ON. [p], [t], [k] spirantalized before [s]; [ps|ts|ks] > [ɸs|θθ|xs]

ON. [p], [t], [k] spirantalized before [s]; [ps|ts|ks] > [ɸs|θθ|xs]

References ✧ PE22/27-28

Order (04400)

After

02600

final [e] became [a] after single [s] and [st]

ᴹ✶peltakse > ON. pelthaksa

Ety/PEL

Related

• [p], [t], [k] spirantalized before [s] as aspirates became voiceless spirants

Phonetic Rule Elements

[ps]	>	[ɸs]
[ks]	>	[xs]
[ts]	>	[θθ]

Phonetic Rule Examples

karaksa > karaxsa	ks > xs	ᴹ√KÁRAK > N. #charaes	✧ Ety/KARAK
loksa > loxsa	ks > xs	ᴹ√LOKH > N. lhaws	✧ Ety/LOKH
naksa > naxsa	ks > xs	ᴹ✶nakse > N. naes	✧ EtyAC/NAK
pelθaksa > pelθaxsa	ks > xs	ON. pelthaksa > N. pelthaes	✧ Ety/PEL
taksa > taxsa	ks > xs	ᴹ✶taksē > N. taes	✧ Ety/TAK
apsa > aɸsa	ps > ɸs	ᴹ√AP > N. aes	✧ Ety/AP
lapsa > laɸsa	ps > ɸs	ᴹ√LAP > N. lhaes	✧ Ety/LAP
tupsa > tuɸsa	ps > ɸs	ᴹ✶tupsē > N. taus	✧ Ety/TUP
etsiri > eθθiri	ts > θθ	ᴹ✶etsiri > N. ethir	✧ Ety/ET
j̊atsela > j̊aθθela	ts > θθ	ᴹ✶syatsē̆la > N. hathel	✧ Ety/SYAD
kotsa > koθθa	ts > θθ	ᴹ✶kotse > N. coth	✧ EtyAC/KOT
litse > liθθe	ts > θθ	ᴹ✶litse > ON. litthe	✧ Ety/LIT
n̥atsa > n̥aθθa	ts > θθ	ᴹ√SNAT > ‽ᴹ✶natsai	✧ Ety/SNAS
natse > naθθe	ts > θθ	ᴹ√NAT > N. nath	✧ Ety/NAT
n̥atsi > n̥aθθi	ts > θθ	‽ᴹ✶natsai > N. naith	✧ Ety/SNAS
nitse > niθθe	ts > θθ	ON. nitse > N. nĭth	✧ PE22/37
xotse > xoθθe	ts > θθ	ᴹ✶khotsē > N. hoth	✧ Ety/KHOTH

G. [p], [t], [k] usually spirantalized with following [s]; [{ptk}s] > [{fθx}ø]

Order (03800)

After

03700

[ts] became [s] after long vowel

Phonetic Rule Elements

[ps]	>	[f]
[ts]	>	[θ]
[ks]	>	[x]
[ks]	>	[xs]

Phonetic Rule Examples

aksa > acha	ks > x	ᴱ√aksa > G. acha	✧ GL/17
gaks > gaxs	ks > xs	ᴱ✶ı̯aksĕ > G. gais	✧ GL/37
gets > geθ	ts > θ	#ᴱ√ʒet- > G. geth	✧ GL/43

G. [ts] became [s] after long vowel; [VVts] > [VVs]

Reference ✧ GL/43 ✧ phonetics for example: gwais < ᴱ✶ŋuaʒet-

Order (03700)

Before

03800

[p], [t], [k] usually spirantalized with following [s]

Phonetic Rule Elements

[VVts]	>	[VVs]
[wets]	>	[wess]

Phonetic Rule Examples

gʷaɣets > gʷaɣes	VVts > VVs	ᴱ✶ŋuaʒet- > G. gwais	✧ GL/43
kʷets > kʷess	wets > wess	ᴱ√QETE > G. cwess	✧ LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin