Q. [k] ‹c›

Q. [k] ‹c›

References ✧ LotR/1113; PE17/166; PE18/92, 94; PE19/69, 80, 83-84, 95, 101

Variations

• c ✧ LotR/1113
• k ✧ PE19/80
• ks ✧ PE19/80

Element In

• Q. k-series
• Q. voiceless-stops

Phonetic Development

Q. [no change]	k	<	k	✧ PE19/69 (k > k)
✶[tk] became [kk] or [kt] or [sk]	kt	<	tk	✧ PE17/166 (tk > kt; frequently in Quenya)
Q. [sp], [sk] became [ps], [ks]	ks	<	sk	✧ PE18/94 (sk > ks); PE19/83 (sk > ks); PE19/84 (sk > ks; metathesized); PE19/95 (sk > ks); PE19/101 (sk > ks)
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	k-	<	ŋk-	✧ PE18/92 (tk > c-)

ᴹQ. [k]

References ✧ PE19/37-38, 50; PE22/65

Variations

• k ✧ PE22/65

Element In

• ᴹQ. k-series ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. voiceless-stops ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹQ. [no change]	k	<	k	✧ PE19/37 (k > k); PE19/50 (k > k); PE19/50 (kk > kk); PE19/50 (ks > ks); PE19/50 (kw > kw)
ᴹAQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates	kkʰ	<	ŋkʰ	✧ PE19/50 (ñkh > kk)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops	kk	<	kkʰ	✧ PE19/50 (kkh > kk)
ᴹQ. [sp], [sk] became [ps], [ks]	ks	<	sk	✧ PE19/37 (sk > ks); PE19/38 (sk > ks; initial); PE19/50 (sk > ks)
ᴹQ. initial [ps], [ks] became [s]	ks-	>	s-	✧ PE19/37 (ks > s; initial)

ᴱQ. [k]

References ✧ PE12/16, 18, 21-23, 26; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• ncu ✧ PE12/18
• k ✧ PE14/41; PE14/60

Element In

• ᴱQ. k-series
• ᴱQ. voiceless-stops ✧ PE14/41

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ✶nasal + x͡w + ū̯̆ > ncu

[ŋxʷu] > [ŋxu] > [ŋku]

✧ PE12/18

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [no change]	k	<	k	✧ PE12/16 (k > k)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops before stops, [s] or [z]	ks	<	xs	✧ PE12/18 (χs > ks)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop	kk	<	kʷx	✧ PE12/18 (qχ > cc)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop	kk	<	kx	✧ PE12/18 (kχ > kk)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops after nasals	ŋk	<	ŋx	✧ PE12/18 (nasal + χ > nc)
ᴱ✶[kʷu] became [ku]	ku	<	kʷu	✧ PE12/21 (qū̆ > cu)
ᴱQ. [tʲ], [kʷ] became [t], [k] before [t], [s]	kt	<	kʷt	✧ PE12/21 (q + t > ct)
ᴱQ. [tʲ], [kʷ] became [t], [k] before [t], [s]	ks	<	kʷs	✧ PE12/21 (q + s > x)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t]	kk	<	kʷk	✧ PE12/21 (q + k > cc)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t]	kk	<	tk	✧ PE12/22 (tk > cc); PE12/22 (tk > cc); PE12/23 ([t] + k > cc (ct))
ᴱQ. [kw] became [kʷ]	kʷ	<	kw	✧ PE12/22 (kw̑ > q); PE12/22 (ku̯ > q)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t]	kk	<	tʲk	✧ PE12/22 (c̑ + k > cc (ct))
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s]	-ks	>	-s	✧ PE12/26 (ks > -s)