Q. [v]

Q. [v]

References ✧ PE17/76, 92, 118, 130, 153; PE18/105; PE19/69, 72, 76, 80, 93; PM/402

Variations

• v ✧ PE19/80

Element In

• Q. p-series
• Q. voiced-spirants

Phonetic Development

	β-|VβV	<	w-|VwV	✧ PE17/76 (w > v); PE17/92 (b > v); PE17/130 (w > v)
	v-|VvV	<	w-|VwV	✧ PE17/118 (áwa > ava); PE19/76 (w > v; from gw, in TQ)
AQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals	β	<	b	✧ PE17/153 (b > v; initial); PE18/105 (b > v)
Q. [ɸ], [β] became [f], [v]	v	<	β	✧ PE19/69 (ƀ > v); PE19/72 (ƀ > v; initially or between vowels); PE19/93 (rƀ, lƀ > rv, lv); PM/402 (b > v)

ᴹQ. [v]

References ✧ PE19/38, 50; PE22/65

Variations

• v ✧ PE22/65

Element In

• ᴹQ. p-series ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. voiced-spirants ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹAQ. voiced stops became spirants except after nasals and liquids

β

<

b

✧ PE19/38 (b > v); PE19/50 (b > v)

ᴱQ. [v]

References ✧ PE12/16-17, 20, 24; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• v ✧ PE14/41; PE14/60

Element In

• ᴱQ. p-series
• ᴱQ. voiced-spirants ✧ PE14/41

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [β] became [v]	v	<	β	✧ PE12/16 (ƀ > v (w); medial); PE12/24 (ƀ > v)
ᴱQ. [f] became [v] except before stressed vowel	VvV|VfV́	<	VfV|VfV́	✧ PE12/20 (f > v); PE12/20 (f > v)
ᴱQ. voiceless and voiced [w] became [f], [v] in Inwelin	v	<	w	✧ PE14/60 (w > v)
ᴱQ. intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced	VvV	<	VfV	✧ PE12/16 (f > v (w); medial); PE12/17 (f > v); PE12/20 (ꝑ or f > f > v; between vowels)