ON. labialized velars became labials; [kw|kʰw-|gw|ŋgw] > [p|pʰ-|b|mb]

ON. labialized velars became labials; [kw|kʰw-|gw|ŋgw] > [p|pʰ-|b|mb]
GS/§4.23 WGHC/§89i [PIE kʷ, kʷʰ > Kelt kʷ > Brit p] §92ii [PIE gʷ > Kelt b] §92v [PIE ngʷ > (Kelt mb?) > mm > W m] @@@

References ✧ PE19/32, 35; PE22/25

Phonetic Rule Elements

[kw] > [p] ✧ PE19/18 (kw- > p-); PE19/20 (skw- > sph-); PE19/23 (-kw- > -p-)
[kʰw-] > [pʰ-] ✧ PE19/18 (khw- > ph/f-)
[gw] > [b] ✧ PE19/18 (gw- > b-); PE19/23 (-gw- > -b-)
[ŋgw] > [mb] ✧ Ety/ING (ngw > mb); PE19/20 (ŋgw- > mb-)
[ŋkw] > [mp]
[ŋw-] > [m-]

Phonetic Rule Examples

gwenja > benja gw > b ᴹ√GWEN > N. bein ✧ Ety/GWEN
gwinde > binde gw > b ᴹ√GWINDI > bind > N. binn ✧ EtyAC/GWINDI
gwinje > binje gw > b ᴹ√GWIN > N. bîn ✧ EtyAC/GWIN
alkwā > alpā kw > p ᴹ✶alk-wā > ON. alpha ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
atakwē > atapē kw > p ᴹ✶atakwē > N. adab ✧ Ety/TAK
atakwī > atapī kw > p ᴹ✶atakwē > N. edeb ✧ Ety/TAK
djelekwa > djelepa kw > p ᴹ√DYEL > N. deleb ✧ Ety/DYEL
erekwa > erepa kw > p ᴹ✶ereqa > N. ereb ✧ Ety/ERE
laikwa > laipa kw > p ᴹ✶laı̯k-wā > N. lhoeb ✧ Ety/LÁYAK
laikwa > laipa kw > p ᴹ✶laı̯k-wā > N. lhaeb ✧ EtyAC/LÁYAK
lassekwelēnē > lassepelēnē kw > p ᴹ✶lassekwelēnē > N. lhasbelin ✧ EtyAC/KWEL
kwalme > palme kw > p ᴹ√KWAL > N. palw ✧ EtyAC/KWAL
kwāme > pāme kw > p ᴹ√KWAM > N. paw ✧ Ety/KWAM
kwanta- > panta- kw > p ᴹ√KWAT > N. pannod ✧ Ety/KWAT
kwanta > panta kw > p ᴹ√KWAT > ON. panta ✧ Ety/KWAT
kwantjēnare > pantjēnare kw > p ᴹ√KWAT > N. penninar ✧ Ety/YEN
kwantra- > pantra- kw > p ᴹ√KWAT > N. pathro ✧ Ety/KWAT
kwāre > pāre kw > p ᴹ√KWAR > ON. pōre ✧ Ety/KWAR
kwelēnē > pelēnē kw > p ᴹ✶kwelēnē > N. belin ✧ Ety/LAS¹
kwǣnē > pǣnē kw > p ᴹ✶kwǣ-nē > ON. †paine ✧ EtyAC/KWǢ
kwenedē > penedē kw > p ᴹ✶kwenedē > N. penedh ✧ Ety/KWEN(ED)
kwenedī > penedī kw > p ᴹ✶kwenedē > N. penidh ✧ Ety/KWEN(ED)
kwentā > pentā kw > p ᴹ✶kwentā > N. pent ✧ Ety/KWET
kwentasse > pentasse kw > p ᴹ√KWET > N. pennas ✧ Ety/KWET
kwentrō > pentrō kw > p ᴹ✶kwentrō > N. pethron ✧ Ety/KWET
kwesseke > pesseke kw > p ᴹ√KWES > N. pesseg ✧ Ety/KWES
kwetta > petta kw > p ᴹ✶kwetta > N. peth ✧ Ety/KWET
kwiŋgā > piŋgā kw > p ᴹ✶kwingā > N. peng ✧ Ety/KWIG
salakwē > salapē kw > p ᴹ✶SALÁK-(WĒ) > ON. salape ✧ Ety/SALÁK
uskwē > uspē kw > p ᴹ✶us(u)k-wē > N. osp ✧ Ety/USUK
aŋgwa > amba ŋgw > mb ᴹ√ANGWA > N. am- ✧ Ety/ANGWA
geŋgwā > gembā ŋgw > mb ᴹ√GENG-WĀ > gemb > N. gem ✧ Ety/GENG-WĀ
iŋgwege > imbege ŋgw > mb ᴹ✶ingwege > N. †Imbe ✧ EtyAC/ING
liŋgwe > limbe ŋgw > mb ᴹ✶liñwi > lhimb > N. lhim ✧ Ety/LIW
liŋgwit- > limbit- ŋgw > mb ᴹ√LINKWI > N. lhimmid ✧ Ety/LINKWI
-ŋgw- > -mb- ŋgw > mb ᴹ✶-ŋw- > ON. -mb- ✧ PE19/23
ŋgwāla > mbāla ŋgw > mb ᴹ√ÑGWAL > N. baul ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
ŋgwalaraukō > mbalaraukō ŋgw > mb ᴹ✶ñgwalaraukō > N. Balrog ✧ Ety/RUK
ŋgwalka > mbalka ŋgw > mb ᴹ√ÑGWAL > N. balch ✧ Ety/ÑGWAL
neŋgwe > nembe ŋgw > mb ᴹ✶NEÑ-WI > nemb > N. nem ✧ Ety/NEÑ-WI
riŋgwe > rimbe ŋgw > mb ᴹ√RINGI > rhimb > N. rhim ✧ Ety/RINGI
liŋkwe > limpe ŋkw > mp ᴹ√LINKWI > N. lhimp ✧ Ety/LINKWI
niŋkwe > nimpe ŋkw > mp ᴹ√NIK-W > N. nimp ✧ Ety/NIK-W
niŋkwirete > nimpirete ŋkw > mp ᴹ√NIK-W > N. nifred ✧ Ety/NIK-W
niŋkwit- > nimpit- ŋkw > mp ᴹ√NIK-W > N. nimmid ✧ Ety/NIK-W

