✶[b]

✶[b]

References ✧ PE17/92, 153; PE18/82, 105; PE19/69, 76, 83, 90-95; PM/402; VT47/12; WJ/416

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

b{ptkpʰtʰkʰs} > p{ptkpʰtʰkʰs} ✧ PE19/90 (b > p; before voiceless consonants); PE19/95 (b > p; before s)
w-|VwV > β-|VβV ✧ PE17/92 (b > v)
AQ. combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced bb > pp ✧ PE19/83 (bb > pp)
AQ. combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced bd > pt ✧ PE19/91 (bd > pt)
AQ. voiced stops became nasals before nasals bm > mm ✧ PE19/92 (b > m; before nasals)
AQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals b > β ✧ PE17/153 (b > v; initial); PE18/105 (b > v); PE19/69 (b > ƀ); PE19/90 (b > ƀ); PE19/93 (b > ƀ); PE19/94 (b > ƀ)
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals mb- > m- ✧ PE19/76 (mb- > m)
✶[bm], [dn] became [mb], [nd] bm > mb ✧ VT47/12 (bm > mb); WJ/416 (bm > mb; in CE or earlier)
Q. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v] β > v ✧ PM/402 (b > v)

ᴹ✶[b]

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/18, 21, 23, 30, 38, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals bm < pm ✧ PE19/50 (pm > bm)
ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals bn < pn ✧ PE19/50 (pn > bn)
Dan. medial [b] became [v] Vb > Vv ✧ PE19/23 (-b- > -f-); PE19/23 (-b- > -f-)
Ilk. voiced stops spirantalized after vowels Vb > Vv ✧ PE19/23 (-b- > -v-)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids bl > lb ✧ PE19/51 (bl > lb)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids br > rb ✧ PE19/51 (br > rb)
ᴹAQ. combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced bd > pt ✧ PE19/50 (bd > pt)
ᴹAQ. voiced stops became nasals before nasals bm > mm ✧ PE19/50 (bm > mm)
ᴹAQ. voiced stops became nasals before nasals bn > mn ✧ PE19/50 (bn > mn)
ᴹAQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals and liquids b > β ✧ PE19/38 (b > v); PE19/50 (b > v)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals mb- > m- ✧ PE19/38 (mb > m; initial)
ᴹAQ. medial [s] often became [z] VsV > VzV ✧ PE19/51 (s > z)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants bs > ps ✧ PE19/50 (b + s > ps)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants bt > pt ✧ PE19/52 (b + t > pt)

ᴱ✶[b]

References ✧ PE12/15; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels Vb > Vβ ✧ PE12/16 (b > v (w); medial)