ᴹ✶[pʰ] ‹ph›

ᴹ✶[pʰ] ‹ph›

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/18, 21, 23, 30, 37, 40, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids lpʰ < pʰl ✧ PE19/51 (phl > lph)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids rpʰ < pʰr ✧ PE19/51 (phr > rph)
Dan. aspirates became voiceless spirants pʰ > f ✧ PE19/18 (ph- > f-); PE19/18 (ph- > f-); PE19/21 (phr- > fr-); PE19/21 (phr- > fr-); PE19/21 (phl- > fl-); PE19/21 (phl- > fl-)
Dan. medial voiceless spirants voiced after vowels -Vf- > -Vv- ✧ PE19/23 (-ph- > f = v); PE19/23 (-ph- > f = v)
Ilk. aspirates became voiceless spirants pʰ > f ✧ PE19/18 (ph- > f-); PE19/21 (phr- > fr-); PE19/21 (phl- > fl-)
Ilk. medial voiceless spirants voiced after vowels -Vf- > -Vv- ✧ PE19/23 (-ph- > -v-)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates pʰr > ps ✧ PE19/50 (phr > ps)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops ppʰ > pp ✧ PE19/40 (pph > ppʰ); PE19/50 (pph > pp)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless spirants pʰ > ɸ ✧ PE19/37 (ph > f); PE19/50 (ph > ph); PE19/50 (phy > phy); PE19/51 (lph > lph); PE19/51 (rph > rph)
ᴹ✶metathesis pʰm > mpʰ ✧ PE19/50 (phm > mph)
ᴹ✶aspirate became voiceless stop before [s] pʰs > ps ✧ PE19/50 (ph + s > ps)
ᴹ✶aspiration moved to end of group of stops pʰt > ptʰ ✧ PE19/50 (ph-t > pt); PE19/52 (ph + t > p + th)
ON. aspirates became voiceless spirants pʰ > ɸ ✧ PE19/18 (ph- > ph/f-); PE19/21 (phr- > phr-); PE19/21 (phl- > phl-); PE19/23 (-ph- > -ph-)

ᴱ✶[ɸ] ‹f›

References ✧ PE12/15, 20

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [ɸx] became [f] ɸx > f ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑx > fh > f)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops before stops, [s] or [z] ɸt > pt ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑt > pt)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops before stops, [s] or [z] ɸs > ps ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑs > ps)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops after nasals mɸ > mp ✧ PE12/20 (nasal + ꝑ > mp)
ᴱQ. final [ɸ] became [xʷ] -ɸ > -xʷ ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑ > ƕ)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirant combinations assimilated except to [θ] ɸxʷ > xʷxʷ ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑ + x͡w > xx͡w)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants voiced before voiced continuants ɸ{βmnŋrljw} > β{βmnŋrljw} ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑ or f > ƀ; before voiced spirants, before n, r, l, ı̯, u̯)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants voiced after liquids lɸ > lβ ✧ PE12/20 (liquids + ꝑ > lb)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants voiced after liquids rɸ > rβ ✧ PE12/20 (liquids + ꝑ > rb)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f] ɸ > f ✧ PE12/16 (ꝑ > f)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f] ɸɣʷ > f ✧ PE12/20 (fw̑ > f)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f] ɸðʲ > j̊ ✧ PE12/20 (fy̑ > hy)
ᴱQ. [ɸ] usually became [f] ɸu > βu ✧ PE12/20 (ꝑ > ƀ; before ū̆)
ᴱQ. intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced VfV > VvV ✧ PE12/16 (f > v (w); medial); PE12/20 (ꝑ or f > f > v; between vowels)