✶[kʰ] ‹kh›

✶[kʰ] ‹kh›

References ✧ LotR/1115; PE17/92; PE18/82-83; PE19/69, 71, 75, 83-84, 87, 100; VT41/9

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

AQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops ktʰ > kt ✧ PE19/84 (kht > kth)
AQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops kkʰ > kk ✧ PE19/87 (*kkh > kk)
AQ. aspirates became voiceless spirants kʰ > x ✧ PE19/71 (kh > χ); PE19/75 (khy > χy); PE19/75 (khw > χw); PE19/83 (khy > χy)
AQ. [x] unvoiced following [j], [w] xj > j̊ ✧ LotR/1115 (khy- > hy)
✶aspirate became voiceless stop before [s] kʰs > ks ✧ PE19/83 (kh-s > ks); PE19/100 (χs > ks)
Q. [x] became [h] except before [t] x > h ✧ PE17/92 (kh > h)

ᴹ✶[kʰ] ‹kh›

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/18, 21, 23, 30, 37-38, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids lkʰ < kʰl ✧ PE19/51 (khl > lkh)
Dan. medial [x] vanished between vowels -x- > -ø- ✧ PE19/23 (-khj- > -(j)); PE19/23 (-kh- > -); PE19/23 (-kh- > -)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates kʰr > ks ✧ PE19/50 (khr > ks)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops kkʰ > kk ✧ PE19/50 (kkh > kk)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless spirants kʰ > x ✧ PE19/51 (lkh > lkh); PE19/51 (lkhy > lkhy; rare); PE19/51 (lkhw > lkhw; rare); PE19/51 (rkh > rkh); PE19/51 (rkhw > rkhw); PE19/51 (rkhy > rkhy)
ᴹAQ. [x], [s] unvoiced following [j], [w] xj > j̊ ✧ PE19/50 (khy > hy); PE19/38 (khy > hy); PE19/52 (khy > hy)
ᴹAQ. [x], [s] unvoiced following [j], [w] xw > w̥ ✧ PE19/50 (khw > hw); PE19/38 (khw > hw); PE19/52 (khw > hw)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j] kʰj > tʰj ✧ PE19/51 (skhy > sty)
ᴹ✶aspirates became voiceless stops after [s], [h] skʰ > sk ✧ PE19/51 (skhw > skw)
ᴹ✶aspirate became voiceless stop before [s] kʰs > ks ✧ PE19/50 (kh + s > ks)
ᴹ✶aspiration moved to end of group of stops kʰt > ktʰ ✧ PE19/52 (kh + t > k + th)
ᴹQ. [x] became [h] except before [t] x > h ✧ PE19/37 (kh > h); PE19/50 (kh > h); PE19/52 (kh > h)
ON. labialized velars became labials kʰw- > pʰ- ✧ PE19/18 (khw- > ph/f-)
ON. aspirates became voiceless spirants kʰ > x ✧ PE19/18 (kh- > kh/χ-); PE19/21 (khr- > khr-); PE19/21 (khl- > khl-); PE19/23 (-khj- > -khj-); PE19/23 (-kh- > -kh-); PE19/23 (-khw- > -khw-)

ᴱ✶[x] ‹h, χ›

References ✧ PE12/15, 18, 20-21

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ] xɸ > ɸɸ ✧ PE12/21 (x + ꝑ > ꝑꝑ)
ᴱQ. initial [x-] became [h-] x- > h- ✧ PE12/16 (x > h); PE12/18 (χ/h > h)
ᴱQ. geminate voiceless spirants reduced xx > h ✧ PE12/18 (χχ > h)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants voiced after liquids rx > rɣ ✧ PE12/18 (liquids + χ > rg)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants voiced after liquids lx > lɣ ✧ PE12/18 (liquids + χ > lg)
ᴱQ. final voiceless spirants were weakened and voiced -x > -ɣ ✧ PE12/20 (h > ʒ)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops before stops, [s] or [z] xs > ks ✧ PE12/18 (χs > ks)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop kʷx > kk ✧ PE12/18 (qχ > cc)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop kx > kk ✧ PE12/18 (kχ > kk)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops after nasals ŋx > ŋk ✧ PE12/18 (nasal + χ > nc)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop px > pp ✧ PE12/18 (pχ > pp)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop tʲx > tt ✧ PE12/18 (k͡χ > tt)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop tx > tt ✧ PE12/18 (tχ > tt)
ᴱQ. intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced VxV > VɣV ✧ PE12/16 (x > -; medial); PE12/18 (χ/h > ɣ)

ᴱ✶[xʷ] ‹xw, ƕ›

References ✧ PE12/15, 17-18, 20-21

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

{lr}xʷ > {lr}w ✧ PE12/17 (liquids + x͡w > lw or rw)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ] xʷɸ > ɸɸ ✧ PE12/21 (x͡w + ꝑ > ꝑꝑ)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops after nasals ŋxʷ > ŋkʷ ✧ PE12/17 (nasals + x͡w > nq)
ᴱQ. [xʷ] became [kʷ] after voiceless stops {tʲptk}xʷ > {tʲptk}kʷ ✧ PE12/17 (voiceless stops + x͡w > q)
ᴱQ. final voiceless spirants were weakened and voiced -xw > -w ✧ PE12/20 (ƕ > w̑)
ᴱQ. [sxʷ] became [sw] sxʷ > sw ✧ PE12/20 (sx͡w > sw)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ] xʷx > xx ✧ PE12/20 (x͡w + x > xx)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ] xʷxʷ > xʷxʷ ✧ PE12/20 (x͡w + x͡w > xx͡w)
ᴱQ. [xʷu] became [xu] xʷu > xu ✧ PE12/17 (x͡w > h; before u); PE12/17 (x͡w > h; between vowels)
ᴱQ. initial and intervocalic [xʷ] became [f] xʷ- > f- ✧ PE12/17 (x͡w > f)
ᴱQ. initial and intervocalic [xʷ] became [f] VxʷV > VfV ✧ PE12/17 (x͡w > f; between vowels)
ᴱQ. intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced VxʷV > VɣʷV ✧ PE12/16 (x͡w > ẇ; medial)
ᴱT. labialized velars became labials xʷ- > f- ✧ PE12/16 (x͡w > f)
ᴱT. intervocalic [gʷ], [xʷ], [ɣʷ] became [v] VxʷV > VvV ✧ PE12/16 (x͡w > v; medial)
G. [xʷ] became [f] xʷ > f ✧ PE12/17 (x͡w > f)