Q. [n]

Q. [n]

References ✧ PE17/92, 104; PE18/94, 105; PE19/71, 77, 79-80, 82, 92, 96-98, 101; PE22/149; VT47/10; VT48/30; WJ/414

Variations

• nw ✧ PE17/92
• nd ✧ PE17/104
• n ✧ PE19/80; PE19/97; VT47/10

Element In

• Q. nasals
• Q. t-series

Phonetic Development

Q. [no change]	n	<	n	✧ PE19/71 (n > n; unchanged); PE22/149 (-nn > nn)
AQ. initial [d] assimilated to following nasal	nVXn-	<	dVXn-	✧ VT48/30 (d > n); WJ/414 (d > n-)
Q. initial voiceless nasals and liquids were voiced	n-	<	n̥-	✧ PE19/79 (hn > n; initially)
AQ. syllabic nasals developed a preceding vowel of similar quality	and-	<	ṇd-	✧ PE19/77 (*ṇd- > *and-)
Q. [ŋ] assimilated to following [n] after [e], [a], [o]	enn	<	eŋn	✧ PE19/96 (eŋ > en; before n); PE19/98 (eñn > enn)
Q. [ŋ] assimilated to following [n] after [e], [a], [o]	ann	<	aŋn	✧ PE19/96 (aŋ > an; before n); PE19/98 (añn > ann); PE22/149 (ŋn > nn; later)
Q. [ŋ] assimilated to following [n] after [e], [a], [o]	onn	<	oŋn	✧ PE19/96 (oŋ > on; before n); PE19/98 (oñn > onn)
AQ. velars were dentalized before [j]	nj	<	ŋj	✧ PE18/94 (ñy > ny); PE18/105 (ñy > ny)
AQ. velars were dentalized before [j]	ndj	<	ŋgj	✧ PE18/105 (ñgy > ny)
AQ. [z] assimilated to following [m], [n]	nn	<	zn	✧ PE19/82 (zn > nn); PE19/101 (zn > nn)
Van. [mm], [nn] became [mb], [nd]	nn	>	nd	✧ PE19/92 (nn > nd)

ᴹQ. [n]

References ✧ PE19/38, 50; PE22/65

Variations

• n ✧ PE22/65

Element In

• ᴹQ. nasals ✧ PE22/65
• ᴹQ. t-series ✧ PE22/65

Phonetic Development

ᴹQ. [no change]	n	<	n	✧ PE19/38 (n > n); PE19/50 (n > n); PE19/50 (nn > nn); PE19/50 (nt > nt); PE19/50 (nty > nty); PE19/50 (nd > nd); PE19/50 (ndy > ndy); PE19/50 (ny > ny); PE19/50 (nw > nw)
ᴹAQ. initial [s] unvoiced following continuant	n̥-	<	sn-	✧ PE19/38 (sn > n; initial)
ᴹQ. [ŋn] assimilated to following [n] after [e], [a], [o]	ann	<	aŋn	✧ PE19/50 (ñn > nn; later)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j]	ntj	<	ŋkj	✧ PE19/50 (ñky > nty)
ᴹAQ. velars were dentalized before [j]	ndj	<	ŋgj	✧ PE19/50 (ñgy > ndy)
ᴹAQ. initial nasals plus stops reduced to nasals	n-	<	nd-	✧ PE19/38 (nd > n; initial)
ᴹAQ. [z] assimilated to following [m], [n]	nn	<	zn	✧ PE19/50 (zn > nn)

ᴱQ. [n]

References ✧ PE12/16; PE14/41, 60

Variations

• n ✧ PE14/41; PE14/60

Element In

• ᴱQ. nasals ✧ PE14/41
• ᴱQ. t-series

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [no change]	n	<	n	✧ PE12/16 (n > n); PE12/16 (n > n)
ᴱQ. initial [ŋ] became [n]	n-	<	ŋ-	✧ PE12/16 (ȵ > n)
ᴱQ. initial nasalized stops became nasals	n-	<	nd-	✧ PE12/16 (nd > d)