Eldamo : Sindarin : go-

S. go- pref. “together, co-, com-” (Category: Together)

S. go-, pref. “together, co-, com-” (Category: Together)

The Sindarin suffix go- “together” was established early in Tolkien’s life. It was derived from √WO and had a variant gwa- depending on ancient patterns of stress, since ancient wo > wa > gwa when stressed but when unstressed wo > gwo > go (WJ/367-368). The go-variant is the normal form, and gwa- survived only in a few two-syllable words such as gwanon “twin = *together-born”.

Conceptual Development: The go-/gwa- variation dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that document the primitive form was ᴱ✶ŋu̯a which become go- when unstressed (GL/40). The derivation of N. go- from ᴹ√WŌ was introduced in The Etymologies of the 1930s which when stressed produced gwa-, but this gwa-variant was already limited to old formations in the 1930s (Ety/WŌ).

References ✧ PE17/16, 191; WJ/367-368

Glosses

“together” ✧ PE17/16 (go-)
“together, co-, com-” ✧ WJ/367 (gwa-)

Variations

go ✧ PE17/16; WJ/367; WJ/368; PE17/16 (go-)
go´ ✧ PE17/191
gwa´ ✧ PE17/191
gwa- ✧ WJ/367

Element In

ᴺS. gobab- “to shake”
ᴺS. !gobem “mouth”
ᴺS. !gobeth “dictionary”
ᴺS. !goianna- “to join with, add to”
ᴺS. !golain “connection, relation, context, (lit.) threadage”
ᴺS. !golof “consonant”
ᴺS. !gothiol “similar”
ᴺS. !gwabeth “sentence, phrase”
ᴺS. !gwachon “(sworn) brother, associate”
ᴺS. gwalir “rhyme, rime (the two actual rhyming words), rhyming poem”
ᴺS. gwanos “family, birth, heredity, *lineage”
ᴺS. gwaren “[nuclear] family”
S. #genedia- “to reckon”
S. gobel “village, town (enclosure)”
S. goloth “inflorescence, *collection of flowers”
S. govan- “to meet, come to same place” ✧ PE17/16 (govan-)
S. gwanon “twin” ✧ WJ/367 (gwanūn); WJ/367 (gwanunig)

Cognates

Q. o- “together” ✧ PE17/16 (o-); PE17/191 (ŏ-´); WJ/367 (ó-)
T. vo- “together” ✧ WJ/367 (vō/vo-)

Derivations

< √WO “together” ✧ PE17/16 (WĂ/WO); PE17/191 (WO/WONO); PE17/191 (WO/WONO); WJ/367
< ✶wō “together” ✧ WJ/368 (wo)
- < gwo < wo ✧ WJ/368
- < √WO “together” ✧ WJ/361

Phonetic Developments

√WĂ/WO > go	[wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-]	✧ PE17/16
√WO/WONO > go´	[wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-]	✧ PE17/191
√WO/WONO > gwa´	[wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-]	✧ PE17/191
√WO > gwa-	[wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-]	✧ WJ/367
✶wo > gwo > go-	[wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-]	✧ WJ/368

N. go- pref. “together” (Category: Together)

See S. go- for discussion.

References ✧ Ety/KWET, NAT, WŌ

Glosses

“together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; Ety/WŌ (†gwa-)

Variations

go ✧ Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT; Ety/WŌ
†gwa- ✧ Ety/WŌ

Element In

N. gobel “walled house or village, town”
N. godrebh “abreast; *together-through”
N. gonod- “to count (up), reckon, sum up” ✧ Ety/WŌ
N. #govad- “to meet”
N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ
N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers”
N. gwanod “tale, number”
N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/WŌ
N. gobennas “history” ✧ Ety/KWET
N. gonathra- “to entangle, enmesh” ✧ Ety/NAT
N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Cognates

Ilk. †gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ (†gwo)
ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ (ō̆-)

Derivations

< ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT (WŌ̆)
< ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ (wō/wŏ)
- < ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ (WŌ̆)
< N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ (†gwa-)
- < gwa-, in unstressed positions ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivatives

> N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

ᴹ√WŌ̆ > go-	[wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-]	✧ Ety/NAT
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > †gwa-	[wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-]	✧ Ety/WŌ

ᴱN. go- pref. “together, co(n)-” (Category: Together)

See S. go- for discussion.