ᴱN. labialized velars became labials

Reference ✧ PE13/121 ✧ for example: cwant “fear”, pant “fear”

G. non-initial [kʷ] become [p]; [Xkʷ] > [Xp]

HPG/§2.7

Phonetic Rule Elements

[Xkʷ] > [Xp]

Phonetic Rule Examples

alkʷā > alpā Xkʷ > Xp ᴱ✶alchwa > G. alfa ✧ GL/18
nṛkʷ- > nṛp- Xkʷ > Xp ᴱ√nṛq- > G. drib- ✧ GL/30
talkʷa > talpa Xkʷ > Xp ᴱ✶talqă > G. talp ✧ GL/69
tṝkʷa > tṝpa Xkʷ > Xp ᴱ✶tṝqă > G. tarb ✧ GL/69

ᴱT. labialized velars became labials; [{kgxɣŋ}ʷ-|ŋgʷ-|-ŋgʷ-] > [{pbfvm}-|b-|-mb-]

References ✧ PE12/17, 21; QL/38

Variations

Phonetic Rule Elements

[kʷ-] > [p-] ✧ PE12/16 (k͡w > p)
[gʷ-] > [b-] ✧ PE12/16 (g͡w > b)
[xʷ-] > [f-] ✧ PE12/16 (x͡w > f)
[ɣʷ] > [v]
[ŋʷ-] > [m-] ✧ PE12/16 (ȵ͡w > m)
[ŋgʷ-] > [b-] ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > b)
[-ŋgʷ-] > [-mb-] ✧ PE12/16 (ȵg͡w > mb; medial)