Eldamo : Primitive Elvish : [m]

✶[m]

✶[m]

References ✧ LotR/1115; PE17/92, 104, 124, 133; PE18/82, 92, 102, 104-105; PE19/69, 71, 76-77, 81-82, 85, 89, 97-99; PE22/149; VT42/24; VT47/10, 12, 24; WJ/416

Variations

mw ✧ PE17/92
ṃb- ✧ PE17/104
m ✧ PE18/82; PE19/69; VT42/24
mb ✧ PE18/104

Element In

✶nasals ✧ PE18/82; PE19/69
✶p-series ✧ PE18/82; PE19/69

Phonetic Development

✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates	mp	<	ŋp	✧ PE18/102 (ŋ > m; before p, ph, b); PE19/98 (ñ > m; before labial stop and aspirates)
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates	mp	<	np	✧ PE18/102 (n > m; before p, ph, b); PE19/98 (n > m; before labial stop and aspirates)
✶medial nasal plus stop after another consonant became simple nasal	-Cm-	<	-Cmb-	✧ PE19/81 (mb > m; in the second element of compounds)
✶[bm], [dn] became [mb], [nd]	mb	<	bm	✧ VT47/12 (bm > mb); WJ/416 (bm > mb; in CE or earlier)
	mb-	>	m-	✧ PE18/105 (mb > m)
AQ. [ms] became [ns]	ms	>	ns	✧ PE19/82 (ms > ns); PE19/99 (ms > ns)
AQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after voiceless stops and aspirates	tm	>	tw	✧ PE19/85 (tm > tʰm̌ > tƕ > tw)
AQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after voiceless stops and aspirates	km	>	kw	✧ PE19/85 (km > kʰm̌ > kƕ > kw)
AQ. [n], [m] became [t], [w] after voiceless stops and aspirates	pm	>	pw	✧ PE19/85 (pm > pʰm̌ > pƕ)
AQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates	mpʰ	>	ppʰ	✧ PE19/89 (mph > m̌ph > pph > pp)
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality	ṃb-	>	umb-	✧ PE19/77 (ṃb- > umb-); PE17/124 (*ṃ- > um)
AQ. [mw] became [nw]	mw	>	nw	✧ PE19/97 (mw > nw)
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	mb-	>	m-	✧ PE17/104 (mb > mm > m); PE17/124 (mb > mm > m; initial); PE18/105 (mb > m)
AQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	mp-	>	p-	✧ PE18/92 (mp > p-)
Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops	mb-	>	b-	✧ PE18/105 (mb > b)
OS. initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ]	ṃ-	>	am-	✧ PE17/124 (*ṃ- > am-)
✶medial nasal plus stop after another consonant became simple nasal	-Cmb-	>	-Cm-	✧ PE19/81 (mb > m; in the second element of compounds)
✶final [m] became [n]	-m	>	-n	✧ VT47/24 (-m > -n)
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates	mk	>	ŋk	✧ PE18/102 (m > ŋ; before k, kh, g); PE19/98 (mk > ñk)
✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates	mt	>	nt	✧ PE19/99 (mt > nt)
Q. [nm], [ŋm] became [nw], [ŋgw]	nm	>	nw	✧ PE22/149 (-nm > nw̃ > nw)
Q. [nm], [ŋm] became [nw], [ŋgw]	ŋm	>	ŋgw	✧ PE22/149 (ŋm > nw̃ > ngw)
S. initial nasals vanished before stops	mb-	>	b-	✧ PE17/104 (mb > b-); PE18/105 (mb > b)
S. initial nasals vanished before stops	mf-	>	f-	✧ PE18/92 (mp > f-)
S. final nasals vanished after vowels	-Vm	>	-Vø	✧ VT47/10 (-m > [ø])
S. [nm], [ŋm] became [nw], [ŋw]	nm	>	nw	✧ PE22/149 (nm > nw)
S. [nm], [ŋm] became [nw], [ŋw]	ŋm	>	ŋw	✧ PE22/149 (ŋm > ŋw̃)
S. [mb], [nd] became [mm], [nn]	mb	>	mm	✧ LotR/1115 (mb > m); PE17/104 (mb > mm; medially)
S. non-initial [m] usually became [v]	Vm	>	Vv	✧ PE17/133 (m > ṽ); PE22/149 (mn > ƀn > vn)
S. [mm] shortened	mm	>	m	✧ PE22/149 (mm > mm > m)
T. initial nasalized voiced stops became stops	mb-	>	b-	✧ PE19/76 (mb > b; initially)

ᴹ✶metathesis	mpʰ	<	pʰm	✧ PE19/50 (phm > mph)
Dan. initial nasals vanished before stops	mb-	>	b-	✧ PE19/20 (mb- > b); PE19/20 (mb- > b)
Ilk. initial [s] was lost before consonants	sC-	>	øC-	✧ PE19/21 (sm- > m-)
Ilk. initial nasals usually vanished before stops	mb-	>	b-	✧ PE19/20 (mb- > b, mb)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids	ml	>	lm	✧ PE19/51 (ml > lm)
ᴹAQ. stops frequently underwent metathesis with nasals and liquids	mr	>	rm	✧ PE19/51 (mr > rm)
ᴹAQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates	mpʰ	>	ppʰ	✧ PE19/50 (mph > pp)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	mp-	>	p-	✧ PE19/37 (mp > p; initial)
ᴹ✶nasals assimilated to following stops and aspirates	mk	>	ŋk	✧ PE19/50 (m-k > ñk)
ON. initial [s] unvoiced following [m], [n], [j], [w]	sm-	>	m̥-	✧ PE19/21 (sm- > m-)

ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals	mb-	>	m-	✧ PE12/16 (mb > b)
ᴱT. initial nasalized voiced stops became nasals	mb-	>	m-	✧ PE12/16 (mb > m)