N. tara adj. “tough, stiff” (Category: Hard)

N. tara, adj. “tough, stiff” (Category: Hard)

References ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/34

Glosses

• “tough” ✧ PE22/34
• “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Variations

• tara ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/34

Related

• S. tarch “stiff, rough (or tough)” may replace tara “tough, stiff”

Inflections

tar-

prefix

✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Element In

• N. tarlanc “stiff-necked, obstinate” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Cognates

• Ilk. targ “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
• ᴹQ. tarya “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
• ON. targa “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivations

• < ON. targa “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/34
  • < targh < targa ✧ PE22/34
  • < ᴹ✶targā “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • < ᴹ√TARAG “*tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG (TÁRAG)

Phonetic Developments

ON. targa > tara	[targa] > [tarɣa] > [tarɣ] > [tara]	✧ Ety/TÁRAG
ON. targa > targh > tara	[targa] > [tarɣa] > [tarɣ] > [tara]	✧ PE22/34

ᴱN. arch adj. “rough” (Category: Rough)

References ✧ PE13/137, 160

Glosses

• “rough” ✧ PE13/137; PE13/160
• “rough, fierce” ✧ PE13/137 (arch)

Variations

• arch ✧ PE13/137; PE13/160; PE13/137 (arch)

Changes

• arch “rough, fierce” >> arch “rough” ✧ PE13/137

Inflections

e(i)rch

plural

✧ PE13/137; PE13/160

Element In

• ᴱN. archos “roughness, ruggedness, rudeness” ✧ PE13/160

Cognates

• ᴱQ. ráqa “rough” ✧ PE13/160

Derivations

• < ᴱ✶a-rak-wa ✧ PE13/160
• < ᴱ✶ṝk-
  • < ᴱ√RIKI? “*twist”

G. arc adj. “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult” (Category: Difficult)

References ✧ GL/20, 65; PE13/110

Glosses

• “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult” ✧ GL/20
• “fierce, harsh; awkward, difficult” ✧ PE13/110 (arch)

Variations

• arc ✧ GL/20; GL/65
• arch ✧ PE13/110

Related

• arc “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult” cp ‽ rig ✧ GL/20
• ᴱ√rig- cp. ‽ arc ✧ GL/65

Element In

• G. archod “difficulty” ✧ PE13/110
• G. archos “savagery, evil temper” ✧ GL/20; PE13/110 (archuis)

Derivations

• < ᴱ✶ṝk- ✧ GL/20 (r̄k-); PE13/110 (ṝkă)
  • < ᴱ√RIKI? “*twist”

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ✶r̄k- > arc	[ṝk] > [ark]	✧ GL/20
ᴱ✶ṝkă > arch	[ṝka] > [arka] > [ark] > [arx] > [arx]	✧ PE13/110