ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals; [mb-|nd-|ŋg-] > [m-|n-|ŋ-]
References ✧ PE19/35-36; PE22/112
Order (04500)
| After | 03100 | velars were dentalized before [j] | ||
| After | 04300 | initial [ŋ] vanished |
Related
Phonetic Rule Elements
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> |
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✧ PE19/38 (mb > m; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/38 (nd > n; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/38 (ñg > ñ; initial); PE19/38 (ñgw > ñw; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/37 (mp > p; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/37 (nt > t; initial) |
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> |
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✧ PE19/37 (ñk > k; initial); PE19/38 (ñky > kw; initial); PE19/38 (ñky > ty; initial) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
| anda-mbundā > anda-mundā | mb- > m- | ᴹ✶andambundā > ᴹQ. andamunda | ✧ Ety/MBUD |
| mbakar > makar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAKH > ᴹQ. makar | ✧ Ety/MBAKH |
| mballe > malle | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAL > ᴹQ. malle | ✧ Ety/MBAL |
| mbanda > manda | mb- > m- | ᴹ✶mbanda > ᴹQ. #manda | ✧ Ety/MBAD |
| mbandos > mandos | mb- > m- | ᴹ✶mbandō > ᴹQ. mandos | ✧ EtyAC/MBAD |
| mbaŋxa- > maŋxa- | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAKH > ᴹQ. manka- | ✧ Ety/MBAKH |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar | ✧ Ety/ÉNED |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar | ✧ Ety/GAWA |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar | ✧ Ety/MBAR |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar | ✧ Ety/MBAR |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar | ✧ Ety/TAN |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar | ✧ EtyAC/MBAR |
| mbaranme > maranme | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBARAT > ᴹQ. maranwe | ✧ Ety/MBARAT |
| mbard > mard | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAR > ᴹQ. mar(d)- | ✧ EtyAC/MBAR |
| mbard > mard | mb- > m- | ᴹ√[?mbar] > ᴹQ. mar(d-) | ✧ EtyAC/SIL |
| mbarta > marta | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBARAT > ᴹQ. marta | ✧ Ety/MBARAT |
| mbarta > marta | mb- > m- | ᴹ√[?mbar]-ta > ᴹQ. marta | ✧ EtyAC/SIL |
| mbasta > masta | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAS > ᴹQ. masta | ✧ Ety/MBAS |
| mbasta- > masta- | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAS > ᴹQ. masta- | ✧ Ety/MBAS |
| mbauja- > mauja- | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAW > ᴹQ. mauya- | ✧ Ety/MBAW |
| mbaure > maure | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBAW > ᴹQ. maure | ✧ Ety/MBAW |
| mberend > merend | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBER > ᴹQ. meren | ✧ Ety/MBER |
| mberja > merja | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBER > ᴹQ. merya | ✧ Ety/MBER |
| mbirilja- > mirilja- | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBIRÍL > ᴹQ. mirilya- | ✧ Ety/MBIRIL |
| mbirill > mirill | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBIRÍL > ᴹQ. miril | ✧ Ety/MBIRIL |
| mbotto > motto | mb- > m- | ᴹ√MBOTH > ᴹQ. motto | ✧ Ety/MBOTH |
| mbundo > mundo | mb- > m- | ᴹ✶mbundu > ᴹQ. mundo | ✧ Ety/MBUD |
| a-ndanta > a-nanta | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAN > ᴹQ. a-nanta | ✧ Ety/NDAN |
| ndake > nake | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAK- > ᴹQ. nake | ✧ PE22/112 |
| ndakta- > nakta- | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAG > ᴹQ. nahta- | ✧ PE22/102 |
| ndakuβan > nakuβan | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndăkŭbā̆nyē > ᴹQ. nakuvan | ✧ PE21/65 |
| ndamba > namba | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAM > ᴹQ. namba | ✧ Ety/NDAM |
| ndamba- > namba- | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAM > ᴹQ. namba- | ✧ Ety/NDAM |
