✶[p]

✶[p]

References ✧ PE18/82, 91; PE19/69, 78, 86-87, 90, 95; VT42/24, 26

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

✶[pw], [pʰw] became [pp], [pʰp] pp < pw ✧ PE19/86 (pw > pp)
✶aspiration moved to end of group of stops ptʰ < pʰt ✧ PE19/87 (ph-t > pth)
✶aspiration moved to end of group of stops ptʰ < pʰtʰ ✧ PE19/87 (ph-th > pth)
p{ptkpʰtʰkʰs} < b{ptkpʰtʰkʰs} ✧ PE19/90 (b > p; before voiceless consonants); PE19/95 (b > p; before s)
{ptkmnŋlr}p > {ptkmnŋlr}pʰ ✧ PE18/91 (pp > pph); PE19/86 (rp > rf)
AQ. initial [s] plus voiceless stops became voiceless spirants sp- > ɸ- ✧ PE19/78 (sp > ff > f; initially)
OS. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals pm > bm ✧ VT42/26 (pm > bm)
OS. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals pn > bn ✧ VT42/26 (pn > bn)

ᴹ✶[p]

References ✧ PE18/30, 59; PE19/18, 20-21, 23, 30, 37, 50-52

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants ps < bs ✧ PE19/50 (b + s > ps)
ᴹ✶voiced stops unvoiced before voiceless consonants pt < bt ✧ PE19/52 (b + t > pt)
ᴹ✶aspirate became voiceless stop before [s] ps < pʰs ✧ PE19/50 (ph + s > ps)
ᴹ✶aspiration moved to end of group of stops ptʰ < pʰt ✧ PE19/50 (ph-t > pt); PE19/52 (ph + t > p + th)
Dan. initial [p] became [pʰ] p- > pʰ- ✧ PE19/18 (p- > f-); PE19/18 (p- > f-); PE19/21 (pr- > fr-); PE19/21 (pr- > fr-); PE19/21 (pl- > fl-); PE19/21 (pl- > fl-)
Ilk. initial [s] spirantalized following voiceless stops sp- > f- ✧ PE19/20 (sp- > f-)
Ilk. voiceless stops voiced after vowels Vp > Vb ✧ PE19/23 (-p- > -b-)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids pʰl > lpʰ ✧ PE19/51 (phl > lph)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids pʰr > rpʰ ✧ PE19/51 (phr > rph)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids pl > lp ✧ PE19/51 (pl > lp)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids pr > rp ✧ PE19/51 (pr > rp)
ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals pm > bm ✧ PE19/50 (pm > bm)
ᴹAQ. voiceless stops were voiced before nasals pn > bn ✧ PE19/50 (pn > bn)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops ptʰ > pt ✧ PE19/52 (p + th > pt)
ON. voiceless stops became spirants after initial [s] sp- > sɸ- ✧ PE19/20 (sp- > sph-)

ᴱ✶[p]

References ✧ PE12/15, 23; PE14/63

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [pp] became [pt] pp > pt ✧ PE12/23 (pp > pt)
ᴱQ. [pw] became [tw] pw > tw ✧ PE12/23 (pw̑ > tw̑)