ᴹQ. hyar- v. (basic-verb) “to cleave” (Category: to Split)
A verb appearing as hyarin “I cleave” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of from the root ᴹ√SYAD “shear through, cleave” (Ety/SYAD). In the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1940s, Tolkien had an (unglossed) verbal stem hyar- also derived from ᴹ√SYAD, but in that document the root seems to mean “compact, compress”. However in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948, hyare again meant “cleave” (PE22/102). See the entry on √SYAD for further vacillations on the meaning of the root.
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. hyanda- as the cognate of G. †hanna- “mow, cleave” (GL/48) likely based on the early root ᴱ√HYAŘA “plough through” [HYAÐA] (QL/41). Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. hyar- “plough”, probably form the same root (PE16/144).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would keep the sense “cleave” for the basic verb despite Tolkien’s vacillations on the meaning of the root. I think it could also retain its 1920s meaning “plough” = “*cleave the earth”.
References ✧ Ety/SYAD; PE19/45; PE22/102
Variations
Inflections
| hyare | aorist | “cleave” | ✧ PE22/102 |
| hyarin | aorist 1st-sg | “I cleave” | ✧ Ety/SYAD |
| hyande | past | ✧ PE22/102 | |
| hyarne | past | ✧ PE22/102 | |
| ahyárie | perfect | ✧ PE22/102 |
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
| ᴹ√SYAD > hyarin | [sjadin] > [j̊adin] > [sjaðin] > [j̊arin] | ✧ Ety/SYAD |
| ᴹ√SYAD > hyar- | [sjad-] > [j̊ad-] > [sjað-] > [j̊ar-] | ✧ PE19/45 |
| ᴹ√SYAD > hyare | [sjadi] > [sjade] > [j̊ade] > [j̊aðe] > [j̊are] | ✧ PE22/102 |
ᴱQ. hyar- v. “to plough” (Category: Plough)
Reference ✧ PE16/144 ✧ “plough”
Derivations