References ✧ PE13/146, 162

Glosses

“together” ✧ PE13/162
“together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/146 (gwá-)

Variations

go- ✧ PE13/162
gwá- ✧ PE13/146
go-´ ✧ PE13/146
gwa- ✧ PE13/162

Element In

ᴱN. gobab- “to shake”

Cognates

ᴱQ. va- “together” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
ᴱT. va- “together” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162

G. go-¹ pref. “together, in one; with” (Category: Together)

See S. go- for discussion.

References ✧ GL/21-22, 34, 40-41, 43-44, 49, 56, 61, 68; LT2A/Golosbrindi

Glosses

“together, in one” ✧ GL/40; LT2A/Golosbrindi (gwa)
“with” ✧ GL/40

Variations

go ✧ GL/40; GL/40; GL/40; GL/40; GL/41; GL/43; LT2A/Golosbrindi; GL/22 (#go-); GL/22 (#go-); GL/34 (#go-); GL/34 (#go-); GL/34 (#go-); GL/41 (#go-); GL/41 (#go-); GL/41 (#go-); GL/41 (#go-); GL/44 (#go-); GL/49 (#go-); GL/56 (#go-); GL/61 (#go-); GL/68 (#go-); GL/21 (#go-)
gwa- ✧ GL/40; GL/40; GL/43; LT2A/Golosbrindi; GL/44 (#gwa-); GL/44 (#gwa-); GL/44 (#gwa-)
gwa· ✧ GL/41

gwa- cp. go- ✧ GL/43
go “together, in one” often used merely intensive, partly influence by gor ✧ GL/40

Element In

G. gochest “brother and brother, brother and sister, etc.” ✧ GL/40; GL/43 (gwachest)
G. gochestri “consanguinity” ✧ GL/49
G. godaithion “educated” ✧ GL/68
G. godaithri “education, erudition; grammar” ✧ GL/40
G. godaithri(o)n “learned, educated” ✧ GL/40 (godaithrin)
G. gofedhin “united, allied, ‘friends’” ✧ GL/34
G. gofedhra- “to unite in a band” ✧ GL/34
G. gofedhrog “ally” ✧ GL/34
G. gofel “exactly alike” ✧ GL/40; GL/43 (gwafel)
G. gofeltha “*similar, like” ✧ GL/40
G. gofelweg “one’s fellow or equal, rival” ✧ GL/40
G. gogail “mouth” ✧ GL/40 (gogìl)
G. golairin “rime, rhyme; riming poem” ✧ GL/41
G. golaudri “deluge, flood” ✧ GL/41
G. golesta- “to gather (intr.)” ✧ GL/44
G. gomaithri “government” ✧ GL/56
G. gomintha “together” ✧ GL/41
G. gomol “the teeth, two rows of teeth” ✧ GL/41
G. gonothri(n) “of same kindred” ✧ GL/61 (gonothri)
G. goredhin “related, sib, akin” ✧ GL/41
G. govaithum “clad” ✧ GL/21 (govaithum)
G. govedhri “wedding” ✧ GL/22
G. govedhwen “matrimony” ✧ GL/22
G. gwalest “concourse, moot, folkmote” ✧ GL/44
G. gwanos “family, birth, heredity” ✧ GL/44
G. gwarest “cousinhood, -ship” ✧ GL/44

Cognates

ᴱQ. ma- “together, in one” ✧ GL/40; GL/40

Derivations

< ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together, in one” ✧ GL/40; GL/41; GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi (ngua)

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ✶ŋu̯a > go

[ŋʷa-] > [ŋgʷa-] > [gʷa-] > [gʷo-] > [go-]

✧ GL/40