ᴹQ. [k]

ᴹQ. [k]

References ✧ PE19/37-38, 50; PE22/65

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Development

ᴹQ. [no change] k < k ✧ PE19/37 (k > k); PE19/50 (k > k); PE19/50 (kk > kk); PE19/50 (ks > ks); PE19/50 (kw > kw)
ᴹAQ. nasals became voiceless stops before aspirates kkʰ < ŋkʰ ✧ PE19/50 (ñkh > kk)
ᴹAQ. aspirates became voiceless stops after voiceless stops kk < kkʰ ✧ PE19/50 (kkh > kk)
ᴹQ. [sp], [sk] became [ps], [ks] ks < sk ✧ PE19/37 (sk > ks); PE19/38 (sk > ks; initial); PE19/50 (sk > ks)
ᴹQ. initial [ps], [ks] became [s] ks- > s- ✧ PE19/37 (ks > s; initial)

ᴱQ. [k]

References ✧ PE12/16, 18, 21-23, 26; PE14/41, 60

Variations

Element In

Phonetic Developments

ᴱ✶nasal + x͡w + ū̯̆ > ncu [ŋxʷu] > [ŋxu] > [ŋku] ✧ PE12/18

Phonetic Development

ᴱQ. [no change] k < k ✧ PE12/16 (k > k)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops before stops, [s] or [z] ks < xs ✧ PE12/18 (χs > ks)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop kk < kʷx ✧ PE12/18 (qχ > cc)
ᴱQ. [x] assimilated to preceding stop kk < kx ✧ PE12/18 (kχ > kk)
ᴱQ. voiceless spirants became stops after nasals ŋk < ŋx ✧ PE12/18 (nasal + χ > nc)
ᴱ✶[kʷu] became [ku] ku < kʷu ✧ PE12/21 (qū̆ > cu)
ᴱQ. [tʲ], [kʷ] became [t], [k] before [t], [s] kt < kʷt ✧ PE12/21 (q + t > ct)
ᴱQ. [tʲ], [kʷ] became [t], [k] before [t], [s] ks < kʷs ✧ PE12/21 (q + s > x)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] kk < kʷk ✧ PE12/21 (q + k > cc)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] kk < tk ✧ PE12/22 (tk > cc); PE12/22 (tk > cc); PE12/23 ([t] + k > cc (ct))
ᴱQ. [kw] became [kʷ] kʷ < kw ✧ PE12/22 (kw̑ > q); PE12/22 (ku̯ > q)
ᴱQ. voiceless stop assimilated to following voiceless stop except [t] kk < tʲk ✧ PE12/22 (c̑ + k > cc (ct))
ᴱQ. final [ss], [st], [ps], [ts], [ks] became [s] -ks > -s ✧ PE12/26 (ks > -s)