| ndān > nān | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAN > ᴹQ. nān | ✧ Ety/NDAN |
| ndan- > nan- | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAN > ᴹQ. nan- | ✧ Ety/NDAN |
| ndanar > nanar | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAN > ᴹQ. Nanar | ✧ Ety/DAN |
| ndandakka- > nandakka- | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAK- > ᴹQ. nandakka- | ✧ PE22/112 |
| naniθārō > naniθārō | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndani-thārō > ᴹQ. Nanisáro | ✧ LR/188 |
| ndarwe > narwe | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDAR > ᴹQ. narwe | ✧ EtyAC/NDAR |
| ndēr > nēr | nd- > n- | ᴹ√DER > ᴹQ. nér | ✧ Ety/DER |
| ndēr > nēr | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndǣr > ᴹQ. nér | ✧ Ety/NDER |
| ndēr > nēr | nd- > n- | ᴹ√der > ᴹQ. NĒ̆R | ✧ Ety/NĒR |
| ndēr > nēr | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶dēr > ᴹQ. nér | ✧ Ety/NĪ¹ |
| ndeuna > neuna | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndeu̯na > ᴹQ. neuna | ✧ Ety/NDEW |
| ndeuro > neuro | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndeuro > ᴹQ. neuro | ✧ Ety/NDEW |
| ndilda > nilda | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NIL/NDIL > ᴹQ. nilda | ✧ Ety/NIL |
| ndilde > nilde | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NIL/NDIL > ᴹQ. nilde | ✧ Ety/NIL |
| ndildo > nildo | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NIL/NDIL > ᴹQ. nildo | ✧ Ety/NIL |
| ndilme > nilme | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NIL/NDIL > ᴹQ. nilme | ✧ Ety/NIL |
| ndilmo > nilmo | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NIL/NDIL > ᴹQ. nilmo | ✧ Ety/NIL |
| ndisse > nisse | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDIS-SĒ/SĀ > ᴹQ. nisse | ✧ Ety/NDIS |
| ndōla > nōla | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDOL > ᴹQ. nóla | ✧ Ety/NDOL |
| ndōre > nōre | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDOR > ᴹQ. nóre | ✧ Ety/NDOR |
| ndōrē > nōrē | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndōrē > ᴹQ. nóre | ✧ PE19/36 |
| ndōrē > nōrē | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndṓrē > ᴹQ. nōrē | ✧ PE19/59 |
| nulda > nulda | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndulna > ᴹQ. nulda | ✧ Ety/DUL |
| ndulla > nulla | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶ndulla > ᴹQ. nulla | ✧ Ety/NDUL |
| ndulla > nulla | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶(n)dulla > ᴹQ. nulla | ✧ EtyAC/DUL |
| ndulla > nulla | nd- > n- | ᴹ✶(n)dulla > ᴹQ. nulla | ✧ EtyAC/DUL |
| ndumbe > numbe | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDUB/DUB > ᴹQ. numbe/núve | ✧ EtyAC/NDUB |
| ndur- > nur- | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDUR > ᴹQ. nure | ✧ PE22/103 |
| ndūro > nūro | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDUR > ᴹQ. nûro | ✧ Ety/NDŪ |
| ndūta- > nūta- | nd- > n- | ᴹ√NDŪ > ᴹQ. núta | ✧ Ety/NDŪ |
| ŋgalme > ŋalme | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGAL/ÑGÁLAM > ᴹQ. ñalme | ✧ Ety/ÑGAL |
| ŋganda- > ŋanda- | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGANAD > ᴹQ. ñanda- | ✧ Ety/ÑGAN |
| ŋgande > ŋande | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGANAD > ᴹQ. ñande | ✧ Ety/ÑGAN |
| ŋgande > ŋande | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGANAD > ᴹQ. nande | ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN |
| ŋgarmo > ŋarmo | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGAR(A)M > ñarmo > ᴹQ. narmo | ✧ Ety/ÑGAR(A)M |
| ŋgaule > ŋaule | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGAW > ᴹQ. naule | ✧ Ety/ÑGAW |
| ŋgauro > ŋauro | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGAW > ᴹQ. ñauro | ✧ Ety/ÑGAW |
| ŋgjalme > ŋjalme | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGYAL/ÑGYÁLAM > ᴹQ. yalme | ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAL |
