirod | “making complete, filling in the last details” | [← #thirad-] | ✧ PE13/165 | ||||||
| thau | ← tha- | ✧ PE13/153 | |||||||
| thā | ← tha- | ✧ PE13/153 | |||||||
| golod | “stinking, to stink” | ← golwad- | ✧ PE13/162 | ||||||
| menniad | [← mad-] | aorist | ✧ PE13/129 | ||||||
| manthiad | ← #mad- | past | ✧ PE13/127 | ||||||
| mainthiad | ← #mad- | past | ✧ PE13/127 | ||||||
| manthiad | [← mad-] | past | ✧ PE13/129 | ||||||
| glathraithiad | ← glathra | past | ✧ PE13/126 | ||||||
| glathrathiad | ← glathra | past | ✧ PE13/126 | ||||||
| glathraithiad | [← glathra-] | past | ✧ PE13/129 | ||||||
| Examples (gerund) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| madeg | ← #mad- | ✧ PE13/127 | |||||||
| glathros | “to polish, polishing” | ← glathra | ✧ PE13/126 | ||||||
| glathros | ← glathra | ✧ PE13/126 | |||||||
| glathraith | ← glathra | past | ✧ PE13/126 | ||||||
| lathros | [← glathra-] | soft-mutation g-mutation | ✧ PE13/128 | ||||||