✶[g]

✶[g]

References ✧ PE17/153; PE18/82, 91, 102, 104-105; PE19/69-72, 74-76, 79, 83, 90-93, 95-97; PE22/149; VT42/8; VT48/26; WJ/411

Variations

Related

Element In

Phonetic Development

✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg] ŋg < ŋŋ ✧ PE18/91 (ŋŋ > ŋg); PE18/104 (ññ > ñg); PE19/96 (ññ > ñg); PE22/149 (ŋŋ > ng)
✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg] ŋg < ŋɣ ✧ PE18/102 (ʒ > g; after a nasal)
✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋgj- < -ŋj- ✧ PE19/74 (ñy > ñgy); PE19/97 (ñy > ññy > ñgy)
✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋgw- < -ŋw- ✧ PE19/74 (ñw > *ñgw); PE19/95 (ñ > ñg; before y, w); PE19/97 (ñw > ññw > ñgw)
ɣw > ww ✧ PE19/76 (gw > u̯w)
gj > dj ✧ PE19/75 (gy > dy)
AQ. combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced gg > kk ✧ PE19/83 (gg > kk)
AQ. combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced gd > kt ✧ PE19/91 (gd > kt)
AQ. voiced stops became nasals before nasals gŋ > ŋŋ ✧ PE19/92 (g > ñ; before nasals); PE19/95 (g > ñ; before nasals)
AQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals g > ɣ ✧ PE17/153 (g > ʒ; initial); PE19/70 (g > ʒ); PE19/70 (g > ʒ); PE19/75 (gy > ʒy; medial); PE19/75 (gw > ʒw; initially); PE19/79 (gr > ʒr; initially); PE19/79 (gl > ʒl; initially); PE19/83 (gy > ʒy)
AQ. velars were dentalized before [j] ŋgj > ndj ✧ PE19/74 (ñgy > ndy); PE19/92 (ñgy > ndy); PE19/97 (ñgy > ndy); PE19/96 (ñgy > ndy)
AQ. velars were dentalized before [j] gj > dj ✧ PE19/75 (gy > dy); PE19/83 (g > d; before y); PE19/93 (gy > dy); PE19/93 (gy > dy)
AQ. [ɣ] became [j] between [i], [e] and a vowel eɣV > ejV ✧ PE19/71 (ē̆gē̆ > eı̯e)
AT. labialized velars became labials gw > b ✧ PE18/105 (gw > b); PE18/105 (gw > b)
Ilk. [j] was lost after initial velars and dentals gj- > g- ✧ PE18/105 (gy > g)
OS. [j] was lost after initial velars gj- > g- ✧ PE18/105 (gy > g)
✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants gt > kt ✧ PE19/90 (g > k; before voiceless consonants)
✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants gs > ks ✧ PE19/95 (g > k; before s)
Q. [ɣ] from [g] vanished ɣ > ø ✧ PE18/105 (gy > y); PE18/105 (gw > w); PE19/72 (gw > ʒw > w); PE18/105 (g > [ø])
T. palatalized velars became dentals gj- > d- ✧ PE18/105 (gy > d)

ᴹ✶[g]

References ✧ EtyAC/GOS; PE18/30, 54, 59; PE19/18, 21, 23, 30, 38, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹ✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋgj- < -ŋj- ✧ PE18/54 (ŋy > ŋgy); PE19/50 (ñy > ñgy)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋgw- < -ŋw- ✧ PE18/54 (ŋw > ŋgw); PE19/50 (ñw > ñgw)
ᴹ✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg] ŋg < ŋɣ ✧ PE19/50 (ñʒ > ñg)
ᴹ✶[ŋŋ], [ŋɣ] became [ŋg] ŋg < ŋŋ ✧ PE19/50 (ññ > ñg)
Dan. [w] vanished after medial velars in Ossiriandic -gw- > -g- ✧ PE19/23 (-gw- > w, g); PE19/23 (-gw- > v, g)
Dan. initial [g] was lost before [w] gw- > w- ✧ PE19/18 (gw- > w-); PE19/18 (gw- > gw-)
Dan. [j] became [i] in Ossiriandic j > i ✧ PE19/23 (-gj- > -g(i)-)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids gl > lg ✧ PE19/51 (gl > lg)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids gr > rg ✧ PE19/51 (gr > rg)
ᴹAQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals and liquids g > ɣ ✧ PE19/38 (gl > l; initial); PE19/38 (gr > r; initial); PE19/38 (gw > w); PE19/38 (g > ø)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j] gj > dj ✧ PE19/51 (lgy > ldy); PE19/51 (rgy > rdy)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j] ŋgj > ndj ✧ PE19/50 (ñgy > ndy)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals ŋg- > ŋ- ✧ PE19/38 (ñg > ñ; initial); PE19/38 (ñgw > ñw; initial)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants gs > ks ✧ PE19/50 (g + s > ks)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants gt > kt ✧ PE19/52 (g + t > k + t)
ᴹ✶medial [ŋj], [ŋw] became [ŋgj], [ŋgw] -ŋw- > -ŋgw- ✧ PE19/50 (ñw > ñgw)
ᴹQ. [ɣ] from [g] vanished ɣ > ø ✧ PE19/38 (gy > y)
ON. labialized velars became labials gw > b ✧ PE19/18 (gw- > b-); PE19/23 (-gw- > -b-)

ᴱ✶[g]

References ✧ PE12/15; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels Vg > Vɣ ✧ PE12/16 (g > -; medial)

ᴱ✶[gʷ] ‹gw›

Reference ✧ PE12/15 ✧ g͡w

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. voiced stops became spirants after vowels Vgʷ > Vɣʷ ✧ PE12/16 (g͡w > ẇ; medial)
ᴱT. labialized velars became labials gʷ- > b- ✧ PE12/16 (g͡w > b)
ᴱT. intervocalic [gʷ], [xʷ], [ɣʷ] became [v] VgʷV > VvV ✧ PE12/16 (g͡w > v; medial)