| ŋgoa > ŋoa | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGŌ̆W > ᴹQ. noa | ✧ EtyAC/ÑGŌ̆W |
| ŋgōla > ŋōla | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGOL > ᴹQ. ñóla | ✧ Ety/ÑGOL |
| ŋgoldō > ŋoldō | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGÓLOD > ᴹQ. noldo | ✧ Ety/ÑGOLOD |
| ŋgoldō > ŋoldō | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ŊGÓLODŌ > ŋoldo > ᴹQ. noldo | ✧ PE18/40 |
| ŋgoldō > ŋoldō | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ✶ñgolodō > ᴹQ. ñoldo | ✧ PE19/36 |
| ŋgoldō > ŋoldō | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ✶ñgòlodṓ > ᴹQ. ñgoldṓ | ✧ PE19/58 |
| ŋgōle > ŋōle | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGOL > ᴹQ. ñóle | ✧ Ety/ÑGOL |
| ŋgolwe > ŋolwe | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGOL > ᴹQ. ñolwe | ✧ Ety/ÑGOL |
| ŋgorta > ŋorta | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGÓROTH > ᴹQ. norta | ✧ EtyAC/ÑGOROTH |
| ŋgorto > ŋorto | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGÓROTH > ᴹQ. norto | ✧ EtyAC/ÑGOROTH |
| ŋguru > ŋuru | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGUR > ᴹQ. ñuru | ✧ Ety/ÑGUR |
| ŋgwalja- > ŋwalja- | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGWAL > ᴹQ. nwalya- | ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL |
| ŋgwalka > ŋwalka | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGWAL > ᴹQ. nwalka | ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL |
| ŋgwalma > ŋwalma | ŋg- > ŋ- | ᴹ√ÑGWAL > ᴹQ. nwalma | ✧ EtyAC/ÑGWAL |
ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals; [{mb|nd|ndʲ|ŋg|ŋgʷ}-] > [{mnnʲŋŋʷ}-]
Order ()
| Before | initial [ŋʷ] became [m] |
Phonetic Rule Elements
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> |
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✧ PE12/16 (mb > b) |
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> |
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✧ PE12/16 (nd > d) |
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> |
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✧ PE12/16 (ñj > dı̯) |
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> |
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✧ PE12/16 (ȵg > g) |
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> |
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✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > gu̯; initial) |
Phonetic Rule Examples
| mbaldor > maldor | mb- > m- | ᴱ√MALA³ > ᴱQ. maldor | ✧ QL/58 |
| mbalka > malka | mb- > m- | ᴱ√MALA³ > ᴱQ. malka | ✧ QL/58 |
| mbanðor > manðor | mb- > m- | ᴱ√mᵇṇřṇ > ᴱQ. mandor | ✧ PME/58 |
| mbanðost > manðost | mb- > m- | ᴱ√Mᵇ(A)NÐ(A)N > ᴱQ. Mandos | ✧ QL/58 |
| mbanðu > manðu | mb- > m- | ᴱ√Mᵇ(A)NÐ(A)N > ᴱQ. -MANDU | ✧ QL/58 |
| mbar > mar | mb- > m- | ᴱ√MBARA > ᴱQ. mar | ✧ QL/60 |
| mbaksa > maska | mb- > m- | ᴱ√M(B)ASA > ᴱQ. maksa- | ✧ QL/59 |
| mbasta > masta | mb- > m- | ᴱ✶mb[asta] > ᴱQ. masta | ✧ PE16/141 |
| mbasta > masta | mb- > m- | ᴱ√M(B)ASA > ᴱQ. masta | ✧ QL/59 |
| mbasta > masta | mb- > m- | ᴱ√M(B)ASA > ᴱQ. mas- | ✧ QL/59 |
| mbasto > masto | mb- > m- | ᴱ√NGWAÐA > ᴱQ. masto | ✧ QL/60 |
| mbaswa > maswa | mb- > m- | ᴱ√M(B)ASA > ᴱQ. maswa | ✧ QL/59 |
| mbure > mure | mb- > m- | ᴱ✶mbúrya: > ᴱQ. mure | ✧ PE13/139 |
| mburja > murja | mb- > m- | ᴱ✶mburyá: > ᴱQ. murya | ✧ PE13/139 |
| ndaxta- > naxta- | nd- > n- | ᴱ✶ndag+ta > ᴱQ. nahta- | ✧ PE14/66 |
| ndoldare > noldare | nd- > n- | ᴱ√NDOLO > ᴱQ. noldare | ✧ QL/65 |
| ndolmo > nolmo | nd- > n- | ᴱ√NDOLO > ᴱQ. nolmo | ✧ QL/65 |
| ndolpa > nolpa | nd- > n- | ᴱ√ndolo- > ᴱQ. nolpa | ✧ GL/30 |
| ndor > nor | nd- > n- | ‽ᴱ√NOŘO > ᴱQ. nor | ✧ QL/67 |
| ndōre > nōre | nd- > n- | ᴱ✶ndŏre > ᴱQ. nōre | ✧ PE13/161 |
| ndorne > norne | nd- > n- | ‽ᴱ√NOŘO > ᴱQ. norne | ✧ QL/67 |
| ŋgʷāloθ > ŋʷāloθ | ŋgʷ- > ŋʷ- | ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- > malosta > ᴱQ. mālos | ✧ GL/41 |
| ŋgʷeril > ŋʷeril | ŋgʷ- > ŋʷ- | ᴱ√ŋgu̯eđe > ᴱQ. meril | ✧ GL/45 |