Q. [s]

Q. [s]

References ✧ Let/425; LotR/1114; PE17/52, 71, 76, 92; PE18/91; PE19/71, 73, 79-80, 82, 87-88, 99, 102; PM/331; VT42/18

Variations

• s ✧ LotR/1114; PE17/92; PE19/80; PE19/87; PE19/102; PM/331
• sy ✧ PE19/88

Element In

• Q. t-series
• Q. voiceless-spirants

Phonetic Developments

✶d-d > st

[d+d] > [zd] > [st]

✧ PE18/91

Phonetic Development

Q. [no change]	s	<	s	✧ PE19/73 (s > s; initially)
✶[t+t], [d+d] from suffixion became [st], [zd]	st	<	t+t	✧ PE18/91 (t-t > st); VT42/18 (t-t > st)
✶[t+t], [d+d] from suffixion became [st], [zd]	zd	<	d+d	✧ PE18/91 (d-d > st)
AQ. [z] plus voiced stop became unvoiced	st	<	zd	✧ PE17/52 (zd > st)
AQ. syllabic initial [s] became [is]	is-	<	ṣ-	✧ PE19/79 (ṣ > is)
Q. [θ] became [s]	s	<	θ	✧ Let/425 (þ > s); LotR/1114 (th > s); PE17/76 (þ > s); PE19/71 (þ > s); PE19/82 (thy > sy); PE19/82 (thw > sw)
Q. [rs] became [ss]	ss	<	rs	✧ PE17/71 (rs > ss); PE19/99 (rs > ss)

ᴹQ. [s]

References ✧ PE19/37, 50-51; PE22/65

Variations

• s ✧ PE22/65; PE22/65

Element In

• ᴹQ. t-series ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. voiceless-spirants ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹQ. [no change]	s	<	s	✧ PE19/37 (s > s; initial); PE19/51 (ls > ls); PE19/51 (ss > ss); PE19/51 (st > st); PE19/51 (sty > sty); PE19/51 (skw > skw)
ᴹAQ. [ns] became [ss] or [nz]	ss	<	ns	✧ PE19/51 (ns > ss)
ᴹAQ. [sr] became [ss]	ss	<	sr	✧ PE19/51 (sr > r [ss?]); PE19/51 (sr > ss)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ps	<	pr	✧ PE19/50 (pr > ps)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ps	<	pʰr	✧ PE19/50 (phr > ps)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ts	<	tr	✧ PE19/50 (tr > ts)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ts	<	tʰr	✧ PE19/50 (thr > ts)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ks	<	kr	✧ PE19/50 (kr > ks)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ks	<	kʰr	✧ PE19/50 (khr > ks)
ᴹAQ. [r] became [s] after voiceless stops and aspirates	ns	<	ntr	✧ PE19/50 (ntr > ns; rare)
ᴹQ. [pt], [kt] became [ps], [xt]	ps	<	pt	✧ PE19/50 (pt > ps)
ᴹQ. [θ] became [s]	s	<	θ	✧ PE19/50 (th > s); PE19/50 (thy > sy); PE19/50 (thw > sw); PE19/50 (nth > ns; later); PE19/51 (lth > ls); PE19/51 (lth > ls; TQ); PE19/51 (rth > rs); PE19/51 (rthy > rsy)
ᴹQ. [rs] became [ss]	ss	<	rs	✧ PE19/51 (rs > r [ss?])
ᴹQ. initial [ps], [ks] became [s]	s-	<	ps-	✧ PE19/37 (ps > s; initial)
ᴹQ. initial [ps], [ks] became [s]	s-	<	ks-	✧ PE19/37 (ks > s; initial)
ᴹQ. initial [ps], [ks] became [s]	s-	<	ts-	✧ PE19/37 (ts > s; initial)

ᴱQ. [s]

References ✧ PE12/16, 19-20, 24, 26; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• þ ✧ PE12/16
• s ✧ PE14/41; PE14/41; PE14/60

Changes

• þ >> s ✧ PE12/16

Element In

• ᴱQ. t-series
• ᴱQ. voiceless-spirants ✧ PE14/41

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [no change]	s	<	s	✧ PE12/16 (s > s)
ᴱQ. [sx] became [ss]	ss	<	sx	✧ PE12/20 (sx > sh > ss)
ᴱQ. [θ] became [s]	s	<	θ	✧ PE12/16 (þ > s); PE12/19 (þ > s); PE12/24 (þ > s)
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-s	<	-ss	✧ PE12/26 (-ss > -s)
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-s	<	-ks	✧ PE12/26 (ks > -s)
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-s	<	-ps	✧ PE12/26 (ps > -s)
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-s	<	-ts	✧ PE12/26 (ts > -s)
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-s	<	-st	✧ PE12/26 (st > -s)
ᴱQ. initial [sw] and [sβ] became [f], [sj] became [j̊]	sβ-	>	f-	✧ PE12/19 (su̯, sw̑, sƀ > f)
ᴱQ. initial [sw] and [sβ] became [f], [sj] became [j̊]	sj-	>	j̊-	✧ PE12/19 (sı̯, sẏ > hy)
ᴱQ. final [s] became [r]	-Vs	>	-Vr	✧ PE12/26 (-s > -r)
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-ss	>	-s	✧ PE12/26 (-ss > -s)